fix(agent): route direct subagent results in-turn

SECURITY.md

@@ -107,7 +107,6 @@ File operations have path traversal protection, but:
 **API Calls:**
 - All external API calls use HTTPS by default
 - Timeouts are configured to prevent hanging requests
-- The OpenAI-compatible API server must set `api.api_key` when binding to `0.0.0.0` or `::`; otherwise startup fails to prevent unauthenticated network access
 - Consider using a firewall to restrict outbound connections if needed
 
 **WhatsApp:**

docs/channel-plugin-guide.md

@@ -103,8 +103,7 @@ class WebhookChannel(BaseChannel):
         msg.content  — markdown text (convert to platform format as needed)
         msg.media    — list of local file paths to attach
         msg.chat_id  — the recipient (same chat_id you passed to _handle_message)
-        msg.metadata — channel routing context such as message/thread ids
+        msg.metadata — may contain "_progress": True for streaming chunks
-        msg.event    — typed runtime event for progress/status messages
         """
         logger.info("[webhook] -> {}: {}", msg.chat_id, msg.content[:80])
         # In a real plugin: POST to a callback URL, send via SDK, etc.
@@ -239,15 +238,15 @@ nanobot channels login <channel_name> --force  # re-authenticate
 | `supports_streaming` (property) | `True` when config has `"streaming": true` **and** subclass overrides `send_delta()`. |
 | `is_running` | Returns `self._running`. |
 | `login(force=False)` | Perform interactive login (e.g. QR code scan). Returns `True` if already authenticated or login succeeds. Override in subclasses that support interactive login. |
-| `send_reasoning_delta(chat_id, delta, metadata?, *, stream_id?)` | Optional hook for streamed model reasoning/thinking content. Default is no-op. |
+| `send_reasoning_delta(chat_id, delta, metadata?)` | Optional hook for streamed model reasoning/thinking content. Default is no-op. |
-| `send_reasoning_end(chat_id, metadata?, *, stream_id?)` | Optional hook marking the end of a reasoning block. Default is no-op. |
+| `send_reasoning_end(chat_id, metadata?)` | Optional hook marking the end of a reasoning block. Default is no-op. |
 | `send_reasoning(msg)` | Optional one-shot reasoning fallback. Default translates to `send_reasoning_delta()` + `send_reasoning_end()`. |
 
 ### Optional (streaming)
 
 | Method | Description |
 |--------|-------------|
-| `async send_delta(chat_id, delta, metadata?, *, stream_id?, stream_end=False, resuming=False)` | Override to receive streaming chunks. See [Streaming Support](#streaming-support) for details. |
+| `async send_delta(chat_id, delta, metadata?)` | Override to receive streaming chunks. See [Streaming Support](#streaming-support) for details. |
 
 ### Message Types
 
@@ -258,12 +257,10 @@ class OutboundMessage:
     chat_id: str        # recipient (same value you passed to _handle_message)
     content: str        # markdown text — convert to platform format as needed
     media: list[str]    # local file paths to attach (images, audio, docs)
-    metadata: dict      # channel routing context, e.g. "message_id" for threading
+    metadata: dict      # may contain: "_progress" (bool) for streaming chunks,
-    event: object | None # typed runtime/UI event; usually inspect with isinstance()
+                        #              "message_id" for reply threading
 ```
 
-Runtime/UI semantics live on `msg.event`. Plugin-authored outbound messages should use typed events instead of legacy metadata flags such as `_progress`, `_stream_delta`, `_stream_end`, `_reasoning_delta`, `_turn_end`, or `_goal_status`. nanobot still accepts those old flags as a compatibility bridge for existing in-process extensions, but new plugin code should not add fresh dependencies on them.
-
 ## Streaming Support
 
 Channels can opt into real-time streaming — the agent sends content token-by-token instead of one final message. This is entirely optional; channels work fine without it.
@@ -282,18 +279,10 @@ If either is missing, the agent falls back to the normal one-shot `send()` path.
 Override `send_delta` to handle two types of calls:
 
 ```python
-async def send_delta(
+async def send_delta(self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> None:
-    self,
+    meta = metadata or {}
-    chat_id: str,
+
-    delta: str,
+    if meta.get("_stream_end"):
-    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-    *,
-    stream_id: str | None = None,
-    stream_end: bool = False,
-    resuming: bool = False,
-) -> None:
-    buffer_key = stream_id or chat_id
-    if stream_end:
         # Streaming finished — do final formatting, cleanup, etc.
         return
 
@@ -301,7 +290,12 @@ async def send_delta(
     # delta contains a small chunk of text (a few tokens)
 ```
 
-Streaming state is passed through keyword-only arguments, not `_stream_delta` or `_stream_end` metadata flags. Use `stream_id` to key any per-stream buffers; fall back to `chat_id` when it is missing.
+**Metadata flags:**
+
+| Flag | Meaning |
+|------|---------|
+| `_stream_delta: True` | A content chunk (delta contains the new text) |
+| `_stream_end: True` | Streaming finished (delta is empty) |
 
 ### Example: Webhook with Streaming
 
@@ -316,27 +310,18 @@ class WebhookChannel(BaseChannel):
         super().__init__(config, bus)
         self._buffers: dict[str, str] = {}
 
-    async def send_delta(
+    async def send_delta(self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> None:
-        self,
+        meta = metadata or {}
-        chat_id: str,
+        if meta.get("_stream_end"):
-        delta: str,
+            text = self._buffers.pop(chat_id, "")
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
-        stream_end: bool = False,
-        resuming: bool = False,
-    ) -> None:
-        buffer_key = stream_id or chat_id
-        if stream_end:
-            text = self._buffers.pop(buffer_key, "")
             # Final delivery — format and send the complete message
             await self._deliver(chat_id, text, final=True)
             return
 
-        self._buffers.setdefault(buffer_key, "")
+        self._buffers.setdefault(chat_id, "")
-        self._buffers[buffer_key] += delta
+        self._buffers[chat_id] += delta
         # Incremental update — push partial text to the client
-        await self._deliver(chat_id, self._buffers[buffer_key], final=False)
+        await self._deliver(chat_id, self._buffers[chat_id], final=False)
 
     async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
         # Non-streaming path — unchanged
@@ -365,7 +350,7 @@ When `streaming` is `false` (default) or omitted, only `send()` is called — no
 
 | Method / Property | Description |
 |-------------------|-------------|
-| `async send_delta(chat_id, delta, metadata?, *, stream_id?, stream_end=False, resuming=False)` | Override to handle streaming chunks. No-op by default. |
+| `async send_delta(chat_id, delta, metadata?)` | Override to handle streaming chunks. No-op by default. |
 | `supports_streaming` (property) | Returns `True` when config has `streaming: true` **and** subclass overrides `send_delta`. |
 
 ## Progress, Tool Hints, and Reasoning
@@ -374,20 +359,18 @@ Besides normal assistant text, nanobot can emit low-emphasis trace blocks. These
 
 ### Progress and Tool Hints
 
-Progress and tool hints arrive through the normal `send(msg)` path. Check `msg.event` before rendering:
+Progress and tool hints arrive through the normal `send(msg)` path. Check `msg.metadata` before rendering:
 
 ```python
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
-
 async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
-    event = msg.event
+    meta = msg.metadata or {}
 
-    if isinstance(event, ProgressEvent) and event.tool_hint:
+    if meta.get("_tool_hint"):
         # A short tool breadcrumb, e.g. read_file("config.json")
         await self._send_trace(msg.chat_id, msg.content, kind="tool")
         return
 
