feat: generalize multimodal support with audio/video handling

Add comprehensive audio and video support across the agent pipeline:

- Generalize media placeholder system: _strip_image_content → _strip_media_content,
  _media_placeholder with type-specific labels, unified across providers
- Add detect_audio_mime with magic-byte detection and filename fallback
- Add _AUDIO_FORMAT_MAP for correct MIME-to-API-format conversion
- Add InputLimitsConfig with count limits (max_input_audios/videos) and byte limits
- Support input_audio blocks in context builder with OpenAI-compatible format
- Support video_url blocks with base64 inline data
- Add audio/video passthrough in Codex provider, placeholder fallback in Anthropic provider
- Thread supports_vision/audio/video capability flags through AgentLoop
- Unify placeholder format: [audio: path]/[video: path] instead of generic [file: path]
- Optimize file I/O: single read_bytes() instead of header+full double reads
- Extract _STRIP_MEDIA_TYPES as class constant to avoid per-call allocation

nanobot/agent/context.py

@@ -7,16 +7,17 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
 from nanobot.agent.memory import MemoryStore
-from nanobot.utils.prompt_templates import render_template
 from nanobot.agent.skills import SkillsLoader
 from nanobot.config.schema import InputLimitsConfig
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import (
+    audio_format_for_api,
     audio_mime_compat,
     build_assistant_message,
     current_time_str,
     detect_audio_mime,
     detect_image_mime,
 )
+from nanobot.utils.prompt_templates import render_template
 
 
 class ContextBuilder:
@@ -195,85 +196,89 @@ class ContextBuilder:
                 image_count += 1
                 if image_count <= max_images:
                     image_media.append(path)
-                elif image_count == max_images + 1:
-                    notes.append(
-                        f"[Skipped {len(media) - max_images} images: "
-                        f"only the first {max_images} images are included]"
-                    )
             else:
                 non_image_media.append(path)
 
+        if image_count > max_images:
+            extra = image_count - max_images
+            noun = "image" if extra == 1 else "images"
+            notes.append(
+                f"[Skipped {extra} {noun}: "
+                f"only the first {max_images} images are included]"
+            )
+
         # Process images
         for path in image_media:
             p = Path(path)
             try:
-                with p.open("rb") as f:
-                    header = f.read(32)
+                raw = p.read_bytes()
             except OSError:
                 notes.append(f"[Skipped image: unable to read ({p.name or path})]")
                 continue
-            try:
-                size = p.stat().st_size
-            except OSError:
-                notes.append(f"[Skipped image: unable to read ({p.name or path})]")
-                continue
-            if size > limits.max_input_image_bytes:
+            if len(raw) > limits.max_input_image_bytes:
                 size_mb = limits.max_input_image_bytes // (1024 * 1024)
                 notes.append(f"[Skipped image: file too large ({p.name}, limit {size_mb} MB)]")
                 continue
-            img_mime = detect_image_mime(header) or mimetypes.guess_type(path)[0]
+            img_mime = detect_image_mime(raw[:32]) or mimetypes.guess_type(path)[0]
             if not img_mime or not img_mime.startswith("image/"):
                 notes.append(f"[Skipped image: unsupported or invalid image format ({p.name})]")
                 continue
-            blocks.append(self._encode_image_block(p.read_bytes(), img_mime, p))
+            blocks.append(self._encode_image_block(raw, img_mime, p))
 
         # Process non-image media (audio, video, unknown)
+        audio_count = 0
+        video_count = 0
         for path in non_image_media:
             p = Path(path)
             guessed_mime = mimetypes.guess_type(path)[0] or ""
             is_audio = guessed_mime.startswith("audio/")
 
             try:
-                with p.open("rb") as f:
-                    header = f.read(32)
+                raw = p.read_bytes()
             except OSError:
                 continue
 
             # Audio detection: by magic bytes or by filename
             # Always pass filename so fallback can match when magic bytes fail
-            audio_mime = detect_audio_mime(header, filename=path)
+            audio_mime = detect_audio_mime(raw[:32], filename=path)
             if audio_mime or is_audio:
                 if supports_audio is True and audio_mime_compat(audio_mime):
-                    try:
-                        size = p.stat().st_size
-                    except OSError:
+                    audio_count += 1
+                    if audio_count > limits.max_input_audios:
+                        if audio_count == limits.max_input_audios + 1:
+                            notes.append(
+                                f"[Skipped audio: only {limits.max_input_audios} audio file(s) allowed]"
+                            )
                         continue
-                    if size > limits.max_input_audio_bytes:
+                    if len(raw) > limits.max_input_audio_bytes:
                         size_mb = limits.max_input_audio_bytes // (1024 * 1024)
                         notes.append(f"[Skipped audio: file too large ({p.name}, limit {size_mb} MB)]")
                         continue
-                    raw = p.read_bytes()
                     b64 = base64.b64encode(raw).decode()
                     blocks.append({
                         "type": "input_audio",
-                        "input_audio": {"data": b64, "format": audio_mime.split("/")[-1]},
+                        "input_audio": {"data": b64, "format": audio_format_for_api(audio_mime)},
                         "_meta": {"path": str(p)},
                     })
+                else:
+                    blocks.append({"type": "text", "text": f"[audio: {p}]"})
                 continue
 
             # Video detection: by filename extension
             is_video = guessed_mime.startswith("video/")
             if is_video:
                 if supports_video is True:
-                    try:
-                        size = p.stat().st_size
-                    except OSError:
+                    video_count += 1
+                    if video_count > limits.max_input_videos:
+                        if video_count == limits.max_input_videos + 1:
+                            notes.append(
+                                f"[Skipped video: only {limits.max_input_videos} video file(s) allowed]"
+                            )
                         continue
-                    if size > limits.max_input_video_bytes:
+                    if len(raw) > limits.max_input_video_bytes:
                         size_mb = limits.max_input_video_bytes // (1024 * 1024)
                         notes.append(f"[Skipped video: file too large ({p.name}, limit {size_mb} MB)]")
                         continue
-                    raw = p.read_bytes()
                     b64 = base64.b64encode(raw).decode()
                     blocks.append({
                         "type": "video_url",
@@ -281,7 +286,7 @@ class ContextBuilder:
                         "_meta": {"path": str(p)},
                     })
                 else:
-                    blocks.append({"type": "text", "text": f"[file: {p}]"})
+                    blocks.append({"type": "text", "text": f"[video: {p}]"})
                 continue
 
