Release 2025.05.22

Created by: bashonly :ci skip all
[cleanup] Misc (#13166 )
2026-09-02 17:21:39 +03:00 · 2025-05-22 09:49:11 +00:00 · 2025-05-22 09:33:11 +00:00 · 2025-05-22 09:22:11 +00:00 · 2025-05-22 09:13:42 +00:00 · 2025-05-21 22:27:07 +00:00
46 changed files with 1027 additions and 494 deletions
@@ -770,3 +770,8 @@ NeonMan
 pj47x
 troex
 WouterGordts
+baierjan
+GeoffreyFrogeye
+Pawka
+v3DJG6GL
+yozel
@@ -4,6 +4,52 @@
 # To create a release, dispatch the https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/actions/workflows/release.yml workflow on master
 -->

+### 2025.05.22
+
+#### Core changes
+- **cookies**: [Fix Linux desktop environment detection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e491fd4d090db3af52a82863fb0553dd5e17fb85) ([#13197](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13197)) by [mbway](https://github.com/mbway)
+- **jsinterp**: [Fix increment/decrement evaluation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/167d7a9f0ffd1b4fe600193441bdb7358db2740b) ([#13238](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13238)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **1tv**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/41c0a1fb89628696f8bb88e2b9f3a68f355b8c26) ([#13168](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13168)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **amcnetworks**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/464c84fedf78eef822a431361155f108b5df96d7) ([#13147](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13147)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **bitchute**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1d0f6539c47e5d5c68c3c47cdb7075339e2885ac) ([#13081](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13081)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cartoonnetwork**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7dbb47f84f0ee1266a3a01f58c9bc4c76d76794a) ([#13148](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13148)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **iprima**: [Fix login support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a7d9a5eb79ceeecb851389f3f2c88597871ca3f2) ([#12937](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12937)) by [baierjan](https://github.com/baierjan)
+- **jiosaavn**
+    - artist: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/586b557b124f954d3f625360ebe970989022ad97) ([#12803](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12803)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+    - playlist, show: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/317f4b8006c2c0f0f64f095b1485163ad97c9053) ([#12803](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12803)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+    - show: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6839276496d8814cf16f58b637e45663467928e6) ([#12803](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12803)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+- **lrtradio**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/abf58dcd6a09e14eec4ea82ae12f79a0337cb383) ([#13200](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13200)) by [Pawka](https://github.com/Pawka)
+- **nebula**: [Support `--mark-watched`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/20f288bdc2173c7cc58d709d25ca193c1f6001e7) ([#13120](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13120)) by [GeoffreyFrogeye](https://github.com/GeoffreyFrogeye)
+- **niconico**
+    - [Fix error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f569be4602c2a857087e495d5d7ed6060cd97abe) ([#13236](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13236)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - live: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7a7b85c9014d96421e18aa7ea5f4c1bee5ceece0) ([#13045](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13045)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **nytimesarticle**: [Fix extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b26bc32579c00ef579d75a835807ccc87d20ee0a) ([#13104](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13104)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **once**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f475e8b529d18efdad603ffda02a56e707fe0e2c) ([#13164](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13164)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **picarto**: vod: [Support `/profile/` video URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/31e090cb787f3504ec25485adff9a2a51d056734) ([#13227](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13227)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+- **playsuisse**: [Improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d880e060803ae8ed5a047e578cca01e1f0e630ce) ([#12466](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12466)) by [v3DJG6GL](https://github.com/v3DJG6GL)
+- **sprout**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cbcfe6378dde33a650e3852ab17ad4503b8e008d) ([#13149](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13149)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **svtpage**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ea8498ed534642dd7e925961b97b934987142fd3) ([#12957](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12957)) by [diman8](https://github.com/diman8)
+- **twitch**: [Support `--live-from-start`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/00b1bec55249cf2ad6271d36492c51b34b6459d1) ([#13202](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13202)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **vimeo**: event: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/545c1a5b6f2fe88722b41aef0e7485bf3be3f3f9) ([#13216](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13216)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **wat.tv**: [Improve error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f123cc83b3aea45053f5fa1d9141048b01fc2774) ([#13111](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13111)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **weverse**: [Fix live extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5328eda8820cc5f21dcf917684d23fbdca41831d) ([#13084](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13084)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **xinpianchang**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/83fabf352489d52843f67e6e9cc752db86d27e6e) ([#13245](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13245)) by [garret1317](https://github.com/garret1317)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add PO token support for subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/32ed5f107c6c641958d1cd2752e130de4db55a13) ([#13234](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13234)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Add `web_embedded` client for age-restricted videos](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0feec6dc131f488428bf881519e7c69766fbb9ae) ([#13089](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13089)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Add a PO Token Provider Framework](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2685654a37141cca63eda3a92da0e2706e23ccfd) ([#12840](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12840)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Extract `media_type` for all videos](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ded11ebc9afba6ba33923375103e9be2d7c804e7) ([#13136](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13136)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix `--live-from-start` support for premieres](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8f303afb43395be360cafd7ad4ce2b6e2eedfb8a) ([#13079](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13079)) by [arabcoders](https://github.com/arabcoders)
+    - [Fix geo-restriction error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c7e575e31608c19c5b26c10a4229db89db5fc9a8) ([#13217](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13217)) by [yozel](https://github.com/yozel)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **build**
+    - [Bump PyInstaller to v6.13.0](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/17cf9088d0d535e4a7feffbf02bd49cd9dae5ab9) ([#13082](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13082)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Bump run-on-arch-action to v3](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9064d2482d1fe722bbb4a49731fe0711c410d1c8) ([#13088](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13088)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [7977b32](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7977b329ed97b216e37bd402f4935f28c00eac9e) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
 ### 2025.04.30

 #### Important changes
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ yt-dlp is a feature-rich command-line audio/video downloader with support for [t
    * [Post-processing Options](#post-processing-options)
    * [SponsorBlock Options](#sponsorblock-options)
    * [Extractor Options](#extractor-options)
+    * [Preset Aliases](#preset-aliases)
 * [CONFIGURATION](#configuration)
    * [Configuration file encoding](#configuration-file-encoding)
    * [Authentication with netrc](#authentication-with-netrc)
@@ -348,8 +349,8 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
    --no-flat-playlist              Fully extract the videos of a playlist
                                    (default)
    --live-from-start               Download livestreams from the start.
-                                    Currently only supported for YouTube
-                                    (Experimental)
+                                    Currently experimental and only supported
+                                    for YouTube and Twitch
    --no-live-from-start            Download livestreams from the current time
                                    (default)
    --wait-for-video MIN[-MAX]      Wait for scheduled streams to become
@@ -375,12 +376,12 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
                                    an alias starts with a dash "-", it is
                                    prefixed with "--". Arguments are parsed
                                    according to the Python string formatting
-                                    mini-language. E.g. --alias get-audio,-X
-                                    "-S=aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}"
-                                    creates options "--get-audio" and "-X" that
-                                    takes an argument (ARG0) and expands to
-                                    "-S=aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0".
-                                    All defined aliases are listed in the --help
+                                    mini-language. E.g. --alias get-audio,-X "-S
+                                    aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}" creates
+                                    options "--get-audio" and "-X" that takes an
+                                    argument (ARG0) and expands to "-S
+                                    aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0". All
+                                    defined aliases are listed in the --help
                                    output. Alias options can trigger more
                                    aliases; so be careful to avoid defining
                                    recursive options. As a safety measure, each
@@ -1105,6 +1106,10 @@ Make chapter entries for, or remove various segments (sponsor,
                                    arguments for different extractors

 ## Preset Aliases:
+Predefined aliases for convenience and ease of use. Note that future
+    versions of yt-dlp may add or adjust presets, but the existing preset
+    names will not be changed or removed
+
    -t mp3                          -f 'ba[acodec^=mp3]/ba/b' -x --audio-format
                                    mp3

@@ -1795,6 +1800,7 @@ The following extractors use this feature:
 * `player_client`: Clients to extract video data from. The currently available clients are `web`, `web_safari`, `web_embedded`, `web_music`, `web_creator`, `mweb`, `ios`, `android`, `android_vr`, `tv` and `tv_embedded`. By default, `tv,ios,web` is used, or `tv,web` is used when authenticating with cookies. The `web_music` client is added for `music.youtube.com` URLs when logged-in cookies are used. The `web_embedded` client is added for age-restricted videos but only works if the video is embeddable. The `tv_embedded` and `web_creator` clients are added for age-restricted videos if account age-verification is required. Some clients, such as `web` and `web_music`, require a `po_token` for their formats to be downloadable. Some clients, such as `web_creator`, will only work with authentication. Not all clients support authentication via cookies. You can use `default` for the default clients, or you can use `all` for all clients (not recommended). You can prefix a client with `-` to exclude it, e.g. `youtube:player_client=default,-ios`
 * `player_skip`: Skip some network requests that are generally needed for robust extraction. One or more of `configs` (skip client configs), `webpage` (skip initial webpage), `js` (skip js player), `initial_data` (skip initial data/next ep request). While these options can help reduce the number of requests needed or avoid some rate-limiting, they could cause issues such as missing formats or metadata.  See [#860](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/860) and [#12826](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12826) for more details
 * `player_params`: YouTube player parameters to use for player requests. Will overwrite any default ones set by yt-dlp.
+* `player_js_variant`: The player javascript variant to use for signature and nsig deciphering. The known variants are: `main`, `tce`, `tv`, `tv_es6`, `phone`, `tablet`. Only `main` is recommended as a possible workaround; the others are for debugging purposes. The default is to use what is prescribed by the site, and can be selected with `actual`
 * `comment_sort`: `top` or `new` (default) - choose comment sorting mode (on YouTube's side)
 * `max_comments`: Limit the amount of comments to gather. Comma-separated list of integers representing `max-comments,max-parents,max-replies,max-replies-per-thread`. Default is `all,all,all,all`
    * E.g. `all,all,1000,10` will get a maximum of 1000 replies total, with up to 10 replies per thread. `1000,all,100` will get a maximum of 1000 comments, with a maximum of 100 replies total
@@ -1804,13 +1810,12 @@ The following extractors use this feature:
 * `raise_incomplete_data`: `Incomplete Data Received` raises an error instead of reporting a warning
 * `data_sync_id`: Overrides the account Data Sync ID used in Innertube API requests. This may be needed if you are using an account with `youtube:player_skip=webpage,configs` or `youtubetab:skip=webpage`
 * `visitor_data`: Overrides the Visitor Data used in Innertube API requests. This should be used with `player_skip=webpage,configs` and without cookies. Note: this may have adverse effects if used improperly. If a session from a browser is wanted, you should pass cookies instead (which contain the Visitor ID)
-* `player_js_variant`: The player javascript variant to use for signature and nsig deciphering. The known variants are: `main`, `tce`, `tv`, `tv_es6`, `phone`, `tablet`. Only `main` is recommended as a possible workaround; the others are for debugging purposes. The default is to use what is prescribed by the site, and can be selected with `actual`
-* `po_token`:  Proof of Origin (PO) Token(s) to use. Comma seperated list of PO Tokens in the format `CLIENT.CONTEXT+PO_TOKEN`, e.g. `youtube:po_token=web.gvs+XXX,web.player=XXX,web_safari.gvs+YYY`. Context can be either `gvs` (Google Video Server URLs) or `player` (Innertube player request)
+* `po_token`:  Proof of Origin (PO) Token(s) to use. Comma seperated list of PO Tokens in the format `CLIENT.CONTEXT+PO_TOKEN`, e.g. `youtube:po_token=web.gvs+XXX,web.player=XXX,web_safari.gvs+YYY`. Context can be any of `gvs` (Google Video Server URLs), `player` (Innertube player request) or `subs` (Subtitles)
 * `pot_trace`: Enable debug logging for PO Token fetching. Either `true` or `false` (default)
-* `fetch_pot`: Policy to use for fetching a PO Token from providers. `always` to always try fetch a PO Token regardless if the client requires one for the given context, `never` to never fetch a PO Token, or `auto` to only fetch a PO Token if the client requires one for the given context (default)
+* `fetch_pot`: Policy to use for fetching a PO Token from providers. One of `always` (always try fetch a PO Token regardless if the client requires one for the given context), `never` (never fetch a PO Token), or `auto` (default; only fetch a PO Token if the client requires one for the given context)

 #### youtubepot-webpo
-* `bind_to_visitor_id`: Whether to use the Visitor ID instead of Visitor Data for caching WebPO tokens. Either `true` or `false` (default `true`)
+* `bind_to_visitor_id`: Whether to use the Visitor ID instead of Visitor Data for caching WebPO tokens. Either `true` (default) or `false`

 #### youtubetab (YouTube playlists, channels, feeds, etc.)
 * `skip`: One or more of `webpage` (skip initial webpage download), `authcheck` (allow the download of playlists requiring authentication when no initial webpage is downloaded. This may cause unwanted behavior, see [#1122](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/1122) for more details)
@@ -246,7 +246,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
 - **Canalplus**: mycanal.fr and piwiplus.fr
 - **Canalsurmas**
 - **CaracolTvPlay**: [*caracoltv-play*](## "netrc machine")
- - **CartoonNetwork**
 - **cbc.ca**
 - **cbc.ca:player**
 - **cbc.ca:player:playlist**
@@ -649,7 +648,10 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
 - **jiocinema**: [*jiocinema*](## "netrc machine")
 - **jiocinema:series**: [*jiocinema*](## "netrc machine")
 - **jiosaavn:album**
+ - **jiosaavn:artist**
 - **jiosaavn:playlist**
+ - **jiosaavn:show**
+ - **jiosaavn:show:playlist**
 - **jiosaavn:song**
 - **Joj**
 - **JoqrAg**: 超!A&G+ 文化放送 (f.k.a. AGQR) Nippon Cultural Broadcasting, Inc. (JOQR)
@@ -1081,8 +1083,8 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
 - **Photobucket**
 - **PiaLive**
 - **Piapro**: [*piapro*](## "netrc machine")
- - **Picarto**
- - **PicartoVod**
+ - **picarto**
+ - **picarto:vod**
 - **Piksel**
 - **Pinkbike**
 - **Pinterest**
@@ -1390,7 +1392,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
 - **Spreaker**
 - **SpreakerShow**
 - **SpringboardPlatform**
- - **Sprout**
 - **SproutVideo**
 - **sr:mediathek**: Saarländischer Rundfunk (**Currently broken**)
 - **SRGSSR**
@@ -1656,6 +1657,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
 - **vimeo**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
 - **vimeo:album**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
 - **vimeo:channel**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **vimeo:event**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
 - **vimeo:group**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
 - **vimeo:likes**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine") Vimeo user likes
 - **vimeo:ondemand**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -58,6 +58,14 @@ class TestCookies(unittest.TestCase):
            ({'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'kde'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3),
            ({'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'xfce'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE),