-    if isinstance(event, ProgressEvent):
+    if meta.get("_progress"):
         # Generic non-final status, e.g. "Thinking..." or "Running command..."
         await self._send_trace(msg.chat_id, msg.content, kind="progress")
         return
@@ -429,33 +412,32 @@ class WebhookChannel(BaseChannel):
         chat_id: str,
         delta: str,
         metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
-        buffer_key = stream_id or chat_id
+        meta = metadata or {}
-        self._reasoning_buffers[buffer_key] = self._reasoning_buffers.get(buffer_key, "") + delta
+        stream_id = str(meta.get("_stream_id") or chat_id)
-        await self._update_reasoning_block(chat_id, self._reasoning_buffers[buffer_key], final=False)
+        self._reasoning_buffers[stream_id] = self._reasoning_buffers.get(stream_id, "") + delta
+        await self._update_reasoning_block(chat_id, self._reasoning_buffers[stream_id], final=False)
 
     async def send_reasoning_end(
         self,
         chat_id: str,
         metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
-        buffer_key = stream_id or chat_id
+        meta = metadata or {}
-        text = self._reasoning_buffers.pop(buffer_key, "")
+        stream_id = str(meta.get("_stream_id") or chat_id)
+        text = self._reasoning_buffers.pop(stream_id, "")
         if text:
             await self._update_reasoning_block(chat_id, text, final=True)
 ```
 
-**Reasoning arguments:**
+**Reasoning metadata flags:**
 
-| Argument | Meaning |
+| Flag | Meaning |
 |------|---------|
-| `delta` | A reasoning/thinking chunk for `send_reasoning_delta()`. |
+| `_reasoning_delta: True` | A reasoning/thinking chunk; `delta` contains the new text. |
-| `stream_id` | Stable id for this assistant turn/segment. Use it to key buffers instead of only `chat_id`. |
+| `_reasoning_end: True` | The current reasoning block is complete; `delta` is empty. |
-| `send_reasoning_end()` | The current reasoning block is complete. |
+| `_reasoning: True` | Legacy one-shot reasoning. `BaseChannel.send_reasoning()` converts it to delta + end. |
+| `_stream_id` | Stable id for this assistant turn/segment. Use it to key buffers instead of only `chat_id`. |
 
 Reasoning visibility is controlled by `showReasoning` globally or per channel:
 

docs/openai-api.md

@@ -12,32 +12,6 @@ Run the CLI check first. If `nanobot agent -m "Hello!"` fails, fix provider or c
 
 For setup help, see [`quick-start.md`](./quick-start.md), [`providers.md`](./providers.md), and [`troubleshooting.md`](./troubleshooting.md).
 
-## Authentication
-
-Local-only `127.0.0.1` usage does not require an API key. If you bind the API
-server to all interfaces with `api.host: "0.0.0.0"` or `"::"`, nanobot requires
-`api.apiKey`; otherwise startup fails to avoid exposing an unauthenticated agent
-endpoint on the network.
-
-```json
-{
-  "api": {
-    "host": "0.0.0.0",
-    "port": 8900,
-    "apiKey": "${NANOBOT_API_KEY}"
-  }
-}
-```
-
-When `api.apiKey` is set, send it as a Bearer token on API routes. The health
-endpoint remains unauthenticated so local probes and load balancers can still
-check process health.
-
-```bash
-curl http://127.0.0.1:8900/v1/models \
-  -H "Authorization: Bearer $NANOBOT_API_KEY"
-```
-
 ## Behavior
 
 - Session isolation: pass `"session_id"` in the request body to isolate conversations; omit for a shared default session (`api:default`)

nanobot/agent/loop.py

@@ -31,13 +31,6 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.message import MessageTool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.agent.tools.self import MyTool
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    RetryWaitEvent,
-    StreamDeltaEvent,
-    StreamedResponseEvent,
-    StreamEndEvent,
-    outbound_message_for_event,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.progress import build_bus_progress_callback
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.bus.runtime_events import (
@@ -574,12 +567,14 @@ class AgentLoop:
         """Build a retry-wait callback that publishes to the message bus."""
 
         async def _on_retry_wait(content: str) -> None:
+            meta = dict(msg.metadata or {})
+            meta["_retry_wait"] = True
             await self.bus.publish_outbound(
-                outbound_message_for_event(
+                OutboundMessage(
                     channel=msg.channel,
                     chat_id=msg.chat_id,
-                    event=RetryWaitEvent(content=content),
+                    content=content,
-                    metadata=msg.metadata,
+                    metadata=meta,
                 )
             )
 
@@ -1004,31 +999,26 @@ class AgentLoop:
                             return f"{stream_base_id}:{stream_segment}"
 
                         async def on_stream(delta: str) -> None:
-                            await self.bus.publish_outbound(
+                            meta = dict(msg.metadata or {})
-                                outbound_message_for_event(
+                            meta["_stream_delta"] = True
-                                    channel=msg.channel,
+                            meta["_stream_id"] = _current_stream_id()
-                                    chat_id=msg.chat_id,
+                            await self.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
-                                    event=StreamDeltaEvent(
+                                channel=msg.channel, chat_id=msg.chat_id,
-                                        content=delta,
+                                content=delta,
-                                        stream_id=_current_stream_id(),
+                                metadata=meta,
-                                    ),
+                            ))
-                                    metadata=msg.metadata,
-                                )
-                            )
 
                         async def on_stream_end(*, resuming: bool = False) -> None:
                             nonlocal stream_segment
-                            await self.bus.publish_outbound(
+                            meta = dict(msg.metadata or {})
-                                outbound_message_for_event(
+                            meta["_stream_end"] = True
-                                    channel=msg.channel,
+                            meta["_resuming"] = resuming
-                                    chat_id=msg.chat_id,
+                            meta["_stream_id"] = _current_stream_id()
-                                    event=StreamEndEvent(
+                            await self.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
-                                        stream_id=_current_stream_id(),
+                                channel=msg.channel, chat_id=msg.chat_id,
-                                        resuming=resuming,
+                                content="",
-                                    ),
+                                metadata=meta,
-                                    metadata=msg.metadata,
+                            ))
-                                )
-                            )
                             stream_segment += 1
 
                     response = await self._process_message(
@@ -1381,10 +1371,9 @@ class AgentLoop:
         preview = final_content[:120] + "..." if len(final_content) > 120 else final_content
         logger.info("Response to {}:{}: {}", msg.channel, msg.sender_id, preview)
 
-        event = None
         meta = dict(msg.metadata or {})
         if on_stream is not None and stop_reason not in {"error", "tool_error"}:
-            event = StreamedResponseEvent()
+            meta["_streamed"] = True
         if turn_latency_ms is not None:
             meta["latency_ms"] = int(turn_latency_ms)
 
@@ -1392,7 +1381,6 @@ class AgentLoop:
             channel=msg.channel,
             chat_id=msg.chat_id,
             content=final_content,
-            event=event,
             metadata=meta,
         )
 
@@ -1864,13 +1852,17 @@ class AgentLoop:
         )
         # Share the dispatch lock so direct calls serialize with bus turns.
         lock = self._session_locks.setdefault(session_key, asyncio.Lock())
+        pending: asyncio.Queue[InboundMessage] = asyncio.Queue(maxsize=20)
         try:
             async with lock:
+                self._pending_queues[session_key] = pending
+                self.subagents.set_direct_result_queue(session_key, pending)
                 kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
                     "session_key": session_key,
                     "on_progress": on_progress,
                     "on_stream": on_stream,
                     "on_stream_end": on_stream_end,
+                    "pending_queue": pending,
                     "ephemeral": ephemeral,
                 }
                 if _run_extra_hooks_for_ephemeral:
@@ -1884,5 +1876,13 @@ class AgentLoop:
                     **kwargs,
                 )
         finally:
+            self.subagents.clear_direct_result_queue(session_key, pending)
+            if self._pending_queues.get(session_key) is pending:
+                self._pending_queues.pop(session_key, None)
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    await self.bus.publish_inbound(pending.get_nowait())
+                except asyncio.QueueEmpty:
+                    break
             await self._runtime_events().run_status_changed(msg, session_key, "idle")
             self._runtime_events().clear_turn(session_key)

nanobot/agent/runner.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from nanobot.agent.context_governance import (
     ContextGovernor,
 )
 from nanobot.agent.hook import AgentHook, AgentHookContext, AgentRunHookContext
-from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry, is_tool_error_result
+from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, LLMResponse, ToolCallRequest
 from nanobot.utils.file_edit_events import (
     StreamingFileEditTracker,
@@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ class AgentRunner:
                 return payload, event, exc
             return payload, event, None
 