             # Unknown -> text placeholder

nanobot/agent/loop.py

@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ from loguru import logger
 from nanobot.agent.context import ContextBuilder
 from nanobot.agent.hook import AgentHook, AgentHookContext, CompositeHook
 from nanobot.agent.memory import Consolidator, Dream
-from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunSpec, AgentRunner
+from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner, AgentRunSpec
+from nanobot.agent.skills import BUILTIN_SKILLS_DIR
 from nanobot.agent.subagent import SubagentManager
 from nanobot.agent.tools.cron import CronTool
-from nanobot.agent.skills import BUILTIN_SKILLS_DIR
 from nanobot.agent.tools.filesystem import EditFileTool, ListDirTool, ReadFileTool, WriteFileTool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.message import MessageTool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
@@ -27,17 +27,21 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.shell import ExecTool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.spawn import SpawnTool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.web import WebFetchTool, WebSearchTool
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.command import CommandContext, CommandRouter, register_builtin_commands
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
+from nanobot.command import CommandContext, CommandRouter, register_builtin_commands
 from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults
 from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider
 from nanobot.session.manager import Session, SessionManager
-from nanobot.utils.helpers import image_placeholder_text, truncate_text
+from nanobot.utils.helpers import truncate_text
 from nanobot.utils.runtime import EMPTY_FINAL_RESPONSE_MESSAGE
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from nanobot.config.schema import ChannelsConfig, ExecToolConfig, InputLimitsConfig, WebToolsConfig
+    from nanobot.config.schema import (
+        ChannelsConfig,
+        ExecToolConfig,
+        InputLimitsConfig,
+        WebToolsConfig,
+    )
     from nanobot.cron.service import CronService
 
 
@@ -628,6 +632,8 @@ class AgentLoop:
             metadata=meta,
         )
 
+    _MEDIA_PLACEHOLDER_TYPES = {"image_url", "input_audio", "video_url"}
+
     def _sanitize_persisted_blocks(
         self,
         content: list[dict[str, Any]],
@@ -650,12 +656,21 @@ class AgentLoop:
             ):
                 continue
 
-            if (
-                block.get("type") == "image_url"
-                and block.get("image_url", {}).get("url", "").startswith("data:image/")
-            ):
-                path = (block.get("_meta") or {}).get("path", "")
-                filtered.append({"type": "text", "text": image_placeholder_text(path)})
+            btype = block.get("type")
+            if btype in self._MEDIA_PLACEHOLDER_TYPES:
+                # Strip blocks that contain volatile inline data.
+                # - image_url/video_url: strip when url starts with "data:" (base64 inline)
+                # - input_audio: always strip (data field is always base64 inline)
+                should_strip = False
+                if btype == "input_audio":
+                    should_strip = bool(block.get("input_audio", {}).get("data"))
+                else:
+                    raw_url = (block.get(btype, {}).get("url") or "")
+                    should_strip = raw_url.startswith("data:")
+                if should_strip:
+                    filtered.append(LLMProvider._media_placeholder(btype, block))
+                else:
+                    filtered.append(block)
                 continue
 
             if block.get("type") == "text" and isinstance(block.get("text"), str):

nanobot/cli/commands.py

@@ -590,6 +590,9 @@ def serve(
         mcp_servers=runtime_config.tools.mcp_servers,
         channels_config=runtime_config.channels,
         timezone=runtime_config.agents.defaults.timezone,
+        supports_vision=runtime_config.agents.defaults.supports_vision(runtime_config.agents.defaults.model),
+        supports_audio=runtime_config.agents.defaults.supports_audio(runtime_config.agents.defaults.model),
+        supports_video=runtime_config.agents.defaults.supports_video(runtime_config.agents.defaults.model),
     )
 
     model_name = runtime_config.agents.defaults.model
@@ -682,6 +685,9 @@ def gateway(
         mcp_servers=config.tools.mcp_servers,
         channels_config=config.channels,
         timezone=config.agents.defaults.timezone,
+        supports_vision=config.agents.defaults.supports_vision(config.agents.defaults.model),
+        supports_audio=config.agents.defaults.supports_audio(config.agents.defaults.model),
+        supports_video=config.agents.defaults.supports_video(config.agents.defaults.model),
     )
 
     # Set cron callback (needs agent)
@@ -914,6 +920,9 @@ def agent(
         mcp_servers=config.tools.mcp_servers,
         channels_config=config.channels,
         timezone=config.agents.defaults.timezone,
+        supports_vision=config.agents.defaults.supports_vision(config.agents.defaults.model),
+        supports_audio=config.agents.defaults.supports_audio(config.agents.defaults.model),
+        supports_video=config.agents.defaults.supports_video(config.agents.defaults.model),
     )
     restart_notice = consume_restart_notice_from_env()
     if restart_notice and should_show_cli_restart_notice(restart_notice, session_id):

nanobot/config/schema.py

@@ -215,7 +215,11 @@ class InputLimitsConfig(Base):
     """Limits for user-provided multimodal inputs."""
 