+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'gnome'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME),
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'mate'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME),
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'kde4'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4),
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'kde'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3),
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'xfce'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE),
+
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'my_custom_de', 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID': 1}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME),
+
            ({'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID': 1}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME),
            ({'KDE_FULL_SESSION': 1}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3),
            ({'KDE_FULL_SESSION': 1, 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'kde4'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4),
@@ -478,6 +478,14 @@ class TestJSInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
        func = jsi.extract_function('c', {'e': 10}, {'f': 100, 'g': 1000})
        self.assertEqual(func([1]), 1111)

+    def test_increment_decrement(self):
+        self._test('function f() { var x = 1; return ++x; }', 2)
+        self._test('function f() { var x = 1; return x++; }', 1)
+        self._test('function f() { var x = 1; x--; return x }', 0)
+        self._test('function f() { var y; var x = 1; x++, --x, x--, x--, y="z", "abc", x++; return --x }', -1)
+        self._test('function f() { var a = "test--"; return a; }', 'test--')
+        self._test('function f() { var b = 1; var a = "b--"; return a; }', 'b--')
+

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import collections
+
 import pytest

 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
@@ -14,27 +16,22 @@ class MockLogger(IEContentProviderLogger):

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.messages = {}
+        self.messages = collections.defaultdict(list)

    def trace(self, message: str):
-        self.messages.setdefault('trace', []).append(message)
-        pass
+        self.messages['trace'].append(message)

    def debug(self, message: str):
-        self.messages.setdefault('debug', []).append(message)
-        pass
+        self.messages['debug'].append(message)

    def info(self, message: str):
-        self.messages.setdefault('info', []).append(message)
-        pass
+        self.messages['info'].append(message)

    def warning(self, message: str, *, once=False):
-        self.messages.setdefault('warning', []).append(message)
-        pass
+        self.messages['warning'].append(message)

    def error(self, message: str):
-        self.messages.setdefault('error', []).append(message)
-        pass
+        self.messages['error'].append(message)


@pytest.fixture
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import threading
 import time
 from collections import OrderedDict
 import pytest
-from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider, BuiltInIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider, BuiltinIEContentProvider
 from yt_dlp.utils import bug_reports_message
 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._builtin.memory_cache import MemoryLRUPCP, memorylru_preference, initialize_global_cache
 from yt_dlp.version import __version__
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class TestMemoryLRUPCS:

    def test_base_type(self):
        assert issubclass(MemoryLRUPCP, IEContentProvider)
-        assert issubclass(MemoryLRUPCP, BuiltInIEContentProvider)
+        assert issubclass(MemoryLRUPCP, BuiltinIEContentProvider)

    @pytest.fixture
    def pcp(self, ie, logger) -> MemoryLRUPCP:
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ class TestGetWebPoContentBinding:
          for context, is_authenticated, expected in [
            (PoTokenContext.GVS, False, ('example-visitor-data', ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA)),
            (PoTokenContext.PLAYER, False, ('example-video-id', ContentBindingType.VIDEO_ID)),
+            (PoTokenContext.SUBS, False, ('example-video-id', ContentBindingType.VIDEO_ID)),
            (PoTokenContext.GVS, True, ('example-data-sync-id', ContentBindingType.DATASYNC_ID)),
        ]],
        ('WEB_REMIX', PoTokenContext.GVS, False, ('example-visitor-data', ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA)),
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import pytest

-from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider, BuiltInIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider, BuiltinIEContentProvider
 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import CacheProviderWritePolicy
 from yt_dlp.utils import bug_reports_message
 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def pot_request(pot_request) -> PoTokenRequest:
 class TestWebPoPCSP:
    def test_base_type(self):
        assert issubclass(WebPoPCSP, IEContentProvider)
-        assert issubclass(WebPoPCSP, BuiltInIEContentProvider)
+        assert issubclass(WebPoPCSP, BuiltinIEContentProvider)

    def test_init(self, ie, logger):
        pcs = WebPoPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import json
 import time
 import pytest

-from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltInIEContentProvider, IEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider, IEContentProvider

 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
    PoTokenRequest,
@@ -578,7 +578,8 @@ class TestPoTokenCache:
        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
        cache.store(pot_request, response)
        assert len(memorypcp.cache) == 1
-        assert hashlib.sha256(f'_pExampleProvider_ytv1v{pot_request.video_id}'.encode()).hexdigest() in memorypcp.cache
+        assert hashlib.sha256(
+            f"{{'_dlp_cache': 'v1', '_p': 'ExampleProvider', 'v': '{pot_request.video_id}'}}".encode()).hexdigest() in memorypcp.cache

        # The second spec provider returns the exact same key bindings as the first one,
        # however the PoTokenCache should use the provider key to differentiate between them
@@ -591,7 +592,8 @@ class TestPoTokenCache:
        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
        cache.store(pot_request, response)
        assert len(memorypcp.cache) == 2
-        assert hashlib.sha256(f'_pExampleProviderTwo_ytv1v{pot_request.video_id}'.encode()).hexdigest() in memorypcp.cache
+        assert hashlib.sha256(
+            f"{{'_dlp_cache': 'v1', '_p': 'ExampleProviderTwo', 'v': '{pot_request.video_id}'}}".encode()).hexdigest() in memorypcp.cache

    def test_cache_provider_preferences(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
@@ -1478,11 +1480,11 @@ def test_validate_pot_response(response, expected):


 def test_built_in_provider(ie, logger):
-    class BuiltInProviderDefaultT(BuiltInIEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+    class BuiltinProviderDefaultT(BuiltinIEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
        def is_available(self):
            return True

-    class BuiltInProviderCustomNameT(BuiltInIEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+    class BuiltinProviderCustomNameT(BuiltinIEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
        PROVIDER_NAME = 'CustomName'

        def is_available(self):
@@ -1503,18 +1505,25 @@ def test_built_in_provider(ie, logger):
        def is_available(self) -> bool:
            return False

-    class BuiltInProviderUnavailableT(IEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+    class BuiltinProviderUnavailableT(IEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
        def is_available(self) -> bool:
            return False

-    built_in_default = BuiltInProviderDefaultT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
-    built_in_custom_name = BuiltInProviderCustomNameT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
-    built_in_unavailable = BuiltInProviderUnavailableT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    built_in_default = BuiltinProviderDefaultT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    built_in_custom_name = BuiltinProviderCustomNameT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    built_in_unavailable = BuiltinProviderUnavailableT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
    external_default = ExternalProviderDefaultT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
    external_custom = ExternalProviderCustomT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
    external_unavailable = ExternalProviderUnavailableT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})

    assert provider_display_list([]) == 'none'
-    assert provider_display_list([built_in_default]) == 'BuiltInProviderDefault'
+    assert provider_display_list([built_in_default]) == 'BuiltinProviderDefault'
    assert provider_display_list([external_unavailable]) == 'ExternalProviderUnavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)'
-    assert provider_display_list([built_in_default, built_in_custom_name, external_default, external_custom, external_unavailable, built_in_unavailable]) == 'BuiltInProviderDefault, CustomName, ExternalProviderDefault-0.0.0 (external), custom-5.4b2 (external), ExternalProviderUnavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable), BuiltInProviderUnavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)'
+    assert provider_display_list([
+        built_in_default,
+        built_in_custom_name,
+        external_default,
+        external_custom,
+        external_unavailable,
+        built_in_unavailable],
+    ) == 'BuiltinProviderDefault, CustomName, ExternalProviderDefault-0.0.0 (external), custom-5.4b2 (external), ExternalProviderUnavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable), BuiltinProviderUnavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)'
@@ -316,6 +316,10 @@ _NSIG_TESTS = [
        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/tv-player-es6.vflset/tv-player-es6.js',
        'MiBYeXx_vRREbiCCmh', 'RtZYMVvmkE0JE',
    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/59b252b9/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'D3XWVpYgwhLLKNK4AGX', 'aZrQ1qWJ5yv5h',
+    ),
 ]


@@ -911,6 +911,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:

    def add_close_hook(self, ch):
        """Add a close hook, called when YoutubeDL.close() is called"""
+        assert callable(ch), 'Close hook must be callable'
        self._close_hooks.append(ch)

    def add_progress_hook(self, ph):
@@ -764,11 +764,11 @@ def _get_linux_desktop_environment(env, logger):
    GetDesktopEnvironment
    """
    xdg_current_desktop = env.get('XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP', None)
-    desktop_session = env.get('DESKTOP_SESSION', None)
+    desktop_session = env.get('DESKTOP_SESSION', '')
    if xdg_current_desktop is not None:
        for part in map(str.strip, xdg_current_desktop.split(':')):
            if part == 'Unity':
-                if desktop_session is not None and 'gnome-fallback' in desktop_session:
+                if 'gnome-fallback' in desktop_session:
                    return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
                else:
                    return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UNITY
@@ -797,35 +797,34 @@ def _get_linux_desktop_environment(env, logger):
                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UKUI
            elif part == 'LXQt':
                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.LXQT
-        logger.info(f'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP is set to an unknown value: "{xdg_current_desktop}"')
+        logger.debug(f'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP is set to an unknown value: "{xdg_current_desktop}"')

-    elif desktop_session is not None:
-        if desktop_session == 'deepin':
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.DEEPIN
-        elif desktop_session in ('mate', 'gnome'):
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
-        elif desktop_session in ('kde4', 'kde-plasma'):
+    if desktop_session == 'deepin':
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.DEEPIN
+    elif desktop_session in ('mate', 'gnome'):
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
+    elif desktop_session in ('kde4', 'kde-plasma'):
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+    elif desktop_session == 'kde':
+        if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
-        elif desktop_session == 'kde':
-            if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
-                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
-            else:
-                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
-        elif 'xfce' in desktop_session or desktop_session == 'xubuntu':
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE
-        elif desktop_session == 'ukui':
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UKUI
        else:
-            logger.info(f'DESKTOP_SESSION is set to an unknown value: "{desktop_session}"')
-
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
+    elif 'xfce' in desktop_session or desktop_session == 'xubuntu':
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE
+    elif desktop_session == 'ukui':
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UKUI
    else:
-        if 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID' in env:
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
-        elif 'KDE_FULL_SESSION' in env:
-            if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
-                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
-            else:
-                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
+        logger.debug(f'DESKTOP_SESSION is set to an unknown value: "{desktop_session}"')
+
+    if 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID' in env:
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
+    elif 'KDE_FULL_SESSION' in env:
+        if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+        else:
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
+
    return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER


@@ -2369,6 +2369,7 @@ from .vimeo import (
    VHXEmbedIE,
    VimeoAlbumIE,
    VimeoChannelIE,
+    VimeoEventIE,
    VimeoGroupsIE,
    VimeoIE,
    VimeoLikesIE,
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import urllib.parse

 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .once import OnceIE
 from ..utils import (
    determine_ext,
    dict_get,
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )


-class ESPNIE(OnceIE):
+class ESPNIE(InfoExtractor):
    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                    https?://
                        (?:
@@ -131,9 +130,7 @@ class ESPNIE(OnceIE):
                return
            format_urls.add(source_url)
            ext = determine_ext(source_url)
-            if OnceIE.suitable(source_url):
-                formats.extend(self._extract_once_formats(source_url))
-            elif ext == 'smil':
+            if ext == 'smil':
                formats.extend(self._extract_smil_formats(
                    source_url, video_id, fatal=False))
            elif ext == 'f4m':
@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@ import urllib.parse

 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
    int_or_none,
-    qualities,
+    join_nonempty,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    parse_qs,
    unified_strdate,
    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj


 class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -15,40 +19,51 @@ class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:sport)?1tv\.ru/(?:[^/?#]+/)+(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'