-        if is_tool_error_result(tool_call.name, result):
+        if isinstance(result, str) and result.startswith("Error"):
             if file_edit_trackers and progress_callback is not None:
                 await invoke_file_edit_progress(
                     progress_callback,

nanobot/agent/subagent.py

@@ -118,6 +118,22 @@ class SubagentManager:
         self._running_tasks: dict[str, asyncio.Task[None]] = {}
         self._task_statuses: dict[str, SubagentStatus] = {}
         self._session_tasks: dict[str, set[str]] = {}  # session_key -> {task_id, ...}
+        self._direct_result_queues: dict[str, asyncio.Queue[InboundMessage]] = {}
+
+    def set_direct_result_queue(
+        self,
+        session_key: str,
+        queue: asyncio.Queue[InboundMessage],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._direct_result_queues[session_key] = queue
+
+    def clear_direct_result_queue(
+        self,
+        session_key: str,
+        queue: asyncio.Queue[InboundMessage],
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._direct_result_queues.get(session_key) is queue:
+            self._direct_result_queues.pop(session_key, None)
 
     def _subagent_tools_config(self) -> ToolsConfig:
         """Build a ToolsConfig scoped for subagent use."""
@@ -335,6 +351,10 @@ class SubagentManager:
             metadata=metadata,
         )
 
+        if queue := self._direct_result_queues.get(override):
+            await queue.put(msg)
+            logger.debug("Subagent [{}] queued result directly for {}", task_id, override)
+            return
         await self.bus.publish_inbound(msg)
         logger.debug("Subagent [{}] announced result to {}:{}", task_id, origin['channel'], origin['chat_id'])
 

nanobot/agent/tools/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Agent tools module."""
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Schema, Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Schema, Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.context import ToolContext
 from nanobot.agent.tools.loader import ToolLoader
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ __all__ = [
     "Tool",
     "ToolContext",
     "ToolLoader",
-    "ToolResult",
     "ToolRegistry",
     "tool_parameters",
     "tool_parameters_schema",

nanobot/agent/tools/apply_patch.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.filesystem import _FsTool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import (
     ArraySchema,
@@ -289,8 +289,8 @@ class ApplyPatchTool(_FsTool):
                 _format_summary(summary) for summary in summaries
             )
         except PermissionError as exc:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {exc}")
+            return f"Error: {exc}"
         except _PatchError as exc:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error applying patch: {exc}")
+            return f"Error applying patch: {exc}"
         except Exception as exc:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error applying patch: {exc}")
+            return f"Error applying patch: {exc}"

nanobot/agent/tools/base.py

@@ -128,21 +128,6 @@ class Schema(ABC):
         return Schema.validate_json_schema_value(value, self.to_json_schema(), path)
 
 
-class ToolResult(str):
-    """String-compatible tool output with structured status."""
-
-    is_error: bool
-
-    def __new__(cls, content: str, *, is_error: bool = False) -> ToolResult:
-        obj = str.__new__(cls, content)
-        obj.is_error = is_error
-        return obj
-
-    @classmethod
-    def error(cls, content: str) -> ToolResult:
-        return cls(content, is_error=True)
-
-
 class Tool(ABC):
     """Agent capability: read files, run commands, etc."""
 
@@ -208,13 +193,9 @@ class Tool(ABC):
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def execute(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
-        """Run the tool; return content, or ``ToolResult.error(...)`` for failures."""
+        """Run the tool; returns a string or list of content blocks."""
         ...
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def error(content: str) -> ToolResult:
-        return ToolResult.error(content)
-
     def _cast_object(self, obj: Any, schema: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
         if not isinstance(obj, dict):
             return obj

nanobot/agent/tools/cli_apps.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import (
     ArraySchema,
     BooleanSchema,
@@ -136,4 +136,4 @@ class CliAppsTool(Tool):
                 restrict_to_workspace=access.restrict_to_workspace,
             )
         except CliAppError as exc:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {exc.message}")
+            return f"Error: {exc.message}"

nanobot/agent/tools/cron.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from contextvars import ContextVar
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Any
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.context import ContextAware, RequestContext
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import (
     IntegerSchema,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class CronTool(Tool, ContextAware):
         try:
             ZoneInfo(tz)
         except (KeyError, Exception):
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: unknown timezone '{tz}'")
+            return f"Error: unknown timezone '{tz}'"
         return None
 
     def _display_timezone(self, schedule: CronSchedule) -> str:
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class CronTool(Tool, ContextAware):
     ) -> str:
         if action == "add":
             if self._in_cron_context.get():
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: cannot schedule new jobs from within a cron job execution")
+                return "Error: cannot schedule new jobs from within a cron job execution"
             return self._add_job(name, message, every_seconds, cron_expr, tz, at)
         elif action == "list":
             return self._list_jobs()
@@ -166,20 +166,20 @@ class CronTool(Tool, ContextAware):
         at: str | None,
     ) -> str:
         if not message:
-            return ToolResult.error(
+            return (
                 "Error: cron action='add' requires a non-empty 'message' parameter "
                 "describing what to do when the job triggers "
                 "(e.g. the reminder text). Retry including message=\"...\"."
             )
         session_key = self._session_key.get()
         if not session_key:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: scheduled cron jobs must be created from a chat session")
+            return "Error: scheduled cron jobs must be created from a chat session"
         origin_channel = self._origin_channel.get()
         origin_chat_id = self._origin_chat_id.get()
         if not origin_channel or not origin_chat_id:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: scheduled cron jobs must be created from a chat session")
+            return "Error: scheduled cron jobs must be created from a chat session"
         if tz and not cron_expr:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: tz can only be used with cron_expr")
+            return "Error: tz can only be used with cron_expr"
         if tz:
             if err := self._validate_timezone(tz):
                 return err
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class CronTool(Tool, ContextAware):
             try:
                 dt = datetime.fromisoformat(at)
             except ValueError:
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: invalid ISO datetime format '{at}'. Expected format: YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS")
+                return f"Error: invalid ISO datetime format '{at}'. Expected format: YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS"
             if dt.tzinfo is None:
                 if err := self._validate_timezone(self._default_timezone):
                     return err
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class CronTool(Tool, ContextAware):
             schedule = CronSchedule(kind="at", at_ms=at_ms)
             delete_after = True
         else:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: either every_seconds, cron_expr, or at is required")
+            return "Error: either every_seconds, cron_expr, or at is required"
 
         job = self._cron.add_job(
             name=name or message[:30],
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ class CronTool(Tool, ContextAware):
 
     def _remove_job(self, job_id: str | None) -> str:
         if not job_id:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: job_id is required for remove")
+            return "Error: job_id is required for remove"
         result = self._cron.remove_job(job_id)
         if result == "removed":
             return f"Removed job {job_id}"

nanobot/agent/tools/exec_session.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from contextlib import suppress
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.context import current_request_session_key
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import (
     BooleanSchema,
@@ -492,12 +492,11 @@ class WriteStdinTool(Tool):
                 max_output_chars=output_limit,
                 owner_session_key=current_request_session_key(),
             )
-            result = format_session_poll(session_id, poll)
+            return format_session_poll(session_id, poll)
-            return ToolResult.error(result) if poll.timed_out else result
         except KeyError:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: exec session not found: {session_id!r}")
+            return f"Error: exec session not found: {session_id}"
         except Exception as exc:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error writing to exec session: {exc}")
+            return f"Error writing to exec session: {exc}"
 
     async def _wait_for_output(
         self,
@@ -533,14 +532,13 @@ class WriteStdinTool(Tool):
                 joined = "".join(aggregate)
                 if wait_for in joined:
                     poll.output = joined