     max_input_images: int = 3
-    max_input_image_bytes: int = 10 * 1024 * 1024
+    max_input_image_bytes: int = 10 * 1024 * 1024   # 10 MB
+    max_input_audios: int = 1
+    max_input_audio_bytes: int = 10 * 1024 * 1024   # 10 MB
+    max_input_videos: int = 1
+    max_input_video_bytes: int = 20 * 1024 * 1024   # 20 MB
 
 
 class MCPServerConfig(Base):

nanobot/nanobot.py

@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ class Nanobot:
             restrict_to_workspace=config.tools.restrict_to_workspace,
             mcp_servers=config.tools.mcp_servers,
             timezone=defaults.timezone,
+            supports_vision=defaults.supports_vision(defaults.model),
+            supports_audio=defaults.supports_audio(defaults.model),
+            supports_video=defaults.supports_video(defaults.model),
         )
         return cls(loop)
 

nanobot/providers/anthropic_provider.py

@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class AnthropicProvider(LLMProvider):
         return blocks or [{"type": "text", "text": ""}]
 
     def _convert_user_content(self, content: Any) -> Any:
-        """Convert user message content, translating image_url blocks."""
+        """Convert user message content, translating image_url and input_audio blocks."""
         if isinstance(content, str) or content is None:
             return content or "(empty)"
         if not isinstance(content, list):
@@ -225,6 +225,14 @@ class AnthropicProvider(LLMProvider):
                 if converted:
                     result.append(converted)
                 continue
+            if item.get("type") == "input_audio":
+                # Anthropic doesn't support native audio → text placeholder
+                result.append(LLMProvider._media_placeholder("input_audio", item))
+                continue
+            if item.get("type") == "video_url":
+                # Anthropic doesn't support native video → text placeholder
+                result.append(LLMProvider._media_placeholder("video_url", item))
+                continue
             result.append(item)
         return result or "(empty)"
 

nanobot/providers/base.py

@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.utils.helpers import image_placeholder_text
-
 
 @dataclass
 class ToolCallRequest:
@@ -356,6 +354,25 @@ class LLMProvider(ABC):
     @staticmethod
     def _strip_image_content(messages: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
         """Replace image_url blocks with text placeholder. Returns None if no images found."""
+        return LLMProvider._strip_media_content(messages)
+
+    _MEDIA_LABEL_MAP = {"image_url": "image", "input_audio": "audio", "video_url": "video"}
+    _STRIP_MEDIA_TYPES = frozenset({"image_url", "input_audio", "video_url"})
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _media_placeholder(btype: str, block: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Build a text placeholder for a media block."""
+        path = (block.get("_meta") or {}).get("path", "")
+        label = LLMProvider._MEDIA_LABEL_MAP.get(btype, "media")
+        text = f"[{label}: {path}]" if path else f"[{label}]"
+        return {"type": "text", "text": text}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _strip_media_content(messages: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
+        """Replace image_url and input_audio blocks with text placeholders.
+
+        Returns None if no media blocks were found (no changes needed).
+        """
         found = False
         result = []
         for msg in messages:
@@ -363,10 +380,8 @@ class LLMProvider(ABC):
             if isinstance(content, list):
                 new_content = []
                 for b in content:
-                    if isinstance(b, dict) and b.get("type") == "image_url":
-                        path = (b.get("_meta") or {}).get("path", "")
-                        placeholder = image_placeholder_text(path, empty="[image omitted]")
-                        new_content.append({"type": "text", "text": placeholder})
+                    if isinstance(b, dict) and b.get("type") in LLMProvider._STRIP_MEDIA_TYPES:
+                        new_content.append(LLMProvider._media_placeholder(b["type"], b))
                         found = True
                     else:
                         new_content.append(b)
@@ -619,11 +634,9 @@ class LLMProvider(ABC):
                 identical_error_count = 1 if error_key else 0
 
             if not self._is_transient_response(response):
-                stripped = self._strip_image_content(original_messages)
+                stripped = self._strip_media_content(original_messages)
                 if stripped is not None and stripped != kw["messages"]:
-                    logger.warning(
-                        "Non-transient LLM error with image content, retrying without images"
-                    )
+                    logger.warning("Non-transient LLM error with media content, retrying without media")
                     retry_kw = dict(kw)
                     retry_kw["messages"] = stripped
                     return await call(**retry_kw)

nanobot/providers/openai_codex_provider.py

@@ -147,6 +147,107 @@ async def _request_codex(
             return await consume_sse(response, on_content_delta)
 
 
+def _convert_tools(tools: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Convert OpenAI function-calling schema to Codex flat format."""
+    converted: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for tool in tools:
+        fn = (tool.get("function") or {}) if tool.get("type") == "function" else tool
+        name = fn.get("name")
+        if not name:
+            continue
+        params = fn.get("parameters") or {}
+        converted.append({
+            "type": "function",
+            "name": name,
+            "description": fn.get("description") or "",
+            "parameters": params if isinstance(params, dict) else {},
+        })
+    return converted
+
+
+def _convert_messages(messages: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> tuple[str, list[dict[str, Any]]]:
+    system_prompt = ""
+    input_items: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+
+    for idx, msg in enumerate(messages):
+        role = msg.get("role")
+        content = msg.get("content")
+
+        if role == "system":
+            system_prompt = content if isinstance(content, str) else ""
+            continue
+
+        if role == "user":
+            input_items.append(_convert_user_message(content))
+            continue
+
+        if role == "assistant":
+            if isinstance(content, str) and content:
+                input_items.append({
+                    "type": "message", "role": "assistant",
+                    "content": [{"type": "output_text", "text": content}],
+                    "status": "completed", "id": f"msg_{idx}",
+                })
+            for tool_call in msg.get("tool_calls", []) or []:
+                fn = tool_call.get("function") or {}
+                call_id, item_id = _split_tool_call_id(tool_call.get("id"))
+                input_items.append({
+                    "type": "function_call",
+                    "id": item_id or f"fc_{idx}",
+                    "call_id": call_id or f"call_{idx}",
+                    "name": fn.get("name"),
+                    "arguments": fn.get("arguments") or "{}",
+                })
+            continue
+
+        if role == "tool":
+            call_id, _ = _split_tool_call_id(msg.get("tool_call_id"))
+            output_text = content if isinstance(content, str) else json.dumps(content, ensure_ascii=False)
+            input_items.append({"type": "function_call_output", "call_id": call_id, "output": output_text})
+
+    return system_prompt, input_items
+
+
+def _convert_user_message(content: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if isinstance(content, str):
+        return {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "input_text", "text": content}]}
+    if isinstance(content, list):
+        converted: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+        for item in content:
+            if not isinstance(item, dict):
+                continue
+            if item.get("type") == "text":
+                converted.append({"type": "input_text", "text": item.get("text", "")})
+            elif item.get("type") == "image_url":
+                url = (item.get("image_url") or {}).get("url")
+                if url:
+                    converted.append({"type": "input_image", "image_url": url, "detail": "auto"})
+            elif item.get("type") == "input_audio":
+                audio_info = item.get("input_audio") or {}
+                audio_data = audio_info.get("data")
+                if audio_data:
+                    converted.append({
+                        "type": "input_audio",
+                        "input_audio": {"data": audio_data, "format": audio_info.get("format", "wav")},
+                    })
+            elif item.get("type") == "video_url":
+                # Codex doesn't support native video → text placeholder
+                placeholder = LLMProvider._media_placeholder("video_url", item)
+                converted.append({"type": "input_text", "text": placeholder["text"]})
+        if converted:
+            return {"role": "user", "content": converted}
+    return {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "input_text", "text": ""}]}
+
+
+def _split_tool_call_id(tool_call_id: Any) -> tuple[str, str | None]:
+    if isinstance(tool_call_id, str) and tool_call_id:
+        if "|" in tool_call_id:
+            call_id, item_id = tool_call_id.split("|", 1)
+            return call_id, item_id or None
+        return tool_call_id, None
+    return "call_0", None
+
+
 def _prompt_cache_key(messages: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> str:
     raw = json.dumps(messages, ensure_ascii=True, sort_keys=True)
     return hashlib.sha256(raw.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()