    _TESTS = [{
-        # single format
-        'url': 'http://www.1tv.ru/shows/naedine-so-vsemi/vypuski/gost-lyudmila-senchina-naedine-so-vsemi-vypusk-ot-12-02-2015',
-        'md5': 'a1b6b60d530ebcf8daacf4565762bbaf',
+        # single format; has item.id
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/shows/naedine-so-vsemi/vypuski/gost-lyudmila-senchina-naedine-so-vsemi-vypusk-ot-12-02-2015',
+        'md5': '8011ae8e88ff4150107ab9c5a8f5b659',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '40049',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': 'Гость Людмила Сенчина. Наедине со всеми. Выпуск от 12.02.2015',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|JPG)$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
            'upload_date': '20150212',
            'duration': 2694,
        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
    }, {
-        # multiple formats
-        'url': 'http://www.1tv.ru/shows/dobroe-utro/pro-zdorove/vesennyaya-allergiya-dobroe-utro-fragment-vypuska-ot-07042016',
+        # multiple formats; has item.id
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/shows/dobroe-utro/pro-zdorove/vesennyaya-allergiya-dobroe-utro-fragment-vypuska-ot-07042016',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '364746',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': 'Весенняя аллергия. Доброе утро. Фрагмент выпуска от 07.04.2016',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|JPG)$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
            'upload_date': '20160407',
            'duration': 179,
            'formats': 'mincount:3',
        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2016-12-01/14:00',
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2016-12-01/14:00',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '14:00',
-            'title': 'Выпуск новостей в 14:00   1 декабря 2016 года. Новости. Первый канал',
-            'description': 'md5:2e921b948f8c1ff93901da78ebdb1dfd',
+            'title': 'Выпуск программы «Время» в 20:00   1 декабря 2016 года. Новости. Первый канал',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://static.1tv.ru/uploads/photo/image/8/big/338448_big_8fc7eb236f.jpg',
        },
        'playlist_count': 13,
+    }, {
+        # has timestamp; has item.uid but not item.id
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/shows/segodnya-vecherom/vypuski/avtory-odnogo-hita-segodnya-vecherom-vypusk-ot-03-05-2025',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '270411',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Авторы одного хита. Сегодня вечером. Выпуск от 03.05.2025',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1746286020,
+            'upload_date': '20250503',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.1tv.ru/shows/tochvtoch-supersezon/vystupleniya/evgeniy-dyatlov-vladimir-vysockiy-koni-priveredlivye-toch-v-toch-supersezon-fragment-vypuska-ot-06-11-2016',
        'only_matching': True,
@@ -57,96 +72,60 @@ class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
        'only_matching': True,
    }]

+    def _entries(self, items):
+        for item in items:
+            video_id = str(item.get('id') or item['uid'])
+
+            formats, subtitles = [], {}
+            for f in traverse_obj(item, ('sources', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['src']))):
+                src = f['src']
+                ext = mimetype2ext(f.get('type'), default=determine_ext(src))
+                if ext == 'm3u8':
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        src, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                elif ext == 'mpd':
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        src, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+                else:
+                    tbr = self._search_regex(fr'_(\d{{3,}})\.{ext}', src, 'tbr', default=None)
+                    formats.append({
+                        'url': src,
+                        'ext': ext,
+                        'format_id': join_nonempty('http', ext, tbr),
+                        'tbr': int_or_none(tbr),
+                        # quality metadata of http formats may be incorrect
+                        'quality': -10,
+                    })
+                    continue
+                formats.extend(fmts)
+                self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+            yield {
+                **traverse_obj(item, {
+                    'title': ('title', {str}),
+                    'thumbnail': ('poster', {url_or_none}),
+                    'timestamp': ('dvr_begin_at', {int_or_none}),
+                    'upload_date': ('date_air', {unified_strdate}),
+                    'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                }),
+                'id': video_id,
+                'formats': formats,
+                'subtitles': subtitles,
+            }
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        display_id = self._match_id(url)

        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        playlist_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, self._search_regex(
+        playlist_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, self._html_search_regex(
            r'data-playlist-url=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
            webpage, 'playlist url', group='url'))

-        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(playlist_url)
-        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
-        item_ids = qs.get('videos_ids[]') or qs.get('news_ids[]')
+        item_ids = traverse_obj(parse_qs(playlist_url), 'video_id', 'videos_ids[]', 'news_ids[]')
+        items = traverse_obj(
+            self._download_json(playlist_url, display_id),
+            lambda _, v: v['uid'] and (str(v['uid']) in item_ids if item_ids else True))

-        items = self._download_json(playlist_url, display_id)
-
-        if item_ids:
-            items = [
-                item for item in items
-                if item.get('uid') and str(item['uid']) in item_ids]
-        else:
-            items = [items[0]]
-
-        entries = []
-        QUALITIES = ('ld', 'sd', 'hd')
-
-        for item in items:
-            title = item['title']
-            quality = qualities(QUALITIES)
-            formats = []
-            path = None
-            for f in item.get('mbr', []):
-                src = url_or_none(f.get('src'))
-                if not src:
-                    continue
-                tbr = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                    r'_(\d{3,})\.mp4', src, 'tbr', default=None))
-                if not path:
-                    path = self._search_regex(
-                        r'//[^/]+/(.+?)_\d+\.mp4', src,
-                        'm3u8 path', default=None)
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': src,
-                    'format_id': f.get('name'),
-                    'tbr': tbr,
-                    'source_preference': quality(f.get('name')),
-                    # quality metadata of http formats may be incorrect
-                    'preference': -10,
-                })
-            # m3u8 URL format is reverse engineered from [1] (search for
-            # master.m3u8). dashEdges (that is currently balancer-vod.1tv.ru)
-            # is taken from [2].
-            # 1. http://static.1tv.ru/player/eump1tv-current/eump-1tv.all.min.js?rnd=9097422834:formatted
-            # 2. http://static.1tv.ru/player/eump1tv-config/config-main.js?rnd=9097422834
-            if not path and len(formats) == 1:
-                path = self._search_regex(
-                    r'//[^/]+/(.+?$)', formats[0]['url'],
-                    'm3u8 path', default=None)
-            if path:
-                if len(formats) == 1:
-                    m3u8_path = ','
-                else:
-                    tbrs = [str(t) for t in sorted(f['tbr'] for f in formats)]
-                    m3u8_path = '_,{},{}'.format(','.join(tbrs), '.mp4')
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    f'http://balancer-vod.1tv.ru/{path}{m3u8_path}.urlset/master.m3u8',
-                    display_id, 'mp4',
-                    entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-
-            thumbnail = item.get('poster') or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)
-            duration = int_or_none(item.get('duration') or self._html_search_meta(
-                'video:duration', webpage, 'video duration', fatal=False))
-            upload_date = unified_strdate(self._html_search_meta(
-                'ya:ovs:upload_date', webpage, 'upload date', default=None))
-
-            entries.append({
-                'id': str(item.get('id') or item['uid']),
-                'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-                'title': title,
-                'upload_date': upload_date,
-                'duration': int_or_none(duration),
-                'formats': formats,
-            })
-
-        title = self._html_search_regex(
-            (r'<div class="tv_translation">\s*<h1><a href="[^"]+">([^<]*)</a>',
-             r"'title'\s*:\s*'([^']+)'"),
-            webpage, 'title', default=None) or self._og_search_title(
-            webpage, default=None)
-        description = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'<div class="descr">\s*<div>&nbsp;</div>\s*<p>([^<]*)</p></div>',
-            webpage, 'description', default=None) or self._html_search_meta(
-            'description', webpage, 'description', default=None)
-
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, display_id, title, description)
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(items), display_id, self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None),
+            thumbnail=self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None))
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import urllib.parse

-from .once import OnceIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor


-class GameSpotIE(OnceIE):
+class GameSpotIE(InfoExtractor):
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?gamespot\.com/(?:video|article|review)s/(?:[^/]+/\d+-|embed/)(?P<id>\d+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'http://www.gamespot.com/videos/arma-3-community-guide-sitrep-i/2300-6410818/',
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import json
 import re
 import time

@@ -6,9 +7,7 @@ from ..utils import (
    ExtractorError,
    determine_ext,
    js_to_json,
-    parse_qs,
    traverse_obj,
-    urlencode_postdata,
 )


@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ class IPrimaIE(InfoExtractor):
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?!cnn)(?:[^/]+)\.iprima\.cz/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
    _GEO_BYPASS = False
    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'iprima'
-    _AUTH_ROOT = 'https://auth.iprima.cz'
    access_token = None

    _TESTS = [{
@@ -86,48 +84,18 @@ class IPrimaIE(InfoExtractor):
        if self.access_token:
            return

-        login_page = self._download_webpage(
-            f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/oauth2/login', None, note='Downloading login page',
-            errnote='Downloading login page failed')
-
-        login_form = self._hidden_inputs(login_page)
-
-        login_form.update({
-            '_email': username,
-            '_password': password})
-
-        profile_select_html, login_handle = self._download_webpage_handle(
-            f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/oauth2/login', None, data=urlencode_postdata(login_form),
-            note='Logging in')
-
-        # a profile may need to be selected first, even when there is only a single one
-        if '/profile-select' in login_handle.url:
-            profile_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'data-identifier\s*=\s*["\']?(\w+)', profile_select_html, 'profile id')
-
-            login_handle = self._request_webpage(
-                f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/user/profile-select-perform/{profile_id}', None,
-                query={'continueUrl': '/user/login?redirect_uri=/user/'}, note='Selecting profile')
-
-        code = traverse_obj(login_handle.url, ({parse_qs}, 'code', 0))
-        if not code:
-            raise ExtractorError('Login failed', expected=True)
-
-        token_request_data = {
-            'scope': 'openid+email+profile+phone+address+offline_access',
-            'client_id': 'prima_sso',
-            'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
-            'code': code,
-            'redirect_uri': f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/sso/auth-check'}
-
        token_data = self._download_json(
-            f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/oauth2/token', None,
-            note='Downloading token', errnote='Downloading token failed',
-            data=urlencode_postdata(token_request_data))
+            'https://ucet.iprima.cz/api/session/create', None,
+            note='Logging in', errnote='Failed to log in',
+            data=json.dumps({
+                'email': username,
+                'password': password,
+                'deviceName': 'Windows Chrome',
+            }).encode(), headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})

-        self.access_token = token_data.get('access_token')
-        if self.access_token is None:
-            raise ExtractorError('Getting token failed', expected=True)
+        self.access_token = token_data['accessToken']['value']
+        if not self.access_token:
+            raise ExtractorError('Failed to fetch access token')

    def _real_initialize(self):
        if not self.access_token:
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
    clean_html,
    merge_dicts,
-    str_or_none,
    traverse_obj,
    unified_timestamp,
    url_or_none,
@@ -138,13 +137,15 @@ class LRTRadioIE(LRTBaseIE):
            'https://www.lrt.lt/radioteka/api/media', video_id,
            query={'url': f'/mediateka/irasas/{video_id}/{path}'})

-        return traverse_obj(media, {
-            'id': ('id', {int}, {str_or_none}),
-            'title': ('title', {str}),
-            'tags': ('tags', ..., 'name', {str}),
-            'categories': ('playlist_item', 'category', {str}, filter, all, filter),
-            'description': ('content', {clean_html}, {str}),
-            'timestamp': ('date', {lambda x: x.replace('.', '/')}, {unified_timestamp}),
-            'thumbnail': ('playlist_item', 'image', {urljoin('https://www.lrt.lt')}),
-            'formats': ('playlist_item', 'file', {lambda x: self._extract_m3u8_formats(x, video_id)}),
-        })
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(media['playlist_item']['file'], video_id),
+            **traverse_obj(media, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., 'name', {str}),
+                'categories': ('playlist_item', 'category', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'description': ('content', {clean_html}, {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('date', {lambda x: x.replace('.', '/')}, {unified_timestamp}),
+                'thumbnail': ('playlist_item', 'image', {urljoin('https://www.lrt.lt')}),
+            }),
+        }
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import json

 from .art19 import Art19IE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking import PATCHRequest
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
    ExtractorError,
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ class NebulaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                        'app_version': '23.10.0',
                        'platform': 'ios',
                    })
-                return {'formats': fmts, 'subtitles': subs}
+                break
            except ExtractorError as e:
                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
                    self.raise_login_required()
@@ -84,6 +85,9 @@ class NebulaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                    continue
                raise

+        self.mark_watched(content_id, slug)
+        return {'formats': fmts, 'subtitles': subs}
+
    def _extract_video_metadata(self, episode):
        channel_url = traverse_obj(
            episode, (('channel_slug', 'class_slug'), {urljoin('https://nebula.tv/')}), get_all=False)
@@ -111,6 +115,13 @@ class NebulaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
            'uploader_url': channel_url,
        }

+    def _mark_watched(self, content_id, slug):
+        self._call_api(
+            PATCHRequest(f'https://content.api.nebula.app/{content_id.split(":")[0]}s/{content_id}/progress/'),
+            slug, 'Marking watched', 'Unable to mark watched', fatal=False,
+            data=json.dumps({'completed': True}).encode(),
+            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+

 class NebulaIE(NebulaBaseIE):
    IE_NAME = 'nebula:video'
@@ -322,6 +333,7 @@ class NebulaClassIE(NebulaBaseIE):
            if not episode_url and metadata.get('premium'):
                self.raise_login_required()

+            self.mark_watched(metadata['id'], slug)
            if Art19IE.suitable(episode_url):
                return self.url_result(episode_url, Art19IE)
            return traverse_obj(metadata, {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from ..utils import (
    urlencode_postdata,
    urljoin,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, require, traverse_obj


 class NiconicoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -283,35 +283,54 @@ class NiconicoIE(NiconicoBaseIE):
                lambda _, v: v['id'] == video_fmt['format_id'], 'qualityLevel', {int_or_none}, any)) or -1
            yield video_fmt

+    def _extract_server_response(self, webpage, video_id, fatal=True):
+        try:
+            return traverse_obj(
+                self._parse_json(self._html_search_meta('server-response', webpage) or '', video_id),
+                ('data', 'response', {dict}, {require('server response')}))
+        except ExtractorError:
+            if not fatal:
+                return {}
+            raise
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)

        try:
            webpage, handle = self._download_webpage_handle(
-                'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/' + video_id, video_id)
+                f'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/{video_id}', video_id,
+                headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
            if video_id.startswith('so'):
                video_id = self._match_id(handle.url)