-                    result = format_session_poll(session_id, poll)
+                    return format_session_poll(session_id, poll)
-                    return ToolResult.error(result) if poll.timed_out else result
             if poll.done or remaining_ms <= 0:
                 poll.output = "".join(aggregate)
                 result = format_session_poll(session_id, poll)
                 if wait_for not in poll.output:
                     result += f"\nWait target not observed: {wait_for!r}"
-                return ToolResult.error(result) if poll.timed_out else result
+                return result
 
 
 @tool_parameters(tool_parameters_schema())
@@ -608,4 +606,4 @@ class ListExecSessionsTool(Tool):
                 )
             return "\n".join(lines)
         except Exception as exc:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error listing exec sessions: {exc}")
+            return f"Error listing exec sessions: {exc}"

nanobot/agent/tools/filesystem.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.file_state import FileStates, _hash_file, current_file_states
 from nanobot.agent.tools.path_utils import resolve_workspace_path
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import (
@@ -268,19 +268,19 @@ class ReadFileTool(_FsTool):
     ) -> Any:
         try:
             if not path:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error reading file: Unknown path")
+                return "Error reading file: Unknown path"
 
             # Device path blacklist
             if _is_blocked_device(path):
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Reading {path} is blocked (device path that could hang or produce infinite output).")
+                return f"Error: Reading {path} is blocked (device path that could hang or produce infinite output)."
 
             fp = self._resolve_read(path)
             if _is_blocked_device(fp):
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Reading {fp} is blocked (device path that could hang or produce infinite output).")
+                return f"Error: Reading {fp} is blocked (device path that could hang or produce infinite output)."
             if not fp.exists():
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: File not found: {path}")
+                return f"Error: File not found: {path}"
             if not fp.is_file():
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Not a file: {path}")
+                return f"Error: Not a file: {path}"
 
             # PDF support
             if fp.suffix.lower() == ".pdf":
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class ReadFileTool(_FsTool):
                 mime = detect_image_mime(raw) or mimetypes.guess_type(path)[0]
                 if mime and mime.startswith("image/"):
                     return build_image_content_blocks(raw, mime, str(fp), f"(Image file: {path})")
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Cannot read binary file {path} (MIME: {mime or 'unknown'}). Only UTF-8 text and images are supported.")
+                return f"Error: Cannot read binary file {path} (MIME: {mime or 'unknown'}). Only UTF-8 text and images are supported."
 
             # Normalize CRLF -> LF before line-splitting. Primarily a Windows
             # concern (git checkouts with autocrlf, editors saving CRLF) but
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class ReadFileTool(_FsTool):
             if offset < 1:
                 offset = 1
             if offset > total:
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: offset {offset} is beyond end of file ({total} lines)")
+                return f"Error: offset {offset} is beyond end of file ({total} lines)"
 
             start = offset - 1
             end = min(start + (limit or self._DEFAULT_LIMIT), total)
@@ -381,20 +381,20 @@ class ReadFileTool(_FsTool):
             self._file_states.record_read(fp, offset=offset, limit=limit)
             return result
         except PermissionError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error reading file: {e}")
+            return f"Error reading file: {e}"
 
     def _read_pdf(self, fp: Path, pages: str | None) -> str:
         try:
             import fitz  # pymupdf
         except ImportError:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: PDF reading requires pymupdf. Install with: pip install pymupdf")
+            return "Error: PDF reading requires pymupdf. Install with: pip install pymupdf"
 
         try:
             doc = fitz.open(str(fp))
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error reading PDF: {e}")
+            return f"Error reading PDF: {e}"
 
         total_pages = len(doc)
         if pages:
@@ -402,10 +402,10 @@ class ReadFileTool(_FsTool):
                 start, end = _parse_page_range(pages, total_pages)
             except (ValueError, IndexError):
                 doc.close()
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Invalid page range '{pages}'. Use format like '1-5'.")
+                return f"Error: Invalid page range '{pages}'. Use format like '1-5'."
             if start > end or start >= total_pages:
                 doc.close()
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Page range '{pages}' is out of bounds (document has {total_pages} pages).")
+                return f"Error: Page range '{pages}' is out of bounds (document has {total_pages} pages)."
         else:
             start = 0
             end = min(total_pages - 1, self._MAX_PDF_PAGES - 1)
@@ -437,10 +437,10 @@ class ReadFileTool(_FsTool):
         result = extract_text(fp)
 
         if result is None:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Unsupported file format: {fp.suffix}")
+            return f"Error: Unsupported file format: {fp.suffix}"
 
         if result.startswith("[error:"):
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error reading {fp.suffix.upper()} file: {result}")
+            return f"Error reading {fp.suffix.upper()} file: {result}"
 
         if not result:
             return f"({fp.suffix.upper().lstrip('.')} has no extractable text: {fp})"
@@ -492,9 +492,9 @@ class WriteFileTool(_FsTool):
             self._file_states.record_write(fp)
             return f"Successfully wrote {len(content)} characters to {fp}"
         except PermissionError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error writing file: {e}")
+            return f"Error writing file: {e}"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -830,11 +830,11 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
             if new_text is None:
                 raise ValueError("Unknown new_text")
             if occurrence is not None and occurrence < 1:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: occurrence must be >= 1.")
+                return "Error: occurrence must be >= 1."
             if line_hint is not None and line_hint < 1:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: line_hint must be >= 1.")
+                return "Error: line_hint must be >= 1."
             if expected_replacements is not None and expected_replacements < 1:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: expected_replacements must be >= 1.")
+                return "Error: expected_replacements must be >= 1."
 
             fp = self._resolve_write(path)
 
@@ -853,14 +853,14 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
             except OSError:
                 fsize = 0
             if fsize > self._MAX_EDIT_FILE_SIZE:
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: File too large to edit ({fsize / (1024**3):.1f} GiB). Maximum is 1 GiB.")
+                return f"Error: File too large to edit ({fsize / (1024**3):.1f} GiB). Maximum is 1 GiB."
 
             # Create-file: old_text='' but file exists and not empty → reject
             if old_text == "":
                 raw = fp.read_bytes()
                 content = raw.decode("utf-8")
                 if content.strip():
-                    return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Cannot create file — {path} already exists and is not empty.")
+                    return f"Error: Cannot create file — {path} already exists and is not empty."
                 fp.write_text(new_text, encoding="utf-8")
                 self._file_states.record_write(fp)
                 return f"Successfully edited {fp}"
@@ -878,15 +878,15 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
                 return self._not_found_msg(old_text, content, path)
             count = len(matches)
             if replace_all and occurrence is not None:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: occurrence cannot be used with replace_all=true.")
+                return "Error: occurrence cannot be used with replace_all=true."
             if replace_all and line_hint is not None:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: line_hint cannot be used with replace_all=true.")
+                return "Error: line_hint cannot be used with replace_all=true."
             if occurrence is not None and line_hint is not None:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: line_hint cannot be used with occurrence.")
+                return "Error: line_hint cannot be used with occurrence."
             if count > 1 and not replace_all:
                 if occurrence is not None:
                     if occurrence > count:
-                        return ToolResult.error(
+                        return (
                             f"Error: occurrence {occurrence} is out of range; "
                             f"old_text appears {count} times."
                         )
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
                     nearest = min(matches, key=lambda match: abs(match.line - line_hint))
                     distance = abs(nearest.line - line_hint)
                     if sum(1 for match in matches if abs(match.line - line_hint) == distance) > 1:
-                        return ToolResult.error(
+                        return (
                             f"Error: line_hint {line_hint} is ambiguous; "
                             f"old_text appears {count} times."
                         )