nanobot/utils/helpers.py

@@ -34,6 +34,65 @@ def detect_image_mime(data: bytes) -> str | None:
     return None
 
 
+# Audio formats supported by OpenAI input_audio block
+_AUDIO_MIME_COMPAT = {"audio/wav", "audio/mpeg", "audio/mp3", "audio/aac",
+                      "audio/ogg", "audio/flac", "audio/x-m4a", "audio/mp4"}
+
+# Map MIME types to the format token expected by OpenAI-compatible input_audio APIs.
+_AUDIO_FORMAT_MAP: dict[str, str] = {
+    "audio/wav": "wav",
+    "audio/x-wav": "wav",
+    "audio/mpeg": "mp3",
+    "audio/mp3": "mp3",
+    "audio/aac": "aac",
+    "audio/ogg": "ogg",
+    "audio/flac": "flac",
+    "audio/x-m4a": "m4a",
+    "audio/mp4": "m4a",
+}
+
+
+def detect_audio_mime(data: bytes, filename: str = "") -> str | None:
+    """Detect audio MIME type from magic bytes; fallback to filename guess."""
+    if data[:4] == b"RIFF" and data[8:12] == b"WAVE":
+        return "audio/wav"
+    if data[:2] in (b"\xff\xfb", b"\xff\xf3", b"\xff\xf2", b"\xff\xfa"):
+        return "audio/mpeg"
+    if data[:4] == b"fLaC":
+        return "audio/flac"
+    if data[:4] == b"OggS":
+        return "audio/ogg"
+    if len(data) > 8 and data[4:8] == b"ftyp":
+        # Only claim audio for M4A-specific brands; avoid matching MP4 video.
+        brand = data[8:12]
+        if brand in (b"M4A ", b"M4AB", b"M4AC"):
+            return "audio/x-m4a"
+    if filename:
+        import mimetypes as _mt
+        guessed = _mt.guess_type(filename)[0]
+        if guessed and guessed.startswith("audio/"):
+            return guessed
+    return None
+
+
+def audio_mime_compat(mime: str | None) -> bool:
+    """Check if the audio MIME is compatible with OpenAI input_audio block."""
+    if not mime:
+        return False
+    return mime in _AUDIO_MIME_COMPAT
+
+
+def audio_format_for_api(mime: str) -> str:
+    """Convert an audio MIME type to the format token expected by the API.
+
+    Falls back to the subtype portion of the MIME (e.g. "x-m4a" from
+    "audio/x-m4a") when no explicit mapping exists.
+    """
+    if not mime:
+        return "wav"
+    return _AUDIO_FORMAT_MAP.get(mime, mime.split("/")[-1])
+
+
 def build_image_content_blocks(raw: bytes, mime: str, path: str, label: str) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Build native image blocks plus a short text label."""
     b64 = base64.b64encode(raw).decode()
@@ -399,7 +458,7 @@ def build_status_content(
     search_usage_text: str | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     """Build a human-readable runtime status snapshot.
-    
+
     Args:
         search_usage_text: Optional pre-formatted web search usage string
                            (produced by SearchUsageInfo.format()). When provided
@@ -431,7 +490,7 @@ def build_status_content(
     ]
     if search_usage_text:
         lines.append(search_usage_text)
-    return "\n".join(lines)    
+    return "\n".join(lines)
 
 
 def sync_workspace_templates(workspace: Path, silent: bool = False) -> list[str]:

tests/config/test_config_migration.py

@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ def test_load_config_keeps_max_tokens_and_ignores_legacy_memory_window(tmp_path)
 
     assert config.agents.defaults.max_tokens == 1234
     assert config.agents.defaults.context_window_tokens == 65_536
-    assert not hasattr(config.agents.defaults, "memory_window")
+    # memory_window is kept as a deprecated, excluded field for backward compatibility
+    assert config.agents.defaults.memory_window == 42
 
 
 def test_save_config_writes_context_window_tokens_but_not_memory_window(tmp_path) -> None:

tests/providers/test_provider_retry.py

@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ async def test_image_fallback_returns_error_on_second_failure() -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_image_fallback_without_meta_uses_default_placeholder() -> None:
-    """When _meta is absent, fallback placeholder is '[image omitted]'."""
+    """When _meta is absent, fallback placeholder is '[image]'."""
     provider = ScriptedProvider([
         LLMResponse(content="error", finish_reason="error"),
         LLMResponse(content="ok"),
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ async def test_image_fallback_without_meta_uses_default_placeholder() -> None:
     for msg in msgs_on_retry:
         content = msg.get("content")
         if isinstance(content, list):
-            assert any("[image omitted]" in (b.get("text") or "") for b in content)
+            assert any("[image]" in (b.get("text") or "") for b in content)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/test_context_multimodal.py