-            api_data = traverse_obj(
-                self._parse_json(self._html_search_meta('server-response', webpage) or '', video_id),
-                ('data', 'response', {dict}))
-            if not api_data:
-                raise ExtractorError('Server response data not found')
+            api_data = self._extract_server_response(webpage, video_id)
        except ExtractorError as e:
            try:
                api_data = self._download_json(
-                    f'https://www.nicovideo.jp/api/watch/v3/{video_id}?_frontendId=6&_frontendVersion=0&actionTrackId=AAAAAAAAAA_{round(time.time() * 1000)}', video_id,
-                    note='Downloading API JSON', errnote='Unable to fetch data')['data']
+                    f'https://www.nicovideo.jp/api/watch/v3/{video_id}', video_id,
+                    'Downloading API JSON', 'Unable to fetch data', query={
+                        '_frontendId': '6',
+                        '_frontendVersion': '0',
+                        'actionTrackId': f'AAAAAAAAAA_{round(time.time() * 1000)}',
+                    }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())['data']
            except ExtractorError:
                if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
+                    # Raise if original exception was from _parse_json or utils.traversal.require
                    raise
+                # The webpage server response has more detailed error info than the API response
                webpage = e.cause.response.read().decode('utf-8', 'replace')
-                error_msg = self._html_search_regex(
-                    r'(?s)<section\s+class="(?:(?:ErrorMessage|WatchExceptionPage-message)\s*)+">(.+?)</section>',
-                    webpage, 'error reason', default=None)
-                if not error_msg:
+                reason_code = self._extract_server_response(
+                    webpage, video_id, fatal=False).get('reasonCode')
+                if not reason_code:
                    raise
-                raise ExtractorError(clean_html(error_msg), expected=True)
+                if reason_code in ('DOMESTIC_VIDEO', 'HIGH_RISK_COUNTRY_VIDEO'):
+                    self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+                elif reason_code == 'HIDDEN_VIDEO':
+                    raise ExtractorError(
+                        'The viewing period of this video has expired', expected=True)
+                elif reason_code == 'DELETED_VIDEO':
+                    raise ExtractorError('This video has been deleted', expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Niconico says: {reason_code}')

        availability = self._availability(**(traverse_obj(api_data, ('payment', 'video', {
            'needs_premium': ('isPremium', {bool}),
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-
-class OnceIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://.+?\.unicornmedia\.com/now/(?:ads/vmap/)?[^/]+/[^/]+/(?P<domain_id>[^/]+)/(?P<application_id>[^/]+)/(?:[^/]+/)?(?P<media_item_id>[^/]+)/content\.(?:once|m3u8|mp4)'
-    ADAPTIVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://once.unicornmedia.com/now/master/playlist/%s/%s/%s/content.m3u8'
-    PROGRESSIVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://once.unicornmedia.com/now/media/progressive/%s/%s/%s/%s/content.mp4'
-
-    def _extract_once_formats(self, url, http_formats_preference=None):
-        domain_id, application_id, media_item_id = re.match(
-            OnceIE._VALID_URL, url).groups()
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            self.ADAPTIVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (
-                domain_id, application_id, media_item_id),
-            media_item_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-        progressive_formats = []
-        for adaptive_format in formats:
-            # Prevent advertisement from embedding into m3u8 playlist (see
-            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8893#issuecomment-199912684)
-            adaptive_format['url'] = re.sub(
-                r'\badsegmentlength=\d+', r'adsegmentlength=0', adaptive_format['url'])
-            rendition_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'/now/media/playlist/[^/]+/[^/]+/([^/]+)',
-                adaptive_format['url'], 'redition id', default=None)
-            if rendition_id:
-                progressive_format = adaptive_format.copy()
-                progressive_format.update({
-                    'url': self.PROGRESSIVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (
-                        domain_id, application_id, rendition_id, media_item_id),
-                    'format_id': adaptive_format['format_id'].replace(
-                        'hls', 'http'),
-                    'protocol': 'http',
-                    'preference': http_formats_preference,
-                })
-                progressive_formats.append(progressive_format)
-        self._check_formats(progressive_formats, media_item_id)
-        formats.extend(progressive_formats)
-        return formats
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ from ..utils import (


 class PicartoIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www.)?picarto\.tv/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'picarto'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www.)?picarto\.tv/(?P<id>[^/#?]+)/?(?:$|[?#])'
    _TEST = {
        'url': 'https://picarto.tv/Setz',
        'info_dict': {
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@ class PicartoIE(InfoExtractor):


 class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?picarto\.tv/(?:videopopout|\w+/videos)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'picarto:vod'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?picarto\.tv/(?:videopopout|\w+(?:/profile)?/videos)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://picarto.tv/videopopout/ArtofZod_2017.12.12.00.13.23.flv',
        'md5': '3ab45ba4352c52ee841a28fb73f2d9ca',
@@ -111,6 +113,18 @@ class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
            'channel': 'ArtofZod',
            'age_limit': 18,
        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://picarto.tv/DrechuArt/profile/videos/400347',
+        'md5': 'f9ea54868b1d9dec40eb554b484cc7bf',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '400347',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Welcome to the Show',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'channel': 'DrechuArt',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+        },
+
    }, {
        'url': 'https://picarto.tv/videopopout/Plague',
        'only_matching': True,
@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ from ..utils import (
    int_or_none,
    join_nonempty,
    parse_qs,
-    traverse_obj,
    update_url_query,
    urlencode_postdata,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import unpack
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj, unpack


 class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
            try:
                return self._extract_info_dict(info, full_title, token)
            except ExtractorError as e:
-                if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or not e.cause.status == 429:
+                if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status != 429:
                    raise
                self.report_warning(
                    'You have reached the API rate limit, which is ~600 requests per '
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import re
 import time

 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from .once import OnceIE
 from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..utils import (
    ExtractorError,
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ default_ns = 'http://www.w3.org/2005/SMIL21/Language'
 _x = lambda p: xpath_with_ns(p, {'smil': default_ns})


-class ThePlatformBaseIE(OnceIE):
+class ThePlatformBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
    _TP_TLD = 'com'

    def _extract_theplatform_smil(self, smil_url, video_id, note='Downloading SMIL data'):
@@ -54,16 +53,13 @@ class ThePlatformBaseIE(OnceIE):

        formats = []
        for _format in smil_formats:
-            if OnceIE.suitable(_format['url']):
-                formats.extend(self._extract_once_formats(_format['url']))
-            else:
-                media_url = _format['url']
-                if determine_ext(media_url) == 'm3u8':
-                    hdnea2 = self._get_cookies(media_url).get('hdnea2')
-                    if hdnea2:
-                        _format['url'] = update_url_query(media_url, {'hdnea3': hdnea2.value})
+            media_url = _format['url']
+            if determine_ext(media_url) == 'm3u8':
+                hdnea2 = self._get_cookies(media_url).get('hdnea2')
+                if hdnea2:
+                    _format['url'] = update_url_query(media_url, {'hdnea3': hdnea2.value})

-                formats.append(_format)
+            formats.append(_format)

        return formats, subtitles

@@ -129,7 +125,7 @@ class ThePlatformBaseIE(OnceIE):
        return self._parse_theplatform_metadata(info)


-class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
+class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
        (?:https?://(?:link|player)\.theplatform\.com/[sp]/(?P<provider_id>[^/]+)/
           (?:(?:(?:[^/]+/)+select/)?(?P<media>media/(?:guid/\d+/)?)?|(?P<config>(?:[^/\?]+/(?:swf|config)|onsite)/select/))?
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
            'url': thumbnail,
        }] if thumbnail else None

-    def _extract_twitch_m3u8_formats(self, path, video_id, token, signature):
+    def _extract_twitch_m3u8_formats(self, path, video_id, token, signature, live_from_start=False):
        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
            f'{self._USHER_BASE}/{path}/{video_id}.m3u8', video_id, 'mp4', query={
                'allow_source': 'true',
@@ -204,7 +204,10 @@ class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
        for fmt in formats:
            if fmt.get('vcodec') and fmt['vcodec'].startswith('av01'):
                # mpegts does not yet have proper support for av1
-                fmt['downloader_options'] = {'ffmpeg_args_out': ['-f', 'mp4']}
+                fmt.setdefault('downloader_options', {}).update({'ffmpeg_args_out': ['-f', 'mp4']})
+            if live_from_start:
+                fmt.setdefault('downloader_options', {}).update({'ffmpeg_args': ['-live_start_index', '0']})
+                fmt['is_from_start'] = True

        return formats

@@ -550,7 +553,8 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
        access_token = self._download_access_token(vod_id, 'video', 'id')

        formats = self._extract_twitch_m3u8_formats(
-            'vod', vod_id, access_token['value'], access_token['signature'])
+            'vod', vod_id, access_token['value'], access_token['signature'],
+            live_from_start=self.get_param('live_from_start'))
        formats.extend(self._extract_storyboard(vod_id, video.get('storyboard'), info.get('duration')))

        self._prefer_source(formats)
@@ -633,6 +637,10 @@ class TwitchPlaylistBaseIE(TwitchBaseIE):
    _PAGE_LIMIT = 100

    def _entries(self, channel_name, *args):
+        """
+        Subclasses must define _make_variables() and _extract_entry(),
+        as well as set _OPERATION_NAME, _ENTRY_KIND, _EDGE_KIND, and _NODE_KIND
+        """
        cursor = None
        variables_common = self._make_variables(channel_name, *args)
        entries_key = f'{self._ENTRY_KIND}s'
@@ -672,7 +680,22 @@ class TwitchPlaylistBaseIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                break


-class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
+class TwitchVideosBaseIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
+    _OPERATION_NAME = 'FilterableVideoTower_Videos'
+    _ENTRY_KIND = 'video'
+    _EDGE_KIND = 'VideoEdge'
+    _NODE_KIND = 'Video'
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_variables(channel_name, broadcast_type, sort):
+        return {
+            'channelOwnerLogin': channel_name,
+            'broadcastType': broadcast_type,
+            'videoSort': sort.upper(),
+        }
+
+
+class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|go|m)\.)?twitch\.tv/(?P<id>[^/]+)/(?:videos|profile)'

    _TESTS = [{
@@ -751,11 +774,6 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
        'views': 'Popular',
    }

-    _OPERATION_NAME = 'FilterableVideoTower_Videos'
-    _ENTRY_KIND = 'video'
-    _EDGE_KIND = 'VideoEdge'
-    _NODE_KIND = 'Video'
-
    @classmethod
    def suitable(cls, url):
        return (False
@@ -764,14 +782,6 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
                    TwitchVideosCollectionsIE))
                else super().suitable(url))

-    @staticmethod
-    def _make_variables(channel_name, broadcast_type, sort):
-        return {
-            'channelOwnerLogin': channel_name,
-            'broadcastType': broadcast_type,
-            'videoSort': sort.upper(),
-        }
-
    @staticmethod
    def _extract_entry(node):
        return _make_video_result(node)
@@ -919,7 +929,7 @@ class TwitchVideosCollectionsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
            playlist_title=f'{channel_name} - Collections')


-class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
+class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
    IE_NAME = 'twitch:stream'
    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                    https?://
@@ -982,6 +992,7 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
            'skip_download': 'Livestream',
        },
    }]
+    _PAGE_LIMIT = 1

    @classmethod
    def suitable(cls, url):
@@ -995,6 +1006,20 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                    TwitchClipsIE))
                else super().suitable(url))

+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_entry(node):
+        if not isinstance(node, dict) or not node.get('id'):
+            return None
+        video_id = node['id']
+        return {
+            '_type': 'url',
+            'ie_key': TwitchVodIE.ie_key(),
+            'id': 'v' + video_id,
+            'url': f'https://www.twitch.tv/videos/{video_id}',
+            'title': node.get('title'),
+            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(node.get('publishedAt')) or 0,
+        }
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        channel_name = self._match_id(url).lower()

@@ -1029,6 +1054,16 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
        if not stream:
            raise UserNotLive(video_id=channel_name)

+        timestamp = unified_timestamp(stream.get('createdAt'))
+
+        if self.get_param('live_from_start'):
+            self.to_screen(f'{channel_name}: Extracting VOD to download live from start')
+            entry = next(self._entries(channel_name, None, 'time'), None)
+            if entry and entry.pop('timestamp') >= (timestamp or float('inf')):
+                return entry
+            self.report_warning(
+                'Unable to extract the VOD associated with this livestream', video_id=channel_name)
+
        access_token = self._download_access_token(
            channel_name, 'stream', 'channelName')

@@ -1038,7 +1073,6 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
        self._prefer_source(formats)

        view_count = stream.get('viewers')
-        timestamp = unified_timestamp(stream.get('createdAt'))

        sq_user = try_get(gql, lambda x: x[1]['data']['user'], dict) or {}
        uploader = sq_user.get('displayName')
@@ -1342,7 +1342,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
                    'tweet_mode': 'extended',
                })
        except ExtractorError as e:
-            if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or not e.cause.status == 429:
+            if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status != 429:
                raise
            self.report_warning('Rate-limit exceeded; falling back to syndication endpoint')
            status = self._call_syndication_api(twid)
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import functools
 import itertools
 import json
 import re
+import time
 import urllib.parse

 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -13,10 +14,12 @@ from ..utils import (
    OnDemandPagedList,
    clean_html,
    determine_ext,
+    filter_dict,
    get_element_by_class,
    int_or_none,
    join_nonempty,
    js_to_json,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
    merge_dicts,
    parse_filesize,
    parse_iso8601,
@@ -39,6 +42,9 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'vimeo'
    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = False
    _LOGIN_URL = 'https://vimeo.com/log_in'
+    _REFERER_HINT = (
+        'Cannot download embed-only video without embedding URL. Please call yt-dlp '
+        'with the URL of the page that embeds this video.')
    _IOS_CLIENT_AUTH = 'MTMxNzViY2Y0NDE0YTQ5YzhjZTc0YmU0NjVjNDQxYzNkYWVjOWRlOTpHKzRvMmgzVUh4UkxjdU5FRW80cDNDbDhDWGR5dVJLNUJZZ055dHBHTTB4V1VzaG41bEx1a2hiN0NWYWNUcldSSW53dzRUdFRYZlJEZmFoTTArOTBUZkJHS3R4V2llYU04Qnl1bERSWWxUdXRidjNqR2J4SHFpVmtFSUcyRktuQw=='
    _IOS_CLIENT_HEADERS = {
        'Accept': 'application/vnd.vimeo.*+json; version=3.4.10',
@@ -47,6 +53,7 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
    }
    _IOS_OAUTH_CACHE_KEY = 'oauth-token-ios'
    _ios_oauth_token = None
+    _viewer_info = None