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
                         "or set replace_all=true."
                     )
             elif occurrence is not None and occurrence > count:
-                return ToolResult.error(
+                return (
                     f"Error: occurrence {occurrence} is out of range; "
                     f"old_text appears {count} time."
                 )
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
             else:
                 selected = [matches[occurrence - 1 if occurrence else 0]]
             if expected_replacements is not None and len(selected) != expected_replacements:
-                return ToolResult.error(
+                return (
                     f"Error: expected {expected_replacements} replacements but "
                     f"would make {len(selected)}."
                 )
@@ -954,9 +954,9 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
                 msg = f"{warning}\n{msg}"
             return msg
         except PermissionError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error editing file: {e}")
+            return f"Error editing file: {e}"
 
     def _file_not_found_msg(self, path: str, fp: Path) -> str:
         """Build an error message with 'Did you mean ...?' suggestions."""
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
         parts = [f"Error: File not found: {path}"]
         if suggestions:
             parts.append("Did you mean: " + ", ".join(suggestions) + "?")
-        return ToolResult.error("\n".join(parts))
+        return "\n".join(parts)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _not_found_msg(old_text: str, content: str, path: str) -> str:
@@ -985,18 +985,18 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
             hint_text = ""
             if hints:
                 hint_text = "\nPossible cause: " + ", ".join(hints) + "."
-            return ToolResult.error(
+            return (
                 f"Error: old_text not found in {path}."
                 f"{hint_text}\nBest match ({best_ratio:.0%} similar) at line {best_start + 1}:\n{diff}"
             )
 
         if hints:
-            return ToolResult.error(
+            return (
                 f"Error: old_text not found in {path}. "
                 f"Possible cause: {', '.join(hints)}. "
                 "Copy the exact text from read_file and try again."
             )
-        return ToolResult.error(f"Error: old_text not found in {path}. No similar text found. Verify the file content.")
+        return f"Error: old_text not found in {path}. No similar text found. Verify the file content."
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1051,9 +1051,9 @@ class ListDirTool(_FsTool):
                 raise ValueError("Unknown path")
             dp = self._resolve(path)
             if not dp.exists():
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Directory not found: {path}")
+                return f"Error: Directory not found: {path}"
             if not dp.is_dir():
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Not a directory: {path}")
+                return f"Error: Not a directory: {path}"
 
             cap = max_entries or self._DEFAULT_MAX
             items: list[str] = []
@@ -1084,6 +1084,6 @@ class ListDirTool(_FsTool):
                 result += f"\n\n(truncated, showing first {cap} of {total} entries)"
             return result
         except PermissionError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error listing directory: {e}")
+            return f"Error listing directory: {e}"

nanobot/agent/tools/image_generation.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import (
     ArraySchema,
     IntegerSchema,
@@ -172,11 +172,11 @@ class ImageGenerationTool(Tool):
     ) -> str:
         client = self._provider_client()
         if client is None:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: unsupported image generation provider '{self.config.provider}'")
+            return f"Error: unsupported image generation provider '{self.config.provider}'"
 
         requested = count or 1
         if requested > self.config.max_images_per_turn:
-            return ToolResult.error(
+            return (
                 "Error: count exceeds tools.imageGeneration.maxImagesPerTurn "
                 f"({self.config.max_images_per_turn})"
             )
@@ -206,4 +206,4 @@ class ImageGenerationTool(Tool):
                         break
             return generated_image_tool_result(artifacts)
         except (ArtifactError, ImageGenerationError, OSError) as exc:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {exc}")
+            return f"Error: {exc}"

nanobot/agent/tools/loader.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 
 _SKIP_MODULES = frozenset({
@@ -96,8 +96,6 @@ class ToolLoader:
                     if not tool_cls.enabled(ctx):
                         continue
                     tool = tool_cls.create(ctx)
-                    if is_plugin_source:
-                        tool = _LegacyErrorPrefixTool(tool)
                     if registry.has(tool.name):
                         if is_plugin_source and tool.name in builtin_names:
                             logger.warning(
@@ -116,67 +114,3 @@ class ToolLoader:
                 except Exception:
                     logger.exception("Failed to register tool: %s", cls_label)
         return registered
-
-
-class _LegacyErrorPrefixTool(Tool):
-    """Compatibility wrapper for external tools using the old error-string contract."""
-
-    _plugin_discoverable = False
-
-    def __init__(self, wrapped: Tool) -> None:
-        self._wrapped = wrapped
-
-    @property
-    def name(self) -> str:
-        return self._wrapped.name
-
-    @property
-    def description(self) -> str:
-        return self._wrapped.description
-
-    @property
-    def parameters(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        return self._wrapped.parameters
-
-    @property
-    def read_only(self) -> bool:
-        return self._wrapped.read_only
-
-    @property
-    def exclusive(self) -> bool:
-        return self._wrapped.exclusive
-
-    @property
-    def concurrency_safe(self) -> bool:
-        return self._wrapped.concurrency_safe
-
-    @property
-    def config_key(self) -> str:
-        return getattr(self._wrapped, "config_key", "")
-
-    def set_context(self, ctx: Any) -> None:
-        set_context = getattr(self._wrapped, "set_context", None)
-        if callable(set_context):
-            set_context(ctx)
-
-    def cast_params(self, params: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        return self._wrapped.cast_params(params)
-
-    def validate_params(self, params: dict[str, Any]) -> list[str]:
-        return self._wrapped.validate_params(params)
-
-    def to_schema(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        return self._wrapped.to_schema()
-
-    async def execute(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
-        result = await self._wrapped.execute(**kwargs)
-        if (
-            isinstance(result, str)
-            and not isinstance(result, ToolResult)
-            and result.startswith("Error:")
-        ):
-            return ToolResult.error(result)
-        return result
-
-    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
-        return getattr(self._wrapped, name)

nanobot/agent/tools/long_task.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from contextvars import ContextVar
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.context import ContextAware, RequestContext
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import StringSchema, tool_parameters_schema
 from nanobot.bus.runtime_events import GoalStateChanged, RuntimeEventBus, RuntimeEventContext
@@ -97,7 +97,8 @@ class _GoalToolsMixin(ContextAware):
             "Sustained objective for this chat thread. First read the built-in **long-goal** skill, "
             "especially its Start fast section, then call this promptly once the user's intent is clear. "
             "The goal must still be idempotent, self-contained, bounded, and explicit about done-ness; "
-            "do not delay this tool call to over-plan, research, or decide execution details.",
+            "do not delay this tool call to over-plan, research, or decide execution details. "
+            "Do not use this for a single current-turn answer, including one that uses spawn subagents.",
             max_length=12_000,
         ),
         ui_summary=StringSchema(
@@ -139,6 +140,8 @@ class LongTaskTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
     def description(self) -> str:
         return (
             "Mark this thread as a sustained long-running task. "
+            "Use only when the user wants work to persist across future turns or background check-ins; "
+            "do not use for a single current-turn answer, including one that uses spawn subagents. "
             "First read the built-in **long-goal** skill, especially its Start fast section; then call this "
             "as soon as the user's intent is clear. Write a good idempotent goal, but do not delay the tool "
             "call with long planning, research, or execution-detail thinking. "
@@ -150,12 +153,12 @@ class LongTaskTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
     async def execute(self, goal: str, ui_summary: str | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
         sess = self._session()
         if sess is None:
-            return ToolResult.error(
+            return (
                 "Error: long_task requires an active chat session (missing routing context)."
             )
         prior = parse_goal_state(goal_state_raw(sess.metadata))
         if isinstance(prior, dict) and prior.get("status") == "active":
-            return ToolResult.error(
+            return (
                 "Error: a sustained goal is already active. "
                 "Use complete_goal when finished, or ask the user before replacing it."
             )
@@ -230,7 +233,7 @@ class CompleteGoalTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
     async def execute(self, recap: str | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