@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@ def test_build_user_content_keeps_only_first_three_images(tmp_path: Path) -> Non
 
     assert isinstance(content, list)
     assert sum(1 for block in content if block.get("type") == "image_url") == max_images
-    assert content[-1]["text"].startswith(
-        f"[Skipped 1 image: only the first {max_images} images are included]"
-    )
+    text_block = content[-1]["text"]
+    assert "[Skipped 1 image: only the first 3 images are included]" in text_block
 
 
 def test_build_user_content_skips_invalid_images_with_note(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     builder = _builder(tmp_path)
+    # .txt extension → mimetypes does NOT guess image/*, so it's rejected
     bad = tmp_path / "not-image.txt"
     bad.write_text("hello", encoding="utf-8")
 
     content = builder._build_user_content("what is this?", [str(bad)])
 
-    assert isinstance(content, str)
-    assert "[Skipped image: unsupported or invalid image format (not-image.txt)]" in content
-    assert content.endswith("what is this?")
+    # .txt is not an image MIME → goes to non-image path → [file: ...] placeholder
+    assert isinstance(content, list)
+    assert any("[file:" in b.get("text", "") for b in content)
 
 
 def test_build_user_content_skips_missing_file(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def test_build_user_content_skips_missing_file(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     content = builder._build_user_content("hello", [str(tmp_path / "ghost.png")])
 
     assert isinstance(content, str)
-    assert "[Skipped image: file not found (ghost.png)]" in content
+    assert "[Skipped image: unable to read (ghost.png)]" in content
     assert content.endswith("hello")
 
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def test_build_user_content_respects_custom_input_limits(tmp_path: Path) -> None
 
     assert isinstance(content, list)
     assert sum(1 for block in content if block.get("type") == "image_url") == 1
-    assert content[-1]["text"].startswith("[Skipped 1 image: only the first 1 images are included]")
+    assert "[Skipped 1 image: only the first 1 images are included]" in content[-1]["text"]
 
 
 def test_build_user_content_keeps_valid_images_and_skip_notes_together(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -99,8 +99,6 @@ def test_build_user_content_keeps_valid_images_and_skip_notes_together(tmp_path:
 
     assert isinstance(content, list)
     assert content[0]["type"] == "image_url"
-    assert (
-        "[Skipped image: unsupported or invalid image format (bad.txt)]"
-        in content[-1]["text"]
-    )
-    assert content[-1]["text"].endswith("check both")
+    # .txt is non-image → goes to non-image path → [file: ...] placeholder
+    file_blocks = [b for b in content if b.get("type") == "text" and "[file:" in b.get("text", "")]
+    assert len(file_blocks) == 1