    @staticmethod
    def _smuggle_referrer(url, referrer_url):
@@ -60,8 +67,21 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
            headers['Referer'] = data['referer']
        return url, data, headers

+    def _jwt_is_expired(self, token):
+        return jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp'] - time.time() < 120
+
+    def _fetch_viewer_info(self, display_id=None, fatal=True):
+        if self._viewer_info and not self._jwt_is_expired(self._viewer_info['jwt']):
+            return self._viewer_info
+
+        self._viewer_info = self._download_json(
+            'https://vimeo.com/_next/viewer', display_id, 'Downloading web token info',
+            'Failed to download web token info', fatal=fatal, headers={'Accept': 'application/json'})
+
+        return self._viewer_info
+
    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        viewer = self._download_json('https://vimeo.com/_next/viewer', None, 'Downloading login token')
+        viewer = self._fetch_viewer_info()
        data = {
            'action': 'login',
            'email': username,
@@ -96,11 +116,10 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                expected=True)
        return password

-    def _verify_video_password(self, video_id):
+    def _verify_video_password(self, video_id, path=None):
        video_password = self._get_video_password()
-        token = self._download_json(
-            'https://vimeo.com/_next/viewer', video_id, 'Downloading viewer info')['xsrft']
-        url = f'https://vimeo.com/{video_id}'
+        token = self._fetch_viewer_info(video_id)['xsrft']
+        url = join_nonempty('https://vimeo.com', path, video_id, delim='/')
        try:
            self._request_webpage(
                f'{url}/password', video_id,
@@ -117,6 +136,10 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                raise ExtractorError('Wrong password', expected=True)
            raise

+    def _extract_config_url(self, webpage, **kwargs):
+        return self._html_search_regex(
+            r'\bdata-config-url="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'config URL', **kwargs)
+
    def _extract_vimeo_config(self, webpage, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
        vimeo_config = self._search_regex(
            r'vimeo\.config\s*=\s*(?:({.+?})|_extend\([^,]+,\s+({.+?})\));',
@@ -164,6 +187,7 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
        sep_pattern = r'/sep/video/'
        for files_type in ('hls', 'dash'):
            for cdn_name, cdn_data in (try_get(config_files, lambda x: x[files_type]['cdns']) or {}).items():
+                # TODO: Also extract 'avc_url'? Investigate if there are 'hevc_url', 'av1_url'?
                manifest_url = cdn_data.get('url')
                if not manifest_url:
                    continue
@@ -244,7 +268,10 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
            'formats': formats,
            'subtitles': subtitles,
            'live_status': live_status,
-            'release_timestamp': traverse_obj(live_event, ('ingest', 'scheduled_start_time', {parse_iso8601})),
+            'release_timestamp': traverse_obj(live_event, ('ingest', (
+                ('scheduled_start_time', {parse_iso8601}),
+                ('start_time', {int_or_none}),
+            ), any)),
            # Note: Bitrates are completely broken. Single m3u8 may contain entries in kbps and bps
            # at the same time without actual units specified.
            '_format_sort_fields': ('quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source'),
@@ -353,7 +380,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
                         (?:
                             (?P<u>user)|
                             (?!(?:channels|album|showcase)/[^/?#]+/?(?:$|[?#])|[^/]+/review/|ondemand/)
-                             (?:.*?/)??
+                             (?:(?!event/).*?/)??
                             (?P<q>
                                 (?:
                                     play_redirect_hls|
@@ -933,8 +960,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
            r'vimeo\.com/(?:album|showcase)/([^/]+)', url, 'album id', default=None)
        if not album_id:
            return
-        viewer = self._download_json(
-            'https://vimeo.com/_rv/viewer', album_id, fatal=False)
+        viewer = self._fetch_viewer_info(album_id, fatal=False)
        if not viewer:
            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, album_id)
            viewer = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
@@ -992,9 +1018,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
                raise
            errmsg = error.cause.response.read()
            if b'Because of its privacy settings, this video cannot be played here' in errmsg:
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Cannot download embed-only video without embedding URL. Please call yt-dlp '
-                    'with the URL of the page that embeds this video.', expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(self._REFERER_HINT, expected=True)
            # 403 == vimeo.com TLS fingerprint or DC IP block; 429 == player.vimeo.com TLS FP block
            status = error.cause.status
            dcip_msg = 'If you are using a data center IP or VPN/proxy, your IP may be blocked'
@@ -1039,8 +1063,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
        channel_id = self._search_regex(
            r'vimeo\.com/channels/([^/]+)', url, 'channel id', default=None)
        if channel_id:
-            config_url = self._html_search_regex(
-                r'\bdata-config-url="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'config URL', default=None)
+            config_url = self._extract_config_url(webpage, default=None)
            video_description = clean_html(get_element_by_class('description', webpage))
            info_dict.update({
                'channel_id': channel_id,
@@ -1333,8 +1356,7 @@ class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        album_id = self._match_id(url)
-        viewer = self._download_json(
-            'https://vimeo.com/_rv/viewer', album_id, fatal=False)
+        viewer = self._fetch_viewer_info(album_id, fatal=False)
        if not viewer:
            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, album_id)
            viewer = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
@@ -1626,3 +1648,377 @@ class VimeoProIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):

        return self.url_result(vimeo_url, VimeoIE, video_id, url_transparent=True,
                               description=description)
+
+
+class VimeoEventIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'vimeo:event'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/event/(?P<id>\d+)(?:/
+            (?:
+                (?:embed/)?(?P<unlisted_hash>[\da-f]{10})|
+                videos/(?P<video_id>\d+)
+            )
+        )?'''
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>https?://vimeo\.com/event/\d+/embed(?:[/?][^"\']*)?)["\'][^>]*>']
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'anybody'
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5116195',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1082194134',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '5116195',
+            'title': 'Skidmore College Commencement 2025',
+            'description': 'md5:1902dd5165d21f98aa198297cc729d23',
+            'uploader': 'Skidmore College',
+            'uploader_id': 'user116066434',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user116066434',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 9810,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/\d+-[\da-f]+-d',
+            'timestamp': 1747502974,
+            'upload_date': '20250517',
+            'release_timestamp': 1747502998,
+            'release_date': '20250517',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'embed_only'
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5034253/embed',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1071439154',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '5034253',
+            'title': 'Advancing Humans with AI',
+            'description': r're:AI is here to stay, but how do we ensure that people flourish in a world of pervasive AI use.{322}$',
+            'uploader': 'MIT Media Lab',
+            'uploader_id': 'mitmedialab',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/mitmedialab',
+            'duration': 23235,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/\d+-[\da-f]+-d',
+            'chapters': 'count:37',
+            'release_timestamp': 1744290000,
+            'release_date': '20250410',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+            'http_headers': {'Referer': 'https://www.media.mit.edu/events/aha-symposium/'},
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # Last entry on 2nd page of the 37 video playlist, but use clip_to_play_id API param shortcut
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4753126/videos/1046153257',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1046153257',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '4753126',
+            'title': 'January 12, 2025 The True Vine (Pastor John Mindrup)',
+            'description': 'The True Vine (Pastor \tJohn Mindrup)',
+            'uploader': 'Salem United Church of Christ',
+            'uploader_id': 'user230181094',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user230181094',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 4962,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/\d+-[\da-f]+-d',
+            'timestamp': 1736702464,
+            'upload_date': '20250112',
+            'release_timestamp': 1736702543,
+            'release_date': '20250112',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # "24/7" livestream
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4768062',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1079901414',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '4768062',
+            'title': r're:GRACELAND CAM \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
+            'description': '24/7 camera at Graceland Mansion',
+            'uploader': 'Elvis Presley\'s Graceland',
+            'uploader_id': 'visitgraceland',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/visitgraceland',
+            'release_timestamp': 1745975450,
+            'release_date': '20250430',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'livestream'},
+    }, {
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'unlisted' with unlisted_hash in URL path (stream_privacy.embed: 'whitelist')
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4259978/3db517c479',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '939104114',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '4259978',
+            'title': 'Enhancing Credibility in Your Community Science Project',
+            'description': 'md5:eab953341168b9c146bc3cfe3f716070',
+            'uploader': 'NOAA Research',
+            'uploader_id': 'noaaresearch',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/noaaresearch',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 3961,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/\d+-[\da-f]+-d',
+            'timestamp': 1716408008,
+            'upload_date': '20240522',
+            'release_timestamp': 1716408062,
+            'release_date': '20240522',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # "done" event with video_id in URL and unlisted_hash in VimeoIE URL
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/595460/videos/498149131/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '498149131',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '595460',
+            'title': '2021 Eighth Annual John Cardinal Foley Lecture on Social Communications',
+            'description': 'Replay: https://vimeo.com/catholicphilly/review/498149131/544f26a12f',
+            'uploader': 'Kearns Media Consulting LLC',
+            'uploader_id': 'kearnsmediaconsulting',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/kearnsmediaconsulting',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 4466,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/\d+-[\da-f]+-d',
+            'timestamp': 1612228466,
+            'upload_date': '20210202',
+            'release_timestamp': 1612228538,
+            'release_date': '20210202',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'password'; stream_privacy.embed: 'public'
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4940578',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1059263570',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '4940578',
+            'title': 'TMAC AKC AGILITY 2-22-2025',
+            'uploader': 'Paws \'N Effect',
+            'uploader_id': 'pawsneffect',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/pawsneffect',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 33115,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/\d+-[\da-f]+-d',
+            'timestamp': 1740261836,
+            'upload_date': '20250222',
+            'release_timestamp': 1740261873,
+            'release_date': '20250222',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'videopassword': '22',
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # API serves a playlist of 37 videos, but the site only streams the newest one (changes every Sunday)
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4753126',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Scheduled for 2025.05.15 but never started; "unavailable"; stream_privacy.view: "anybody"
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5120811/embed',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5112969/embed?muted=1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5097437/embed/interaction?muted=1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5113032/embed?autoplay=1&muted=1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Ended livestream with video_id
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/595460/videos/507329569/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'unlisted' with unlisted_hash in URL path (stream_privacy.embed: 'public')
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4606123/embed/358d60ce2e',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # Same result as https://vimeo.com/event/5034253/embed
+        'url': 'https://www.media.mit.edu/events/aha-symposium/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1071439154',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '5034253',
+            'title': 'Advancing Humans with AI',
+            'description': r're:AI is here to stay, but how do we ensure that people flourish in a world of pervasive AI use.{322}$',
+            'uploader': 'MIT Media Lab',
+            'uploader_id': 'mitmedialab',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/mitmedialab',
+            'duration': 23235,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/\d+-[\da-f]+-d',
+            'chapters': 'count:37',
+            'release_timestamp': 1744290000,
+            'release_date': '20250410',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }]
+
+    _EVENT_FIELDS = (
+        'title', 'uri', 'schedule', 'stream_description', 'stream_privacy.embed', 'stream_privacy.view',
+        'clip_to_play.name', 'clip_to_play.uri', 'clip_to_play.config_url', 'clip_to_play.live.status',
+        'clip_to_play.privacy.embed', 'clip_to_play.privacy.view', 'clip_to_play.password',
+        'streamable_clip.name', 'streamable_clip.uri', 'streamable_clip.config_url', 'streamable_clip.live.status',
+    )
+    _VIDEOS_FIELDS = ('items', 'uri', 'name', 'config_url', 'duration', 'live.status')
+
+    def _call_events_api(
+        self, event_id, ep=None, unlisted_hash=None, note=None,
+        fields=(), referrer=None, query=None, headers=None,
+    ):
+        resource = join_nonempty('event', ep, note, 'API JSON', delim=' ')
+
+        return self._download_json(
+            join_nonempty(
+                'https://api.vimeo.com/live_events',
+                join_nonempty(event_id, unlisted_hash, delim=':'), ep, delim='/'),
+            event_id, f'Downloading {resource}', f'Failed to download {resource}',
+            query=filter_dict({
+                'fields': ','.join(fields) or [],
+                # Correct spelling with 4 R's is deliberate
+                'referrer': referrer,
+                **(query or {}),
+            }), headers=filter_dict({
+                'Accept': 'application/json',
+                'Authorization': f'jwt {self._fetch_viewer_info(event_id)["jwt"]}',
+                'Referer': referrer,
+                **(headers or {}),
+            }))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_video_id_and_unlisted_hash(video):
+        if not traverse_obj(video, ('uri', {lambda x: x.startswith('/videos/')})):
+            return None, None
+        video_id, _, unlisted_hash = video['uri'][8:].partition(':')
+        return video_id, unlisted_hash or None
+
+    def _vimeo_url_result(self, video_id, unlisted_hash=None, event_id=None):
+        # VimeoIE can extract more metadata and formats for was_live event videos
+        return self.url_result(
+            join_nonempty('https://vimeo.com', video_id, unlisted_hash, delim='/'), VimeoIE,
+            video_id, display_id=event_id, live_status='was_live', url_transparent=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
+        for embed_url in super()._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage):
+            yield cls._smuggle_referrer(embed_url, url)
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        url, _, headers = self._unsmuggle_headers(url)
+        # XXX: Keep key name in sync with _unsmuggle_headers
+        referrer = headers.get('Referer')
+        event_id, unlisted_hash, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'unlisted_hash', 'video_id')
+
+        for retry in (False, True):
+            try:
+                live_event_data = self._call_events_api(
+                    event_id, unlisted_hash=unlisted_hash, fields=self._EVENT_FIELDS,
+                    referrer=referrer, query={'clip_to_play_id': video_id or '0'},
+                    headers={'Accept': 'application/vnd.vimeo.*+json;version=3.4.9'})
+                break
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                if retry or not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status not in (400, 403):
+                    raise
+                response = traverse_obj(e.cause.response.read(), ({json.loads}, {dict})) or {}
+                error_code = response.get('error_code')
+                if error_code == 2204:
+                    self._verify_video_password(event_id, path='event')
+                    continue
+                if error_code == 3200:
+                    raise ExtractorError(self._REFERER_HINT, expected=True)
+                if error_msg := response.get('error'):
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'Vimeo says: {error_msg}', expected=True)
+                raise
+
+        # stream_privacy.view can be: 'anybody', 'embed_only', 'nobody', 'password', 'unlisted'
+        view_policy = live_event_data['stream_privacy']['view']
+        if view_policy == 'nobody':
+            raise ExtractorError('This event has not been made available to anyone', expected=True)
+
+        clip_data = traverse_obj(live_event_data, ('clip_to_play', {dict})) or {}
+        # live.status can be: 'streaming' (is_live), 'done' (was_live), 'unavailable' (is_upcoming OR dead)
+        clip_status = traverse_obj(clip_data, ('live', 'status', {str}))
+        start_time = traverse_obj(live_event_data, ('schedule', 'start_time', {str}))
+        release_timestamp = parse_iso8601(start_time)
+
+        if clip_status == 'unavailable' and release_timestamp and release_timestamp > time.time():
+            self.raise_no_formats(f'This live event is scheduled for {start_time}', expected=True)
+            live_status = 'is_upcoming'
+            config_url = None
+
+        elif view_policy == 'embed_only':
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(
+                join_nonempty('https://vimeo.com/event', event_id, 'embed', unlisted_hash, delim='/'),
+                event_id, 'Downloading embed iframe webpage', impersonate=True, headers=headers)
+            # The _parse_config result will overwrite live_status w/ 'is_live' if livestream is active
+            live_status = 'was_live'
+            config_url = self._extract_config_url(webpage)
+
+        else:  # view_policy in ('anybody', 'password', 'unlisted')
+            if video_id:
+                clip_id, clip_hash = self._extract_video_id_and_unlisted_hash(clip_data)
+                if video_id == clip_id and clip_status == 'done' and (clip_hash or view_policy != 'unlisted'):
+                    return self._vimeo_url_result(clip_id, clip_hash, event_id)
+
+                video_filter = lambda _, v: self._extract_video_id_and_unlisted_hash(v)[0] == video_id
+            else:
+                video_filter = lambda _, v: v['live']['status'] in ('streaming', 'done')
+
+            for page in itertools.count(1):
+                videos_data = self._call_events_api(
+                    event_id, 'videos', unlisted_hash=unlisted_hash, note=f'page {page}',
+                    fields=self._VIDEOS_FIELDS, referrer=referrer, query={'page': page},
+                    headers={'Accept': 'application/vnd.vimeo.*;version=3.4.1'})
+
+                video = traverse_obj(videos_data, ('data', video_filter, any))
+                if video or not traverse_obj(videos_data, ('paging', 'next', {str})):
+                    break
+
+            live_status = {
+                'streaming': 'is_live',
+                'done': 'was_live',
+            }.get(traverse_obj(video, ('live', 'status', {str})))
+
+            if not live_status:  # requested video_id is unavailable or no videos are available
+                raise ExtractorError('This event video is unavailable', expected=True)
+            elif live_status == 'was_live':
+                return self._vimeo_url_result(*self._extract_video_id_and_unlisted_hash(video), event_id)
+            config_url = video['config_url']
+
+        if config_url:  # view_policy == 'embed_only' or live_status == 'is_live'
+            info = filter_dict(self._parse_config(
+                self._download_json(config_url, event_id, 'Downloading config JSON'), event_id))
+        else:  # live_status == 'is_upcoming'
+            info = {'id': event_id}
+
+        if info.get('live_status') == 'post_live':
+            self.report_warning('This live event recently ended and some formats may not yet be available')
+
+        return {
+            **traverse_obj(live_event_data, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('stream_description', {str}),
+            }),
+            'display_id': event_id,
+            'live_status': live_status,
+            'release_timestamp': release_timestamp,
+            **info,
+        }
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import urllib.parse