         sess = self._session()
         if sess is None:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: complete_goal requires an active chat session.")
+            return "Error: complete_goal requires an active chat session."
         prior = parse_goal_state(goal_state_raw(sess.metadata))
         if not isinstance(prior, dict) or prior.get("status") != "active":
             return "No active goal to complete."

nanobot/agent/tools/mcp.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
 import httpx
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.bus.events import (
     INBOUND_META_RUNTIME_CONTROL,
@@ -461,10 +461,7 @@ class MCPToolWrapper(_MCPWrapperBase):
                 return f"(MCP tool call failed: {type(exc).__name__})"
             else:
                 # Success — extract text and persist any image content as artifacts.
-                rendered = self._render_call_result(result.content, kwargs)
+                return self._render_call_result(result.content, kwargs)
-                if getattr(result, "isError", False):
-                    return ToolResult.error(rendered)
-                return rendered
 
         return "(MCP tool call failed)"  # Unreachable, but satisfies type checkers
 

nanobot/agent/tools/message.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable
 
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.context import ContextAware, RequestContext
 from nanobot.agent.tools.path_utils import resolve_workspace_path
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import ArraySchema, StringSchema, tool_parameters_schema
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class MessageTool(Tool, ContextAware):
                 not isinstance(row, list) or any(not isinstance(label, str) for label in row)
                 for row in buttons
             ):
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: buttons must be a list of list of strings")
+                return "Error: buttons must be a list of list of strings"
         default_channel = self._default_channel.get()
         default_chat_id = self._default_chat_id.get()
         channel = channel or default_channel
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class MessageTool(Tool, ContextAware):
             and str(explicit_chat_id).strip() != ""
             and str(explicit_chat_id).strip() != str(default_chat_id).strip()
         ):
-            return ToolResult.error(
+            return (
                 "Error: chat_id does not match the active WebSocket conversation. "
                 "Omit chat_id (and usually channel) so delivery uses the current "
                 "conversation id from context — WebSocket client_id strings "
@@ -229,16 +229,16 @@ class MessageTool(Tool, ContextAware):
             message_id = None
 
         if not channel or not chat_id:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: No target channel/chat specified")
+            return "Error: No target channel/chat specified"
 
         if not self._send_callback:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: Message sending not configured")
+            return "Error: Message sending not configured"
 
         if media:
             try:
                 media = self._resolve_media(media)
             except (OSError, PermissionError, ValueError) as e:
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: media path is not allowed: {str(e)}")
+                return f"Error: media path is not allowed: {str(e)}"
 
         metadata = dict(self._default_metadata.get()) if same_target else {}
         if message_id:
@@ -270,4 +270,4 @@ class MessageTool(Tool, ContextAware):
             button_info = f" with {sum(len(row) for row in buttons)} button(s)" if buttons else ""
             return f"Message sent to {channel}:{chat_id}{media_info}{button_info}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error sending message: {str(e)}")
+            return f"Error sending message: {str(e)}"

nanobot/agent/tools/registry.py

@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@
 import json
 from typing import Any
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool
-
-
-def is_tool_error_result(name: str, result: Any) -> bool:
-    return isinstance(result, ToolResult) and result.is_error
 
 
 class ToolRegistry:
@@ -104,26 +100,22 @@ class ToolRegistry:
             suggestion = self._suggest_name(str(name))
             hint = f" Did you mean '{suggestion}'? Tool names must match exactly." if suggestion else ""
             return None, params, (
-                ToolResult.error(
+                f"Error: Tool '{name}' not found.{hint} Available: {', '.join(self.tool_names)}"
-                    f"Error: Tool '{name}' not found.{hint} Available: {', '.join(self.tool_names)}"
-                )
             )
 
         params = self._coerce_params(tool, params)
         if not isinstance(params, dict):
             return tool, params, (
-                ToolResult.error(
+                f"Error: Tool '{name}' parameters must be a JSON object, got "
-                    f"Error: Tool '{name}' parameters must be a JSON object, got "
+                f"{type(params).__name__}. Use named parameters like "
-                    f"{type(params).__name__}. Use named parameters like "
+                'tool_name(param1="value1", param2="value2") matching the tool schema.'
-                    'tool_name(param1="value1", param2="value2") matching the tool schema.'
-                )
             )
 
         cast_params = tool.cast_params(params)
         errors = tool.validate_params(cast_params)
         if errors:
             return tool, cast_params, (
-                ToolResult.error(f"Error: Invalid parameters for tool '{name}': " + "; ".join(errors))
+                f"Error: Invalid parameters for tool '{name}': " + "; ".join(errors)
             )
         return tool, cast_params, None
 
@@ -167,16 +159,16 @@ class ToolRegistry:
         hint = "\n\n[Analyze the error above and try a different approach.]"
         tool, params, error = self.prepare_call(name, params)
         if error:
-            return ToolResult.error(str(error) + hint)
+            return error + hint
 
         try:
             assert tool is not None  # guarded by prepare_call()
             result = await tool.execute(**params)
-            if is_tool_error_result(name, result):
+            if isinstance(result, str) and result.startswith("Error"):
-                return ToolResult.error(str(result) + hint)
+                return result + hint
             return result
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error executing {name}: {str(e)}" + hint)
+            return f"Error executing {name}: {str(e)}" + hint
 
     @property
     def tool_names(self) -> list[str]:

nanobot/agent/tools/search.py

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from contextlib import suppress
 from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
 from typing import Any, Iterable, TypeVar
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import ToolResult
 from nanobot.agent.tools.filesystem import ListDirTool, _FsTool
 
 _DEFAULT_HEAD_LIMIT = 250
@@ -219,12 +218,12 @@ class FindFilesTool(_SearchTool):
         try:
             target = self._resolve(path or ".")
             if not target.exists():
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Path not found: {path}")
+                return f"Error: Path not found: {path}"
             if not (target.is_dir() or target.is_file()):
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Unsupported path: {path}")
+                return f"Error: Unsupported path: {path}"
 
             if sort not in {"path", "modified"}:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: sort must be 'path' or 'modified'")
+                return "Error: sort must be 'path' or 'modified'"
 
             limit = (
                 _DEFAULT_FILE_HEAD_LIMIT
@@ -272,9 +271,9 @@ class FindFilesTool(_SearchTool):
                 result += "\n\n" + note
             return result
         except PermissionError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error finding files: {e}")
+            return f"Error finding files: {e}"
 
 
 class GrepTool(_SearchTool):
@@ -426,16 +425,16 @@ class GrepTool(_SearchTool):
         try:
             target = self._resolve(path or ".")
             if not target.exists():
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Path not found: {path}")
+                return f"Error: Path not found: {path}"
             if not (target.is_dir() or target.is_file()):
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Unsupported path: {path}")
+                return f"Error: Unsupported path: {path}"
 
             flags = re.IGNORECASE if case_insensitive else 0
             try:
                 needle = re.escape(pattern) if fixed_strings else pattern
                 regex = re.compile(needle, flags)
             except re.error as e:
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: invalid regex pattern: {e}")
+                return f"Error: invalid regex pattern: {e}"
 
             if head_limit is not None:
                 limit = None if head_limit == 0 else head_limit
@@ -580,6 +579,6 @@ class GrepTool(_SearchTool):
                 result += "\n\n" + "\n".join(notes)
             return result
         except PermissionError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error searching files: {e}")
+            return f"Error searching files: {e}"

nanobot/agent/tools/self.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.context import ContextAware, RequestContext
 from nanobot.agent.tools.runtime_state import RuntimeState
 from nanobot.config_base import Base
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class MyTool(Tool, ContextAware):
     @staticmethod
     def _validate_key(key: str | None, label: str = "key") -> str | None:
         if not key or not key.strip():
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{label}' cannot be empty or whitespace")
+            return f"Error: '{label}' cannot be empty or whitespace"
         return None
 