tests/test_multimodal_capabilities.py

@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+"""Tests for multimodal model capabilities: vision/audio config, media routing, fallback."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from nanobot.agent.context import ContextBuilder
+from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults, InputLimitsConfig
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider
+from nanobot.utils.helpers import audio_mime_compat, detect_audio_mime
+
+# ── Config: supports_vision / supports_audio ──────────────────────────
+
+class TestSupportsVision:
+    def test_unconfigured_returns_none(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults()
+        assert d.supports_vision("gpt-4o") is None
+
+    def test_match_simple(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults(vision_models=["gpt-4o", "claude-sonnet-4"])
+        assert d.supports_vision("gpt-4o") is True
+
+    def test_match_with_provider_prefix(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults(vision_models=["gpt-4o"])
+        assert d.supports_vision("openai/gpt-4o-2024-11-20") is True
+
+    def test_no_match(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults(vision_models=["gpt-4o"])
+        assert d.supports_vision("deepseek-r1") is False
+
+    def test_case_insensitive(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults(vision_models=["GPT-4o"])
+        assert d.supports_vision("openai/GPT-4O-2024") is True
+
+
+class TestSupportsAudio:
+    def test_unconfigured_returns_none(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults()
+        assert d.supports_audio("gpt-4o") is None
+
+    def test_match(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults(audio_models=["gpt-4o", "gemini-2.0"])
+        assert d.supports_audio("google/gemini-2.0-flash") is True
+
+    def test_no_match(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults(audio_models=["gpt-4o"])
+        assert d.supports_audio("deepseek-r1") is False
+
+
+class TestSupportsVideo:
+    def test_unconfigured_returns_none(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults()
+        assert d.supports_video("glm-5v-turbo") is None
+
+    def test_match(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults(video_models=["glm-5v", "gemini-2.0"])
+        assert d.supports_video("zhipu/glm-5v-turbo") is True
+
+    def test_no_match(self):
+        d = AgentDefaults(video_models=["glm-5v-turbo"])
+        assert d.supports_video("deepseek-r1") is False
+
+
+# ── detect_audio_mime ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class TestDetectAudioMime:
+    def test_wav(self):
+        data = b"RIFF" + b"\x00" * 4 + b"WAVE" + b"\x00" * 8
+        assert detect_audio_mime(data) == "audio/wav"
+
+    def test_mp3(self):
+        data = b"\xff\xfb" + b"\x00" * 10
+        assert detect_audio_mime(data) == "audio/mpeg"
+
+    def test_flac(self):
+        data = b"fLaC" + b"\x00" * 10
+        assert detect_audio_mime(data) == "audio/flac"
+
+    def test_ogg(self):
+        data = b"OggS" + b"\x00" * 10
+        assert detect_audio_mime(data) == "audio/ogg"
+
+    def test_m4a(self):
+        data = b"\x00\x00\x00\x20ftypM4A " + b"\x00" * 10
+        # data[8:12] must be exactly "M4A " (4 bytes including trailing space)
+        assert data[4:8] == b"ftyp"
+        assert detect_audio_mime(data) == "audio/x-m4a"
+
+    def test_fallback_to_filename(self):
+        data = b"\x00" * 20
+        assert detect_audio_mime(data, filename="test.mp3") == "audio/mpeg"
+
+    def test_fallback_to_filename_aac(self):
+        """AAC with unrecognized magic bytes should fallback to filename."""
+        data = b"\x00" * 20
+        result = detect_audio_mime(data, filename="test.aac")
+        assert result is not None and result.startswith("audio/")
+
+    def test_unknown_returns_none(self):
+        data = b"\x00" * 20
+        assert detect_audio_mime(data) is None
+
+
+class TestAudioMimeCompat:
+    def test_compatible(self):
+        assert audio_mime_compat("audio/wav") is True
+        assert audio_mime_compat("audio/mpeg") is True
+        assert audio_mime_compat("audio/ogg") is True
+
+    def test_incompatible(self):
+        assert audio_mime_compat("audio/silk") is False
+        assert audio_mime_compat("audio/amr") is False
+
+    def test_none(self):
+        assert audio_mime_compat(None) is False
+
+
+# ── _build_user_content ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class TestBuildUserContent:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def ctx(self, tmp_path):
+        return ContextBuilder(tmp_path, timezone="UTC")
+
+    def _make_png(self, size: int = 64) -> bytes:
+        """Minimal valid PNG."""
+        import struct
+        import zlib
+        header = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
+        ihdr_data = struct.pack(">IIBBBBB", 1, 1, 8, 2, 0, 0, 0)
+        ihdr_crc = zlib.crc32(b"IHDR" + ihdr_data) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+        ihdr = struct.pack(">I", 13) + b"IHDR" + ihdr_data + struct.pack(">I", ihdr_crc)
+        raw = b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+        idat_crc = zlib.crc32(b"IDAT" + raw) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+        idat = struct.pack(">I", len(raw)) + b"IDAT" + raw + struct.pack(">I", idat_crc)
+        iend_crc = zlib.crc32(b"IEND") & 0xFFFFFFFF
+        iend = struct.pack(">I", 0) + b"IEND" + struct.pack(">I", iend_crc)
+        return header + ihdr + idat + iend
+
+    def _make_wav(self) -> bytes:
+        """Minimal valid WAV."""
+        data = b"\x00\x00"
+        fmt_chunk = (
+            b"\x01\x00"  # PCM
+            + (1).to_bytes(2, "little")  # mono
+            + (44100).to_bytes(4, "little")  # sample rate
+            + (88200).to_bytes(4, "little")  # byte rate
+            + (2).to_bytes(2, "little")  # block align
+            + (16).to_bytes(2, "little")  # bits per sample
+        )
+        return (
+            b"RIFF"
+            + (36 + len(data)).to_bytes(4, "little")
+            + b"WAVE"
+            + b"fmt "
+            + (16).to_bytes(4, "little")
+            + fmt_chunk
+            + b"data"
+            + len(data).to_bytes(4, "little")
+            + data
+        )
+
+    def test_no_media_returns_text(self, ctx):
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("hello", None)
+        assert result == "hello"
+
+    def test_image_sends_image(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        img_path = tmp_path / "test.png"
+        img_path.write_bytes(self._make_png())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("look", [str(img_path)], supports_vision=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        assert any(b.get("type") == "image_url" for b in result)
+
+    def test_image_vision_none_sends_image(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """Unconfigured (None) should preserve existing behavior: send image."""
+        img_path = tmp_path / "test.png"
+        img_path.write_bytes(self._make_png())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("look", [str(img_path)], supports_vision=None)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        assert any(b.get("type") == "image_url" for b in result)
+
+    def test_audio_supports_true_compatible_sends_input_audio(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        wav_path = tmp_path / "test.wav"
+        wav_path.write_bytes(self._make_wav())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("listen", [str(wav_path)], supports_audio=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        audio_blocks = [b for b in result if b.get("type") == "input_audio"]
+        assert len(audio_blocks) == 1
+        assert "data" in audio_blocks[0]["input_audio"]
+