 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .once import OnceIE
 from ..utils import (
    ExtractorError,
    int_or_none,
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )


-class VoxMediaVolumeIE(OnceIE):
+class VoxMediaVolumeIE(InfoExtractor):
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://volume\.vox-cdn\.com/embed/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{9})'

    def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -57,7 +56,8 @@ class VoxMediaVolumeIE(OnceIE):
            if not provider_video_id:
                continue
            if provider_video_type == 'brightcove':
-                info['formats'] = self._extract_once_formats(provider_video_id)
+                # TODO: Find embed example or confirm that Vox has stopped using Brightcove
+                raise ExtractorError('Vox Brightcove embeds are currently unsupported')
            else:
                info.update({
                    '_type': 'url_transparent',
@@ -155,20 +155,6 @@ class VoxMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
            },
        }],
        'skip': 'Page no longer contain videos',
-    }, {
-        # volume embed, Brightcove Once
-        'url': 'https://www.recode.net/2014/6/17/11628066/post-post-pc-ceo-the-full-code-conference-video-of-microsofts-satya',
-        'md5': '2dbc77b8b0bff1894c2fce16eded637d',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1231c973d',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Post-Post-PC CEO: The Full Code Conference Video of Microsoft\'s Satya Nadella',
-            'description': 'The longtime veteran was chosen earlier this year as the software giant\'s third leader in its history.',
-            'timestamp': 1402938000,
-            'upload_date': '20140616',
-            'duration': 4114,
-        },
-        'add_ie': ['VoxMediaVolume'],
    }]

    def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class XinpianchangIE(InfoExtractor):

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id=video_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id=video_id, headers={'Referer': url})
        video_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)['props']['pageProps']['detail']['video']

        data = self._download_json(
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from ...utils import (
 class _PoTokenContext(enum.Enum):
    PLAYER = 'player'
    GVS = 'gvs'
+    SUBS = 'subs'


 # any clients starting with _ cannot be explicitly requested by the user
@@ -787,6 +788,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):

    def _download_ytcfg(self, client, video_id):
        url = {
+            'mweb': 'https://m.youtube.com',
            'web': 'https://www.youtube.com',
            'web_music': 'https://music.youtube.com',
            'web_embedded': f'https://www.youtube.com/embed/{video_id}?html5=1',
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@ from ...utils.networking import clean_headers, clean_proxies, select_proxy

 STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME = '__yt_dlp_client'
 STREAMING_DATA_INITIAL_PO_TOKEN = '__yt_dlp_po_token'
+STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_SUBS_PO_TOKEN = '__yt_dlp_fetch_subs_po_token'
+STREAMING_DATA_INNERTUBE_CONTEXT = '__yt_dlp_innertube_context'
+
 PO_TOKEN_GUIDE_URL = 'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/PO-Token-Guide'


@@ -2863,7 +2866,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                continue

    def fetch_po_token(self, client='web', context=_PoTokenContext.GVS, ytcfg=None, visitor_data=None,
-                       data_sync_id=None, session_index=None, player_url=None, video_id=None, webpage=None, **kwargs):
+                       data_sync_id=None, session_index=None, player_url=None, video_id=None, webpage=None,
+                       required=False, **kwargs):
        """
        Fetch a PO Token for a given client and context. This function will validate required parameters for a given context and client.

@@ -2878,6 +2882,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
        @param player_url: player URL.
        @param video_id: video ID.
        @param webpage: video webpage.
+        @param required: Whether the PO Token is required (i.e. try to fetch unless policy is "never").
        @param kwargs: Additional arguments to pass down. May be more added in the future.
        @return: The fetched PO Token. None if it could not be fetched.
        """
@@ -2926,6 +2931,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
            player_url=player_url,
            video_id=video_id,
            video_webpage=webpage,
+            required=required,
            **kwargs,
        )

@@ -2945,6 +2951,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
            or (
                fetch_pot_policy == 'auto'
                and _PoTokenContext(context) not in self._get_default_ytcfg(client)['PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS']
+                and not kwargs.get('required', False)
            )
        ):
            return None
@@ -3133,6 +3140,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                player_url = self._download_player_url(video_id)
                tried_iframe_fallback = True

+            pr = initial_pr if client == 'web' else None
+
            visitor_data = visitor_data or self._extract_visitor_data(master_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
            data_sync_id = data_sync_id or self._extract_data_sync_id(master_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)

@@ -3147,12 +3156,19 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                'ytcfg': player_ytcfg or self._get_default_ytcfg(client),
            }

-            player_po_token = self.fetch_po_token(
+            # Don't need a player PO token for WEB if using player response from webpage
+            player_po_token = None if pr else self.fetch_po_token(
                context=_PoTokenContext.PLAYER, **fetch_po_token_args)

            gvs_po_token = self.fetch_po_token(
                context=_PoTokenContext.GVS, **fetch_po_token_args)

+            fetch_subs_po_token_func = functools.partial(
+                self.fetch_po_token,
+                context=_PoTokenContext.SUBS,
+                **fetch_po_token_args,
+            )
+
            required_pot_contexts = self._get_default_ytcfg(client)['PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS']

            if (
@@ -3179,7 +3195,6 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                    only_once=True)
                deprioritize_pr = True

-            pr = initial_pr if client == 'web' else None
            try:
                pr = pr or self._extract_player_response(
                    client, video_id,
@@ -3197,10 +3212,13 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
            if pr_id := self._invalid_player_response(pr, video_id):
                skipped_clients[client] = pr_id
            elif pr:
-                # Save client name for introspection later
-                sd = traverse_obj(pr, ('streamingData', {dict})) or {}
+                # Save client details for introspection later
+                innertube_context = traverse_obj(player_ytcfg or self._get_default_ytcfg(client), 'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT')
+                sd = pr.setdefault('streamingData', {})
                sd[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client
                sd[STREAMING_DATA_INITIAL_PO_TOKEN] = gvs_po_token
+                sd[STREAMING_DATA_INNERTUBE_CONTEXT] = innertube_context
+                sd[STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_SUBS_PO_TOKEN] = fetch_subs_po_token_func
                for f in traverse_obj(sd, (('formats', 'adaptiveFormats'), ..., {dict})):
                    f[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client
                    f[STREAMING_DATA_INITIAL_PO_TOKEN] = gvs_po_token
@@ -3262,6 +3280,25 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
        else:
            self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)

+    def _report_pot_subtitles_skipped(self, video_id, client_name, msg=None):
+        msg = msg or (
+            f'{video_id}: Some {client_name} client subtitles require a PO Token which was not provided. '
+            'They will be discarded since they are not downloadable as-is. '
+            f'You can manually pass a Subtitles PO Token for this client with '
+            f'--extractor-args "youtube:po_token={client_name}.subs+XXX" . '
+            f'For more information, refer to  {PO_TOKEN_GUIDE_URL}')
+
+        subs_wanted = any((
+            self.get_param('writesubtitles'),
+            self.get_param('writeautomaticsub'),
+            self.get_param('listsubtitles')))
+
+        # Only raise a warning for non-default clients, to not confuse users.
+        if not subs_wanted or client_name in (*self._DEFAULT_CLIENTS, *self._DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENTS):
+            self.write_debug(msg, only_once=True)
+        else:
+            self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)
+
    def _extract_formats_and_subtitles(self, streaming_data, video_id, player_url, live_status, duration):
        CHUNK_SIZE = 10 << 20
        PREFERRED_LANG_VALUE = 10
@@ -3553,6 +3590,9 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                    hls_manifest_url = hls_manifest_url.rstrip('/') + f'/pot/{po_token}'
                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                    hls_manifest_url, video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False, live=live_status == 'is_live')
+                for sub in traverse_obj(subs, (..., ..., {dict})):
+                    # HLS subs (m3u8) do not need a PO token; save client name for debugging
+                    sub[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client_name
                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subs, subtitles)
                for f in fmts:
                    if process_manifest_format(f, 'hls', client_name, self._search_regex(
@@ -3564,6 +3604,9 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                if po_token:
                    dash_manifest_url = dash_manifest_url.rstrip('/') + f'/pot/{po_token}'
                formats, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(dash_manifest_url, video_id, fatal=False)
+                for sub in traverse_obj(subs, (..., ..., {dict})):
+                    # TODO: Investigate if DASH subs ever need a PO token; save client name for debugging
+                    sub[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client_name
                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subs, subtitles)  # Prioritize HLS subs over DASH
                for f in formats:
                    if process_manifest_format(f, 'dash', client_name, f['format_id'], po_token):
@@ -3755,7 +3798,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
            reason = self._get_text(pemr, 'reason') or get_first(playability_statuses, 'reason')
            subreason = clean_html(self._get_text(pemr, 'subreason') or '')
            if subreason:
-                if subreason == 'The uploader has not made this video available in your country.':
+                if subreason.startswith('The uploader has not made this video available in your country'):
                    countries = get_first(microformats, 'availableCountries')
                    if not countries:
                        regions_allowed = search_meta('regionsAllowed')
@@ -3890,47 +3933,81 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang', 'proto'),
        }

+        def get_lang_code(track):
+            return (remove_start(track.get('vssId') or '', '.').replace('.', '-')
+                    or track.get('languageCode'))
+
+        def process_language(container, base_url, lang_code, sub_name, client_name, query):
+            lang_subs = container.setdefault(lang_code, [])
+            for fmt in self._SUBTITLE_FORMATS:
+                query = {**query, 'fmt': fmt}
+                lang_subs.append({
+                    'ext': fmt,
+                    'url': urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', update_url_query(base_url, query)),
+                    'name': sub_name,
+                    STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME: client_name,
+                })
+
        subtitles = {}
-        pctr = traverse_obj(player_responses, (..., 'captions', 'playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
-        if pctr:
-            def get_lang_code(track):
-                return (remove_start(track.get('vssId') or '', '.').replace('.', '-')
-                        or track.get('languageCode'))
+        skipped_subs_clients = set()
+        prs = traverse_obj(player_responses, (
+            # Filter out initial_pr which does not have streamingData (smuggled client context)
+            lambda _, v: v['streamingData'] and v['captions']['playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer']))