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ class MyTool(Tool, ContextAware):
         if action in ("inspect", "check"):
             return self._inspect(key)
         if not self._modify_allowed:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: set is disabled (tools.my.allow_set is false)")
+            return "Error: set is disabled (tools.my.allow_set is false)"
         if action in ("modify", "set"):
             return self._modify(key, value)
         return f"Unknown action: {action}"
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ class MyTool(Tool, ContextAware):
             return self._inspect_all()
         top = key.split(".")[0]
         if top in self._DENIED_ATTRS or top.startswith("__"):
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{top}' is not accessible")
+            return f"Error: '{top}' is not accessible"
         obj, err = self._resolve_path(key)
         if err:
             # "scratchpad" alias for _runtime_vars
@@ -343,12 +343,12 @@ class MyTool(Tool, ContextAware):
             # Fallback: check _runtime_vars for simple keys stored by modify
             if "." not in key and key in self._runtime_state._runtime_vars:
                 return self._format_value(self._runtime_state._runtime_vars[key], key)
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {err}")
+            return f"Error: {err}"
         # Guard against mock auto-generated attributes
         if "." not in key and not _has_real_attr(self._runtime_state, key):
             if key in self._runtime_state._runtime_vars:
                 return self._format_value(self._runtime_state._runtime_vars[key], key)
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' not found")
+            return f"Error: '{key}' not found"
         return self._format_value(obj, key)
 
     def _inspect_all(self) -> str:
@@ -379,21 +379,21 @@ class MyTool(Tool, ContextAware):
         top = key.split(".")[0]
         if top in self.BLOCKED or top in self._DENIED_ATTRS or top.startswith("__") or top.lower() in self._SENSITIVE_NAMES:
             self._audit("modify", f"BLOCKED {key}")
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' is protected and cannot be modified")
+            return f"Error: '{key}' is protected and cannot be modified"
         if top in self.READ_ONLY:
             self._audit("modify", f"READ_ONLY {key}")
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' is read-only and cannot be modified")
+            return f"Error: '{key}' is read-only and cannot be modified"
         if "." in key:
             parent_path, leaf = key.rsplit(".", 1)
             if leaf in self._DENIED_ATTRS or leaf.startswith("__"):
                 self._audit("modify", f"BLOCKED leaf '{leaf}'")
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{leaf}' is not accessible")
+                return f"Error: '{leaf}' is not accessible"
             if leaf.lower() in self._SENSITIVE_NAMES:
                 self._audit("modify", f"BLOCKED sensitive leaf '{leaf}'")
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{leaf}' is not accessible")
+                return f"Error: '{leaf}' is not accessible"
             parent, err = self._resolve_path(parent_path)
             if err:
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {err}")
+                return f"Error: {err}"
             if isinstance(parent, dict):
                 parent[leaf] = value
             else:
@@ -408,11 +408,11 @@ class MyTool(Tool, ContextAware):
 
     def _modify_model_preset(self, value: Any) -> str:
         if not isinstance(value, str) or not value.strip():
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: 'model_preset' must be a non-empty string")
+            return "Error: 'model_preset' must be a non-empty string"
         name = value.strip()
         result = self._modify_free("model_preset", name)
-        if isinstance(result, ToolResult) and result.is_error:
+        if result.startswith("Error:"):
-            return result if result.endswith((".", "!", "?")) else ToolResult.error(f"{result}.")
+            return result if result.endswith((".", "!", "?")) else f"{result}."
         return (
             f"{result}; model is now {self._runtime_state.model!r}; "
             f"context_window_tokens is now {self._runtime_state.context_window_tokens!r}"
@@ -422,19 +422,19 @@ class MyTool(Tool, ContextAware):
         spec = self.RESTRICTED[key]
         expected = spec["type"]
         if expected is int and isinstance(value, bool):
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' must be {expected.__name__}, got bool")
+            return f"Error: '{key}' must be {expected.__name__}, got bool"
         if not isinstance(value, expected):
             try:
                 value = expected(value)
             except (ValueError, TypeError):
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' must be {expected.__name__}, got {type(value).__name__}")
+                return f"Error: '{key}' must be {expected.__name__}, got {type(value).__name__}"
         old = getattr(self._runtime_state, key)
         if "min" in spec and value < spec["min"]:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' must be >= {spec['min']}")
+            return f"Error: '{key}' must be >= {spec['min']}"
         if "max" in spec and value > spec["max"]:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' must be <= {spec['max']}")
+            return f"Error: '{key}' must be <= {spec['max']}"
         if "min_len" in spec and len(str(value)) < spec["min_len"]:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' must be at least {spec['min_len']} characters")
+            return f"Error: '{key}' must be at least {spec['min_len']} characters"
         setattr(self._runtime_state, key, value)
         if key == "model":
             self._runtime_state._active_preset = None
@@ -458,25 +458,25 @@ class MyTool(Tool, ContextAware):
                         "modify",
                         f"REJECTED type mismatch {key}: expects {old_t.__name__}, got {new_t.__name__}",
                     )
-                    return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' expects {old_t.__name__}, got {new_t.__name__}")
+                    return f"Error: '{key}' expects {old_t.__name__}, got {new_t.__name__}"
             try:
                 setattr(self._runtime_state, key, value)
             except (ValueError, KeyError) as e:
                 message = str(e.args[0] if isinstance(e, KeyError) and e.args else e).strip('"')
                 self._audit("modify", f"REJECTED {key}: {message}")
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {message}")
+                return f"Error: {message}"
             self._audit("modify", f"{key}: {old!r} -> {value!r}")
             return f"Set {key} = {value!r} (was {old!r})"
         if callable(value):
             self._audit("modify", f"REJECTED callable {key}")
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: cannot store callable values")
+            return "Error: cannot store callable values"
         err = self._validate_json_safe(value)
         if err:
             self._audit("modify", f"REJECTED {key}: {err}")
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {err}")
+            return f"Error: {err}"
         if key not in self._runtime_state._runtime_vars and len(self._runtime_state._runtime_vars) >= self._MAX_RUNTIME_KEYS:
             self._audit("modify", f"REJECTED {key}: max keys ({self._MAX_RUNTIME_KEYS}) reached")
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: scratchpad is full (max {self._MAX_RUNTIME_KEYS} keys). Remove unused keys first.")
+            return f"Error: scratchpad is full (max {self._MAX_RUNTIME_KEYS} keys). Remove unused keys first."
         old = self._runtime_state._runtime_vars.get(key)
         self._runtime_state._runtime_vars[key] = value
         self._audit("modify", f"scratchpad.{key}: {old!r} -> {value!r}")

nanobot/agent/tools/shell.py

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import re
 import shutil
 import sys
 from contextlib import suppress
-from copy import deepcopy
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ from typing import Any
 from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import Field
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Schema, Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.context import current_request_session_key
 from nanobot.agent.tools.exec_session import (
     DEFAULT_EXEC_SESSION_MANAGER,
@@ -74,55 +73,51 @@ class _PreparedCommand:
     login: bool
 
 
-_EXEC_TOOL_PARAMETERS = tool_parameters_schema(
+@tool_parameters(
-    command=StringSchema("The shell command to execute"),
+    tool_parameters_schema(
-    working_dir=StringSchema("Optional working directory for the command"),
+        command=StringSchema("The shell command to execute"),
-    timeout=IntegerSchema(
+        cmd=StringSchema("Compatibility alias for command"),
-        60,
+        working_dir=StringSchema("Optional working directory for the command"),
-        description=(
+        workdir=StringSchema("Compatibility alias for working_dir"),
-            "Timeout in seconds. Increase for long-running commands "
+        timeout=IntegerSchema(
-            "like compilation or installation (default 60, max 600)."
+            60,
+            description=(
+                "Timeout in seconds. Increase for long-running commands "
+                "like compilation or installation (default 60, max 600)."
+            ),
+            minimum=1,
+            maximum=600,
         ),
-        minimum=1,
+        shell=StringSchema(
-        maximum=600,
+            "Optional shell binary to launch. On Unix, supports sh, bash, or zsh.",
-    ),
+            nullable=True,
-    shell=StringSchema(
-        "Optional shell binary to launch. On Unix, supports sh, bash, or zsh.",
-        nullable=True,
-    ),
-    login=BooleanSchema(
-        description="Whether to run bash/zsh with login shell semantics (default false).",
-        default=False,
-        nullable=True,
-    ),
-    yield_time_ms=IntegerSchema(
-        description=(