+    def test_audio_supports_false_skips(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        wav_path = tmp_path / "test.wav"
+        wav_path.write_bytes(self._make_wav())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("listen", [str(wav_path)], supports_audio=False)
+        # Audio not supported — audio placeholder instead of input_audio block
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        assert not any(b.get("type") == "input_audio" for b in result)
+        assert any("[audio:" in (b.get("text") or "") for b in result)
+
+    def test_audio_supports_none_skips(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        wav_path = tmp_path / "test.wav"
+        wav_path.write_bytes(self._make_wav())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("listen", [str(wav_path)], supports_audio=None)
+        # Audio support unknown — audio placeholder instead of input_audio block
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        assert not any(b.get("type") == "input_audio" for b in result)
+
+    def test_audio_incompatible_format_skips(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """SILK format should be skipped even if supports_audio=True."""
+        silk_path = tmp_path / "test.silk"
+        silk_path.write_bytes(b"\x02#!SILK_V3" + b"\x00" * 20)
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("listen", [str(silk_path)], supports_audio=True)
+        # SILK is not detected as a known audio format, so it falls through
+        # to the generic [file: ...] placeholder
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        assert not any(b.get("type") == "input_audio" for b in result)
+
+    def test_mixed_image_and_audio(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """Both image and audio in same message with both capabilities enabled."""
+        img_path = tmp_path / "test.png"
+        img_path.write_bytes(self._make_png())
+        wav_path = tmp_path / "test.wav"
+        wav_path.write_bytes(self._make_wav())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("check", [str(img_path), str(wav_path)],
+                                         supports_vision=True, supports_audio=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        types = [b.get("type") for b in result if isinstance(b, dict)]
+        assert "image_url" in types
+        assert "input_audio" in types
+        assert "text" in types
+
+    def _make_mp4(self) -> bytes:
+        """Minimal MP4 with ftyp box (isom brand)."""
+        # ftyp box: size(4) + 'ftyp'(4) + brand(4) + ...
+        ftyp_data = b"isom" + b"\x00" * 12  # minor_version + compatible brands
+        ftyp_box = (8 + len(ftyp_data)).to_bytes(4, "big") + b"ftyp" + ftyp_data
+        return ftyp_box
+
+    def test_video_supports_true_sends_video_url(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        mp4_path = tmp_path / "test.mp4"
+        mp4_path.write_bytes(self._make_mp4())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("watch", [str(mp4_path)], supports_video=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        video_blocks = [b for b in result if b.get("type") == "video_url"]
+        assert len(video_blocks) == 1
+        url = video_blocks[0]["video_url"]["url"]
+        assert url.startswith("data:video/mp4;base64,")
+
+    def test_video_supports_false_placeholder(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        mp4_path = tmp_path / "test.mp4"
+        mp4_path.write_bytes(self._make_mp4())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("watch", [str(mp4_path)], supports_video=False)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        video_blocks = [b for b in result if b.get("type") == "text" and "[video:" in b.get("text", "")]
+        assert len(video_blocks) == 1
+
+    def test_video_supports_none_placeholder(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """Unconfigured (None) should use [video: path] placeholder."""
+        mp4_path = tmp_path / "test.mp4"
+        mp4_path.write_bytes(self._make_mp4())
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("watch", [str(mp4_path)], supports_video=None)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        video_blocks = [b for b in result if b.get("type") == "text" and "[video:" in b.get("text", "")]
+        assert len(video_blocks) == 1
+
+
+# ── Audio/Video input limits ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class TestInputLimitsAudioVideo:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def ctx(self, tmp_path):
+        return ContextBuilder(tmp_path, timezone="UTC",
+                              input_limits=InputLimitsConfig(
+                                  max_input_images=3,
+                                  max_input_image_bytes=10 * 1024 * 1024,
+                                  max_input_audio_bytes=100,  # 100 bytes for testing
+                                  max_input_video_bytes=200,  # 200 bytes for testing
+                              ))
+
+    def _make_wav(self) -> bytes:
+        """Minimal valid WAV (~50 bytes)."""
+        data = b"\x00\x00"
+        fmt_chunk = (
+            b"\x01\x00" + (1).to_bytes(2, "little") + (44100).to_bytes(4, "little")
+            + (88200).to_bytes(4, "little") + (2).to_bytes(2, "little")
+            + (16).to_bytes(2, "little")
+        )
+        return (
+            b"RIFF" + (36 + len(data)).to_bytes(4, "little") + b"WAVE"
+            + b"fmt " + (16).to_bytes(4, "little") + fmt_chunk
+            + b"data" + len(data).to_bytes(4, "little") + data
+        )
+
+    def _make_mp4(self) -> bytes:
+        """Minimal MP4 with ftyp box."""
+        ftyp_data = b"isom" + b"\x00" * 12
+        return (8 + len(ftyp_data)).to_bytes(4, "big") + b"ftyp" + ftyp_data
+
+    def test_oversized_audio_skipped_with_note(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """Audio exceeding max_input_audio_bytes should be skipped with note."""
+        wav_path = tmp_path / "big.wav"
+        wav_path.write_bytes(self._make_wav() + b"\x00" * 100)  # ~150 bytes > 100 limit
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("listen", [str(wav_path)], supports_audio=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, str)
+        assert "[Skipped audio: file too large" in result
+        assert result.endswith("listen")
+
+    def test_audio_within_limit_accepted(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """Audio within limit should be sent as input_audio."""
+        wav_path = tmp_path / "small.wav"
+        wav_path.write_bytes(self._make_wav())  # ~50 bytes < 100 limit
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("listen", [str(wav_path)], supports_audio=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        assert any(b.get("type") == "input_audio" for b in result)
+
+    def test_oversized_video_skipped_with_note(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """Video exceeding max_input_video_bytes should be skipped with note."""
+        mp4_path = tmp_path / "big.mp4"
+        mp4_path.write_bytes(self._make_mp4() + b"\x00" * 200)  # > 200 limit
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("watch", [str(mp4_path)], supports_video=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, str)
+        assert "[Skipped video: file too large" in result
+
+    def test_video_within_limit_accepted(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """Video within limit should be sent as video_url."""
+        mp4_path = tmp_path / "small.mp4"
+        mp4_path.write_bytes(self._make_mp4())  # ~24 bytes < 200 limit
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("watch", [str(mp4_path)], supports_video=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        assert any(b.get("type") == "video_url" for b in result)
+