-            # Converted into dicts to remove duplicates
-            captions = {
-                get_lang_code(sub): sub
-                for sub in traverse_obj(pctr, (..., 'captionTracks', ...))}
-            translation_languages = {
-                lang.get('languageCode'): self._get_text(lang.get('languageName'), max_runs=1)
-                for lang in traverse_obj(pctr, (..., 'translationLanguages', ...))}
+        pctrs = traverse_obj(prs, (..., 'captions', 'playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer', {dict}))
+        translation_languages = {
+            lang.get('languageCode'): self._get_text(lang.get('languageName'), max_runs=1)
+            for lang in traverse_obj(pctrs, (..., 'translationLanguages', ..., {dict}))}
+        # NB: Constructing the full subtitle dictionary is slow
+        get_translated_subs = 'translated_subs' not in self._configuration_arg('skip') and (
+            self.get_param('writeautomaticsub', False) or self.get_param('listsubtitles'))

-            def process_language(container, base_url, lang_code, sub_name, query):
-                lang_subs = container.setdefault(lang_code, [])
-                for fmt in self._SUBTITLE_FORMATS:
-                    query.update({
-                        'fmt': fmt,
-                    })
-                    lang_subs.append({
-                        'ext': fmt,
-                        'url': urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', update_url_query(base_url, query)),
-                        'name': sub_name,
-                    })
+        all_captions = traverse_obj(pctrs, (..., 'captionTracks', ..., {dict}))
+        need_subs_langs = {get_lang_code(sub) for sub in all_captions if sub.get('kind') != 'asr'}
+        need_caps_langs = {
+            remove_start(get_lang_code(sub), 'a-')
+            for sub in all_captions if sub.get('kind') == 'asr'}

-            # NB: Constructing the full subtitle dictionary is slow
-            get_translated_subs = 'translated_subs' not in self._configuration_arg('skip') and (
-                self.get_param('writeautomaticsub', False) or self.get_param('listsubtitles'))
-            for lang_code, caption_track in captions.items():
-                base_url = caption_track.get('baseUrl')
-                orig_lang = parse_qs(base_url).get('lang', [None])[-1]
-                if not base_url:
-                    continue
+        for pr in prs:
+            pctr = pr['captions']['playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer']
+            client_name = pr['streamingData'][STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME]
+            innertube_client_name = pr['streamingData'][STREAMING_DATA_INNERTUBE_CONTEXT]['client']['clientName']
+            required_contexts = self._get_default_ytcfg(client_name)['PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS']
+            fetch_subs_po_token_func = pr['streamingData'][STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_SUBS_PO_TOKEN]
+
+            pot_params = {}
+            already_fetched_pot = False
+
+            for caption_track in traverse_obj(pctr, ('captionTracks', lambda _, v: v['baseUrl'])):
+                base_url = caption_track['baseUrl']
+                qs = parse_qs(base_url)
+                lang_code = get_lang_code(caption_track)
+                requires_pot = (
+                    # We can detect the experiment for now
+                    any(e in traverse_obj(qs, ('exp', ...)) for e in ('xpe', 'xpv'))
+                    or _PoTokenContext.SUBS in required_contexts)
+
+                if not already_fetched_pot:
+                    already_fetched_pot = True
+                    if subs_po_token := fetch_subs_po_token_func(required=requires_pot):
+                        pot_params.update({
+                            'pot': subs_po_token,
+                            'potc': '1',
+                            'c': innertube_client_name,
+                        })
+
+                if not pot_params and requires_pot:
+                    skipped_subs_clients.add(client_name)
+                    self._report_pot_subtitles_skipped(video_id, client_name)
+                    break
+
+                orig_lang = qs.get('lang', [None])[-1]
                lang_name = self._get_text(caption_track, 'name', max_runs=1)
                if caption_track.get('kind') != 'asr':
                    if not lang_code:
                        continue
                    process_language(
-                        subtitles, base_url, lang_code, lang_name, {})
+                        subtitles, base_url, lang_code, lang_name, client_name, pot_params)
                    if not caption_track.get('isTranslatable'):
                        continue
                for trans_code, trans_name in translation_languages.items():
@@ -3950,10 +4027,25 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                        # Add an "-orig" label to the original language so that it can be distinguished.
                        # The subs are returned without "-orig" as well for compatibility
                        process_language(
-                            automatic_captions, base_url, f'{trans_code}-orig', f'{trans_name} (Original)', {})
+                            automatic_captions, base_url, f'{trans_code}-orig',
+                            f'{trans_name} (Original)', client_name, pot_params)
                    # Setting tlang=lang returns damaged subtitles.
-                    process_language(automatic_captions, base_url, trans_code, trans_name,
-                                     {} if orig_lang == orig_trans_code else {'tlang': trans_code})
+                    process_language(
+                        automatic_captions, base_url, trans_code, trans_name, client_name,
+                        pot_params if orig_lang == orig_trans_code else {'tlang': trans_code, **pot_params})
+
+            # Avoid duplication if we've already got everything we need
+            need_subs_langs.difference_update(subtitles)
+            need_caps_langs.difference_update(automatic_captions)
+            if not (need_subs_langs or need_caps_langs):
+                break
+
+        if skipped_subs_clients and (need_subs_langs or need_caps_langs):
+            self._report_pot_subtitles_skipped(video_id, True, msg=join_nonempty(
+                f'{video_id}: There are missing subtitles languages because a PO token was not provided.',
+                need_subs_langs and f'Subtitles for these languages are missing: {", ".join(need_subs_langs)}.',
+                need_caps_langs and f'Automatic captions for {len(need_caps_langs)} languages are missing.',
+                delim=' '))

        info['automatic_captions'] = automatic_captions
        info['subtitles'] = subtitles
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 # YoutubeIE PO Token Provider Framework

-As part of the YouTube extractor, we have a framework for providing PO Tokens programmatically. This can be used in plugins.
+As part of the YouTube extractor, we have a framework for providing PO Tokens programmatically. This can be used by plugins.

 Refer to the [PO Token Guide](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/PO-Token-Guide) for more information on PO Tokens.

+> [!TIP]
+> If publishing a PO Token Provider plugin to GitHub, add the [yt-dlp-pot-provider](https://github.com/topics/yt-dlp-pot-provider) topic to your repository to help users find it.
+
+
 ## Public APIs

 - `yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache`
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ class MyPoTokenProviderPTP(PoTokenProvider):  # Provider class name must end wit

        return PoTokenResponse(
            po_token=po_token,
-            # Optional, add a custom expiration time for the token. Use for caching.
+            # Optional, add a custom expiration timestamp for the token. Use for caching.
            # By default, yt-dlp will use the default ttl from a registered cache spec (see below)
            # Set to 0 or -1 to not cache this response.
            expires_at=None,
@@ -168,7 +172,7 @@ def my_provider_preference(provider: PoTokenProvider, request: PoTokenRequest) -
 - Use `self.logger.debug` to log a message to the verbose output (`--verbose`).
  - For debugging information visible to users posting verbose logs.
  - Try to not log too much, prefer using trace logging for detailed debug messages.
- Use `self.logger.trace` to log a message to the PO Token debug output (`--extractor-args "youtube:pot_debug=true"`). 
+- Use `self.logger.trace` to log a message to the PO Token debug output (`--extractor-args "youtube:pot_trace=true"`). 
  - Log as much as you like here as needed for debugging your provider.
 - Avoid logging PO Tokens or any sensitive information to debug or info output.

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 # Trigger import of built-in providers
-from ._builtin import _trigger_import  # noqa: F401
+from ._builtin.memory_cache import MemoryLRUPCP as _MemoryLRUPCP  # noqa: F401
+from ._builtin.webpo_cachespec import WebPoPCSP as _WebPoPCSP  # noqa: F401
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-from .memory_cache import MemoryLRUPCP as _MemoryLRUPCP  # noqa: F401
-from .webpo_cachespec import WebPoPCSP as _WebPoPCSP  # noqa: F401
-
-_trigger_import = None  # noqa: F401
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import datetime as dt
 import typing
-from collections import OrderedDict
 from threading import Lock

-from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltInIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider
 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._registry import _pot_memory_cache
 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
    PoTokenCacheProvider,
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (

 def initialize_global_cache(max_size: int):
    if _pot_memory_cache.value.get('cache') is None:
-        _pot_memory_cache.value['cache'] = OrderedDict()
+        _pot_memory_cache.value['cache'] = {}
        _pot_memory_cache.value['lock'] = Lock()
        _pot_memory_cache.value['max_size'] = max_size

@@ -31,14 +30,14 @@ def initialize_global_cache(max_size: int):


@register_provider
-class MemoryLRUPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider, BuiltInIEContentProvider):
+class MemoryLRUPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
    PROVIDER_NAME = 'memory'
    DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE = 25

    def __init__(
        self,
        *args,
-        initialize_cache: typing.Callable[[int], tuple[OrderedDict, Lock, int]] = initialize_global_cache,
+        initialize_cache: typing.Callable[[int], tuple[dict[str, tuple[str, int]], Lock, int]] = initialize_global_cache,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -65,7 +64,8 @@ class MemoryLRUPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider, BuiltInIEContentProvider):
                self.cache.pop(key)
            self.cache[key] = (value, expires_at)
            if len(self.cache) > self.max_size:
-                self.cache.popitem(last=False)
+                oldest_key = next(iter(self.cache))
+                self.cache.pop(oldest_key)

    def delete(self, key: str):
        with self.lock:
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

-from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltInIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider
 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
    CacheProviderWritePolicy,
    PoTokenCacheSpec,
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from yt_dlp.utils import traverse_obj


@register_spec
-class WebPoPCSP(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider, BuiltInIEContentProvider):
+class WebPoPCSP(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
    PROVIDER_NAME = 'webpo'

    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenCacheSpec | None:
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import urllib.parse
 from collections.abc import Iterable

 from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import (
-    BuiltInIEContentProvider,
+    BuiltinIEContentProvider,
    IEContentProvider,
    IEContentProviderLogger,
 )
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
    PoTokenResponse,
    provider_bug_report_message,
 )
-from yt_dlp.utils import ExtractorError, bug_reports_message, format_field, join_nonempty, traverse_obj
+from yt_dlp.utils import bug_reports_message, format_field, join_nonempty

 if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
    from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import CacheProviderPreference
@@ -135,16 +135,15 @@ class PoTokenCache:
        bindings_cleaned = {
            **{k: v for k, v in spec.key_bindings.items() if v is not None},
            # Allow us to invalidate caches if such need arises
-            '_yt': 'v1',
+            '_dlp_cache': 'v1',
        }
        if spec._provider:
            bindings_cleaned['_p'] = spec._provider.PROVIDER_KEY
-        self.logger.trace(
-            'Generate cache key bindings: {}'.format(', '.join(f'{k}={v}' for k, v in bindings_cleaned.items())))
+        self.logger.trace(f'Generated cache key bindings: {bindings_cleaned}')
        return bindings_cleaned

    def _generate_key(self, bindings: dict) -> str:
-        binding_string = ''.join(f'{k}{v}' for k, v in sorted(bindings.items()))
+        binding_string = ''.join(repr(dict(sorted(bindings.items()))))
        return hashlib.sha256(binding_string.encode()).hexdigest()

    def get(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse | None:
@@ -351,36 +350,33 @@ EXTRACTOR_ARG_PREFIX = 'youtubepot'


 def initialize_pot_director(ie):
-    if not ie._downloader:
-        raise ExtractorError('Downloader not set', expected=False)
+    assert ie._downloader is not None, 'Downloader not set'

    enable_trace = ie._configuration_arg(
        'pot_trace', ['false'], ie_key='youtube', casesense=False)[0] == 'true'

    if enable_trace:
        log_level = IEContentProviderLogger.LogLevel.TRACE
-    elif ie._downloader.params.get('verbose', False):
+    elif ie.get_param('verbose', False):
        log_level = IEContentProviderLogger.LogLevel.DEBUG
    else:
        log_level = IEContentProviderLogger.LogLevel.INFO