+    def test_audio_filename_fallback_mp3(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """MP3 file with unrecognized magic bytes should fallback to filename."""
+        mp3_path = tmp_path / "test.mp3"
+        mp3_path.write_bytes(b"\x00" * 50)  # unrecognized magic, but .mp3 extension
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("listen", [str(mp3_path)], supports_audio=True)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        audio_blocks = [b for b in result if b.get("type") == "input_audio"]
+        assert len(audio_blocks) == 1
+        assert audio_blocks[0]["input_audio"]["format"] == "mp3"
+
+    def test_missing_file_gracefully_skipped(self, ctx, tmp_path):
+        """Missing file should be gracefully skipped."""
+        result = ctx._build_user_content("hello", [str(tmp_path / "ghost.wav")], supports_audio=True)
+        # Missing file is silently skipped (non-image path uses continue on OSError)
+        assert isinstance(result, str)
+        assert result == "hello"
+
+
+# ── _strip_media_content ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class TestStripMediaContent:
+    def test_no_media_returns_none(self):
+        msgs = [{"role": "user", "content": "hello"}]
+        assert LLMProvider._strip_media_content(msgs) is None
+
+    def test_strips_image_url(self):
+        msgs = [{"role": "user", "content": [
+            {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": "data:image/png;base64,abc"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/img.png"}},
+            {"type": "text", "text": "desc"},
+        ]}]
+        result = LLMProvider._strip_media_content(msgs)
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result[0]["content"][0] == {"type": "text", "text": "[image: /img.png]"}
+        assert result[0]["content"][1] == {"type": "text", "text": "desc"}
+
+    def test_strips_input_audio(self):
+        msgs = [{"role": "user", "content": [
+            {"type": "input_audio", "input_audio": {"data": "abc", "format": "wav"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/audio.wav"}},
+            {"type": "text", "text": "desc"},
+        ]}]
+        result = LLMProvider._strip_media_content(msgs)
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result[0]["content"][0] == {"type": "text", "text": "[audio: /audio.wav]"}
+
+    def test_strips_both(self):
+        msgs = [{"role": "user", "content": [
+            {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": "data:image/png;base64,abc"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/img.png"}},
+            {"type": "input_audio", "input_audio": {"data": "abc", "format": "wav"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/audio.wav"}},
+        ]}]
+        result = LLMProvider._strip_media_content(msgs)
+        assert result is not None
+        assert len(result[0]["content"]) == 2
+        assert "[image:" in result[0]["content"][0]["text"]
+        assert "[audio:" in result[0]["content"][1]["text"]
+
+    def test_strips_video_url(self):
+        msgs = [{"role": "user", "content": [
+            {"type": "video_url", "video_url": {"url": "data:video/mp4;base64,abc"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/video.mp4"}},
+            {"type": "text", "text": "desc"},
+        ]}]
+        result = LLMProvider._strip_media_content(msgs)
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result[0]["content"][0] == {"type": "text", "text": "[video: /video.mp4]"}
+        assert result[0]["content"][1] == {"type": "text", "text": "desc"}
+
+    def test_string_content_unchanged(self):
+        msgs = [{"role": "user", "content": "plain text"}]
+        assert LLMProvider._strip_media_content(msgs) is None
+
+
+# ── _strip_image_content backward compat ──────────────────────────────
+
+class TestStripImageContentCompat:
+    def test_still_works(self):
+        msgs = [{"role": "user", "content": [
+            {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": "data:image/png;base64,abc"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/img.png"}},
+        ]}]
+        result = LLMProvider._strip_image_content(msgs)
+        assert result is not None
+        assert "[image: /img.png]" in result[0]["content"][0]["text"]
+
+
+# ── _sanitize_persisted_blocks for input_audio ────────────────────────
+
+class TestSanitizePersistedBlocks:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def loop_mock(self):
+        from nanobot.agent.loop import AgentLoop
+        loop = object.__new__(AgentLoop)
+        return loop
+
+    def test_audio_block_replaced_with_placeholder(self, loop_mock):
+        content = [
+            {"type": "input_audio", "input_audio": {"data": "abc", "format": "wav"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/audio.wav"}},
+            {"type": "text", "text": "hello"},
+        ]
+        result = loop_mock._sanitize_persisted_blocks(content)
+        assert len(result) == 2
+        assert result[0] == {"type": "text", "text": "[audio: /audio.wav]"}
+        assert result[1] == {"type": "text", "text": "hello"}
+
+    def test_image_block_replaced(self, loop_mock):
+        content = [
+            {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": "data:image/png;base64,abc"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/img.png"}},
+        ]
+        result = loop_mock._sanitize_persisted_blocks(content)
+        assert len(result) == 1
+        assert "[image: /img.png]" in result[0]["text"]
+
+    def test_video_block_replaced_with_placeholder(self, loop_mock):
+        content = [
+            {"type": "video_url", "video_url": {"url": "data:video/mp4;base64,abc"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/video.mp4"}},
+            {"type": "text", "text": "hello"},
+        ]
+        result = loop_mock._sanitize_persisted_blocks(content)
+        assert len(result) == 2
+        assert result[0] == {"type": "text", "text": "[video: /video.mp4]"}
+        assert result[1] == {"type": "text", "text": "hello"}
+
+    def test_non_data_image_unchanged(self, loop_mock):
+        """Non-data URI image (already a placeholder) should pass through."""
+        content = [
+            {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": "https://example.com/img.png"}},
+        ]
+        result = loop_mock._sanitize_persisted_blocks(content)
+        assert len(result) == 1
+        assert result[0]["type"] == "image_url"
+
+
+# ── Anthropic provider input_audio handling ────────────────────────────
+
+class TestAnthropicAudioConversion:
+    def test_input_audio_converted_to_text(self):
+        from nanobot.providers.anthropic_provider import AnthropicProvider
+        provider = AnthropicProvider.__new__(AnthropicProvider)
+        content = [
+            {"type": "input_audio", "input_audio": {"data": "abc", "format": "wav"},
+             "_meta": {"path": "/test.wav"}},
+            {"type": "text", "text": "listen"},
+        ]
+        result = provider._convert_user_content(content)
+        assert isinstance(result, list)
+        assert any("[audio:" in b.get("text", "") for b in result if b.get("type") == "text")
+
+
+# ── OpenAI Codex provider input_audio handling ─────────────────────────
+
+class TestCodexAudioConversion:
+    def test_input_audio_passed_through(self):
+        from nanobot.providers.openai_codex_provider import _convert_user_message
+        content = [
+            {"type": "input_audio", "input_audio": {"data": "abc123", "format": "wav"}},
+            {"type": "text", "text": "listen"},
+        ]
+        result = _convert_user_message(content)
+        assert result["role"] == "user"
+        audio_items = [i for i in result["content"] if i.get("type") == "input_audio"]
+        assert len(audio_items) == 1
+        assert audio_items[0]["input_audio"]["data"] == "abc123"