+    def get_provider_logger_and_settings(provider, logger_key):
+        logger_prefix = f'{logger_key}:{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}'
+        extractor_key = f'{EXTRACTOR_ARG_PREFIX}-{provider.PROVIDER_KEY.lower()}'
+        return (
+            YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(ie, logger_prefix, log_level=log_level),
+            ie.get_param('extractor_args', {}).get(extractor_key, {}))
+
    cache_providers = []
    for cache_provider in _pot_cache_providers.value.values():
-        settings = traverse_obj(
-            ie._downloader.params,
-            ('extractor_args', f'{EXTRACTOR_ARG_PREFIX}-{cache_provider.PROVIDER_KEY.lower()}'))
-        cache_provider_logger = YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(
-            ie, f'pot:cache:{cache_provider.PROVIDER_NAME}', log_level=log_level)
-        cache_providers.append(cache_provider(ie, cache_provider_logger, settings or {}))
-
+        logger, settings = get_provider_logger_and_settings(cache_provider, 'pot:cache')
+        cache_providers.append(cache_provider(ie, logger, settings))
    cache_spec_providers = []
    for cache_spec_provider in _pot_pcs_providers.value.values():
-        settings = traverse_obj(
-            ie._downloader.params,
-            ('extractor_args', f'{EXTRACTOR_ARG_PREFIX}-{cache_spec_provider.PROVIDER_KEY.lower()}'))
-        cache_spec_provider_logger = YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(
-            ie, f'pot:cache:spec:{cache_spec_provider.PROVIDER_NAME}', log_level=log_level)
-        cache_spec_providers.append(cache_spec_provider(ie, cache_spec_provider_logger, settings or {}))
+        logger, settings = get_provider_logger_and_settings(cache_spec_provider, 'pot:cache:spec')
+        cache_spec_providers.append(cache_spec_provider(ie, logger, settings))

    cache = PoTokenCache(
        logger=YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(ie, 'pot:cache', log_level=log_level),
@@ -397,12 +393,8 @@ def initialize_pot_director(ie):
    ie._downloader.add_close_hook(director.close)

    for provider in _pot_providers.value.values():
-        settings = traverse_obj(
-            ie._downloader.params,
-            ('extractor_args', f'{EXTRACTOR_ARG_PREFIX}-{provider.PROVIDER_KEY.lower()}'))
-        logger = YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(
-            ie, f'pot:{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}', log_level=log_level)
-        director.register_provider(provider(ie, logger, settings or {}))
+        logger, settings = get_provider_logger_and_settings(provider, 'pot')
+        director.register_provider(provider(ie, logger, settings))

    for preference in _ptp_preferences.value:
        director.register_preference(preference)
@@ -422,9 +414,9 @@ def provider_display_list(providers: Iterable[IEContentProvider]):
    def provider_display_name(provider):
        display_str = join_nonempty(
            provider.PROVIDER_NAME,
-            provider.PROVIDER_VERSION if not isinstance(provider, BuiltInIEContentProvider) else None)
+            provider.PROVIDER_VERSION if not isinstance(provider, BuiltinIEContentProvider) else None)
        statuses = []
-        if not isinstance(provider, BuiltInIEContentProvider):
+        if not isinstance(provider, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
            statuses.append('external')
        if not provider.is_available():
            statuses.append('unavailable')
@@ -448,8 +440,8 @@ def clean_pot(po_token: str):
 def validate_response(response: PoTokenResponse | None):
    if (
        not isinstance(response, PoTokenResponse)
-        or not response.po_token
        or not isinstance(response.po_token, str)
+        or not response.po_token
    ):  # noqa: SIM103
        return False

@@ -458,16 +450,10 @@ def validate_response(response: PoTokenResponse | None):
    except ValueError:
        return False

-    return (
-        response.expires_at is None
-        or (
-            isinstance(response.expires_at, int)
-            and (
-                response.expires_at <= 0
-                or response.expires_at > int(dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).timestamp())
-            )
-        )
-    )
+    if not isinstance(response.expires_at, int):
+        return response.expires_at is None
+
+    return response.expires_at <= 0 or response.expires_at > int(dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).timestamp())


 def validate_cache_spec(spec: PoTokenCacheSpec):
@@ -478,5 +464,5 @@ def validate_cache_spec(spec: PoTokenCacheSpec):
        and isinstance(spec.key_bindings, dict)
        and all(isinstance(k, str) for k in spec.key_bindings)
        and all(v is None or isinstance(v, str) for v in spec.key_bindings.values())
-        and len({k for k in spec.key_bindings.values() if k is not None}) > 0
+        and bool([v for v in spec.key_bindings.values() if v is not None])
    )
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class IEContentProvider(abc.ABC):
        return list(val) if casesense else [x.lower() for x in val]


-class BuiltInIEContentProvider(IEContentProvider, abc.ABC):
+class BuiltinIEContentProvider(IEContentProvider, abc.ABC):
    PROVIDER_VERSION = __version__
    BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE = bug_reports_message(before='')

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ __all__ = [
 class PoTokenContext(enum.Enum):
    GVS = 'gvs'
    PLAYER = 'player'
+    SUBS = 'subs'


@dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ def provider_bug_report_message(provider: IEContentProvider, before=';'):
    if not before or before.endswith(('.', '!', '?')):
        msg = msg[0].title() + msg[1:]

-    return (before + ' ' if before else '') + msg
+    return f'{before} {msg}' if before else msg


 def register_preference(*providers: type[PoTokenProvider]) -> typing.Callable[[Preference], Preference]:
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def get_webpo_content_binding(
                    return visitor_id, ContentBindingType.VISITOR_ID
            return request.visitor_data, ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA

-    elif request.context == PoTokenContext.PLAYER or client_name != 'WEB_REMIX':
+    elif request.context in (PoTokenContext.PLAYER, PoTokenContext.SUBS):
        return request.video_id, ContentBindingType.VIDEO_ID

    return None, None
@@ -590,39 +590,12 @@ class JSInterpreter:
                    return ret, True
            return ret, False

-        for m in re.finditer(rf'''(?x)
-                (?P<pre_sign>\+\+|--)(?P<var1>{_NAME_RE})|
-                (?P<var2>{_NAME_RE})(?P<post_sign>\+\+|--)''', expr):
-            var = m.group('var1') or m.group('var2')
-            start, end = m.span()
-            sign = m.group('pre_sign') or m.group('post_sign')
-            ret = local_vars[var]
-            local_vars[var] += 1 if sign[0] == '+' else -1
-            if m.group('pre_sign'):
-                ret = local_vars[var]
-            expr = expr[:start] + self._dump(ret, local_vars) + expr[end:]
-
-        if not expr:
-            return None, should_return
-
        m = re.match(fr'''(?x)
-            (?P<assign>
                (?P<out>{_NAME_RE})(?:\[(?P<index>{_NESTED_BRACKETS})\])?\s*
                (?P<op>{"|".join(map(re.escape, set(_OPERATORS) - _COMP_OPERATORS))})?
                =(?!=)(?P<expr>.*)$
-            )|(?P<return>
-                (?!if|return|true|false|null|undefined|NaN)(?P<name>{_NAME_RE})$
-            )|(?P<attribute>
-                (?P<var>{_NAME_RE})(?:
-                    (?P<nullish>\?)?\.(?P<member>[^(]+)|
-                    \[(?P<member2>{_NESTED_BRACKETS})\]
-                )\s*
-            )|(?P<indexing>
-                (?P<in>{_NAME_RE})\[(?P<idx>.+)\]$
-            )|(?P<function>
-                (?P<fname>{_NAME_RE})\((?P<args>.*)\)$
-            )''', expr)
-        if m and m.group('assign'):
+            ''', expr)
+        if m:  # We are assigning a value to a variable
            left_val = local_vars.get(m.group('out'))

            if not m.group('index'):
@@ -640,7 +613,35 @@ class JSInterpreter:
                m.group('op'), self._index(left_val, idx), m.group('expr'), expr, local_vars, allow_recursion)
            return left_val[idx], should_return

-        elif expr.isdigit():
+        for m in re.finditer(rf'''(?x)
+                (?P<pre_sign>\+\+|--)(?P<var1>{_NAME_RE})|
+                (?P<var2>{_NAME_RE})(?P<post_sign>\+\+|--)''', expr):
+            var = m.group('var1') or m.group('var2')
+            start, end = m.span()
+            sign = m.group('pre_sign') or m.group('post_sign')
+            ret = local_vars[var]
+            local_vars[var] += 1 if sign[0] == '+' else -1
+            if m.group('pre_sign'):
+                ret = local_vars[var]
+            expr = expr[:start] + self._dump(ret, local_vars) + expr[end:]
+
+        if not expr:
+            return None, should_return
+
+        m = re.match(fr'''(?x)
+            (?P<return>
+                (?!if|return|true|false|null|undefined|NaN)(?P<name>{_NAME_RE})$
+            )|(?P<attribute>
+                (?P<var>{_NAME_RE})(?:
+                    (?P<nullish>\?)?\.(?P<member>[^(]+)|
+                    \[(?P<member2>{_NESTED_BRACKETS})\]
+                )\s*
+            )|(?P<indexing>
+                (?P<in>{_NAME_RE})\[(?P<idx>.+)\]$
+            )|(?P<function>
+                (?P<fname>{_NAME_RE})\((?P<args>.*)\)$
+            )''', expr)
+        if expr.isdigit():
            return int(expr), should_return

        elif expr == 'break':
@@ -230,6 +230,9 @@ class _YoutubeDLOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
        formatter.indent()
        heading = formatter.format_heading('Preset Aliases')
        formatter.indent()
+        description = formatter.format_description(
+            'Predefined aliases for convenience and ease of use. Note that future versions of yt-dlp '
+            'may add or adjust presets, but the existing preset names will not be changed or removed')
        result = []
        for name, args in _PRESET_ALIASES.items():
            option = optparse.Option('-t', help=shlex.join(args))
@@ -238,7 +241,7 @@ class _YoutubeDLOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
        formatter.dedent()
        formatter.dedent()
        help_lines = '\n'.join(result)
-        return f'{formatted_help}\n{heading}{help_lines}'
+        return f'{formatted_help}\n{heading}{description}\n{help_lines}'


 def create_parser():
@@ -470,7 +473,7 @@ def create_parser():
    general.add_option(
        '--live-from-start',
        action='store_true', dest='live_from_start',
-        help='Download livestreams from the start. Currently only supported for YouTube (Experimental)')
+        help='Download livestreams from the start. Currently experimental and only supported for YouTube and Twitch')
    general.add_option(
        '--no-live-from-start',
        action='store_false', dest='live_from_start',
@@ -545,9 +548,9 @@ def create_parser():
        help=(
            'Create aliases for an option string. Unless an alias starts with a dash "-", it is prefixed with "--". '
            'Arguments are parsed according to the Python string formatting mini-language. '
-            'E.g. --alias get-audio,-X "-S=aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}" creates options '
+            'E.g. --alias get-audio,-X "-S aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}" creates options '
            '"--get-audio" and "-X" that takes an argument (ARG0) and expands to '
-            '"-S=aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0". All defined aliases are listed in the --help output. '
+            '"-S aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0". All defined aliases are listed in the --help output. '
            'Alias options can trigger more aliases; so be careful to avoid defining recursive options. '
            f'As a safety measure, each alias may be triggered a maximum of {_YoutubeDLOptionParser.ALIAS_TRIGGER_LIMIT} times. '
            'This option can be used multiple times'))
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Autogenerated by devscripts/update-version.py

-__version__ = '2025.04.30'
+__version__ = '2025.05.22'

-RELEASE_GIT_HEAD = '505b400795af557bdcfd9d4fa7e9133b26ef431c'
+RELEASE_GIT_HEAD = '7977b329ed97b216e37bd402f4935f28c00eac9e'

 VARIANT = None

@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ CHANNEL = 'stable'

 ORIGIN = 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp'

-_pkg_version = '2025.04.30'
+_pkg_version = '2025.05.22'
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
github-actions[bot]	415b4c9f95	Release 2025.05.22 Created by: bashonly :ci skip all	2025-05-22 09:49:11 +00:00
bashonlyandGitHub	7977b329ed	[cleanup] Misc (#13166 ) Authored by: bashonly	2025-05-22 09:33:11 +00:00
Matt BroadwayandGitHub	e491fd4d09	[cookies] Fix Linux desktop environment detection (#13197 ) Closes #12885 Authored by: mbway	2025-05-22 09:22:11 +00:00
bashonly GitHub coletdjnz	32ed5f107c	[ie/youtube] Add PO token support for subtitles (#13234 ) Closes #13075 Authored by: bashonly, coletdjnz Co-authored-by: coletdjnz <coletdjnz@protonmail.com>	2025-05-22 09:13:42 +00:00
sepro GitHub bashonly	167d7a9f0f	[jsinterp] Fix increment/decrement evaluation (#13238 ) Closes #13241 Authored by: seproDev, bashonly Co-authored-by: bashonly <88596187+bashonly@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-05-21 22:27:07 +00:00
garret1317andGitHub	83fabf3524	[ie/xinpianchang] Fix extractor (#13245 ) Closes #12737 Authored by: garret1317	2025-05-21 18:29:35 +00:00
bashonlyandGitHub	00b1bec552	[ie/twitch] Support `--live-from-start` (#13202 ) Closes #10520 Authored by: bashonly	2025-05-20 21:53:54 +00:00
Yasin ÖzelandGitHub	c7e575e316	[ie/youtube] Fix geo-restriction error handling (#13217 ) Authored by: yozel	2025-05-20 21:39:27 +00:00
Subrat LimaandGitHub	31e090cb78	[ie/picarto:vod] Support `/profile/` video URLs (#13227 ) Closes #13192 Authored by: subrat-lima	2025-05-20 21:37:21 +00:00
bashonlyandGitHub	545c1a5b6f	[ie/vimeo:event] Add extractor (#13216 ) Closes #1608 Authored by: bashonly	2025-05-20 18:28:34 +00:00
bashonlyandGitHub	f569be4602	[ie/niconico] Fix error handling (#13236 ) Closes #11430 Authored by: bashonly	2025-05-20 18:25:27 +00:00
coletdjnzandGitHub	2685654a37	[ie/youtube] Add a PO Token Provider Framework (#12840 ) https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/tree/master/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/README.md Authored by: coletdjnz	2025-05-18 13:45:26 +12:00
Povilas BalzaravičiusandGitHub	abf58dcd6a	[ie/LRTRadio] Fix extractor (#13200 ) Authored by: Pawka	2025-05-17 20:37:00 +00:00
Geoffrey FrogeyeandGitHub	20f288bdc2	[ie/nebula] Support `--mark-watched` (#13120 ) Authored by: GeoffreyFrogeye	2025-05-16 23:24:30 +00:00
bashonlyandGitHub	f475e8b529	[ie/once] Remove extractor (#13164 ) Authored by: bashonly	2025-05-16 23:16:58 +00:00
bashonlyandGitHub	41c0a1fb89	[ie/1tv] Fix extractor (#13168 ) Closes #13167 Authored by: bashonly	2025-05-16 23:16:03 +00:00
Jan BaierandGitHub	a7d9a5eb79	[ie/iprima] Fix login support (#12937 ) Closes #12387 Authored by: baierjan	2025-05-16 23:04:24 +00:00