-            "Optional milliseconds to wait before returning output. "
-            "When set, a still-running command returns a session_id that "
-            "can be polled or written to with write_stdin. Omit this field "
-            "to keep one-shot exec behavior."
         ),
-        minimum=0,
+        login=BooleanSchema(
-        maximum=MAX_YIELD_MS,
+            description="Whether to run bash/zsh with login shell semantics (default false).",
-        nullable=True,
+            default=False,
-    ),
+            nullable=True,
-    max_output_chars=IntegerSchema(
-        description=(
-            "Maximum output characters to return when yield_time_ms is used "
-            "(default 10000, max 50000)."
         ),
-        minimum=1000,
+        yield_time_ms=IntegerSchema(
-        maximum=MAX_OUTPUT_CHARS,
+            description=(
-        nullable=True,
+                "Optional milliseconds to wait before returning output. "
-    ),
+                "When set, a still-running command returns a session_id that "
-)
+                "can be polled or written to with write_stdin. Omit this field "
-
+                "to keep one-shot exec behavior."
-_EXEC_TOOL_COMPAT_PARAMETERS = deepcopy(_EXEC_TOOL_PARAMETERS)
+            ),
-_EXEC_TOOL_COMPAT_PARAMETERS["properties"].update(
+            minimum=0,
-    {
+            maximum=MAX_YIELD_MS,
-        "cmd": StringSchema("Compatibility alias for command").to_json_schema(),
+            nullable=True,
-        "workdir": StringSchema("Compatibility alias for working_dir").to_json_schema(),
+        ),
-        "max_output_tokens": IntegerSchema(
+        max_output_chars=IntegerSchema(
+            description=(
+                "Maximum output characters to return when yield_time_ms is used "
+                "(default 10000, max 50000)."
+            ),
+            minimum=1000,
+            maximum=MAX_OUTPUT_CHARS,
+            nullable=True,
+        ),
+        max_output_tokens=IntegerSchema(
             description=(
                 "Compatibility alias for max_output_chars. The current runtime "
                 "uses a character budget."
@@ -130,12 +125,9 @@ _EXEC_TOOL_COMPAT_PARAMETERS["properties"].update(
             minimum=1000,
             maximum=MAX_OUTPUT_CHARS,
             nullable=True,
-        ).to_json_schema(),
+        ),
-    }
+    )
 )
-
-
-@tool_parameters(_EXEC_TOOL_PARAMETERS)
 class ExecTool(Tool):
     """Tool to execute shell commands."""
     _scopes = {"core", "subagent"}
@@ -252,18 +244,6 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
     def exclusive(self) -> bool:
         return True
 
-    def cast_params(self, params: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        return self._cast_object(params, _EXEC_TOOL_COMPAT_PARAMETERS)
-
-    def validate_params(self, params: dict[str, Any]) -> list[str]:
-        if not isinstance(params, dict):
-            return [f"parameters must be an object, got {type(params).__name__}"]
-        return Schema.validate_json_schema_value(
-            params,
-            {**_EXEC_TOOL_COMPAT_PARAMETERS, "type": "object"},
-            "",
-        )
-
     async def execute(
         self, command: str | None = None, cmd: str | None = None,
         working_dir: str | None = None, workdir: str | None = None,
@@ -276,7 +256,7 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
         command = command or cmd
         working_dir = working_dir or workdir
         if not command:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: Missing command. Provide command or cmd.")
+            return "Error: Missing command. Provide command or cmd."
         if max_output_chars is None:
             max_output_chars = max_output_tokens
 
@@ -303,7 +283,7 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
                 )
             except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                 await self._kill_process(process)
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Command timed out after {prepared.timeout} seconds")
+                return f"Error: Command timed out after {prepared.timeout} seconds"
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 await self._kill_process(process)
                 raise
@@ -334,7 +314,7 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
             return result
 
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error executing command: {str(e)}")
+            return f"Error executing command: {str(e)}"
 
     async def _execute_session(
         self,
@@ -359,10 +339,9 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
                     MAX_OUTPUT_CHARS,
                 ),
             )
-            result = format_session_poll(session_id, poll)
+            return format_session_poll(session_id, poll)
-            return ToolResult.error(result) if poll.timed_out else result
         except Exception as exc:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error executing command: {exc}")
+            return f"Error executing command: {exc}"
 
     def _resolve_timeout(self, timeout: int | None) -> int | None:
         """Resolve the effective hard timeout in seconds (None = no limit).
@@ -404,12 +383,12 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
                 requested = Path(cwd).expanduser().resolve()
                 resolved_root = Path(workspace_root).expanduser().resolve()
             except Exception:
-                return ToolResult.error(
+                return (
                     "Error: working_dir could not be resolved"
                     + _WORKSPACE_BOUNDARY_NOTE
                 )
             if not is_path_within(requested, resolved_root):
-                return ToolResult.error(
+                return (
                     "Error: working_dir is outside the configured workspace"
                     + _WORKSPACE_BOUNDARY_NOTE
                 )
@@ -525,24 +504,24 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
         if not shell:
             return None, None
         if _IS_WINDOWS:
-            return None, ToolResult.error("Error: shell parameter is not supported on Windows")
+            return None, "Error: shell parameter is not supported on Windows"
         if "\0" in shell or "\n" in shell or "\r" in shell:
-            return None, ToolResult.error("Error: shell contains invalid characters")
+            return None, "Error: shell contains invalid characters"
         allowed = {"sh", "bash", "zsh"}
         path = Path(shell).expanduser()
         if path.is_absolute():
             if path.name not in allowed:
-                return None, ToolResult.error(f"Error: unsupported shell {shell!r}. Allowed: bash, sh, zsh")
+                return None, f"Error: unsupported shell {shell!r}. Allowed: bash, sh, zsh"
             if not path.is_file() or not os.access(path, os.X_OK):
-                return None, ToolResult.error(f"Error: shell is not executable: {shell}")
+                return None, f"Error: shell is not executable: {shell}"
             return str(path), None
         if "/" in shell or "\\" in shell:
-            return None, ToolResult.error("Error: shell must be a shell name or absolute path")
+            return None, "Error: shell must be a shell name or absolute path"
         if shell not in allowed:
-            return None, ToolResult.error(f"Error: unsupported shell {shell!r}. Allowed: bash, sh, zsh")
+            return None, f"Error: unsupported shell {shell!r}. Allowed: bash, sh, zsh"
         resolved = shutil.which(shell)
         if not resolved:
-            return None, ToolResult.error(f"Error: shell not found: {shell}")
+            return None, f"Error: shell not found: {shell}"
         return resolved, None
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -629,10 +608,10 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
         if not explicitly_allowed:
             for pattern in self.deny_patterns:
                 if re.search(pattern, lower):
-                    return ToolResult.error("Error: Command blocked by deny pattern filter")
+                    return "Error: Command blocked by deny pattern filter"
 
             if self.allow_patterns:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: Command blocked by allowlist filter (not in allowlist)")
+                return "Error: Command blocked by allowlist filter (not in allowlist)"
 
         from nanobot.security.network import contains_internal_url
         if contains_internal_url(
@@ -642,12 +621,12 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
             ),
         ):
             # The runner turns this marker into a non-retryable security hint.
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: Command blocked by safety guard (internal/private URL detected)")
+            return "Error: Command blocked by safety guard (internal/private URL detected)"
 
         should_restrict = self.restrict_to_workspace if restrict_to_workspace is None else restrict_to_workspace
         if should_restrict:
             if "..\\" in cmd or "../" in cmd:
-                return ToolResult.error(
+                return (
                     "Error: Command blocked by safety guard (path traversal detected)"
                     + _WORKSPACE_BOUNDARY_NOTE
                 )
@@ -682,7 +661,7 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
                 if not allowed and resolved_workspace is not None:
                     allowed = is_path_within(p, resolved_workspace)
                 if p.is_absolute() and not allowed:
-                    return ToolResult.error(
+                    return (
                         "Error: Command blocked by safety guard (path outside working dir)"
                         + _WORKSPACE_BOUNDARY_NOTE
                     )

nanobot/agent/tools/spawn.py

@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ class SpawnTool(Tool, ContextAware):
         return (
             "Spawn a subagent to handle a task in the background. "
             "Use this for complex or time-consuming tasks that can run independently. "
+            "For MapReduce-style work, spawn only independent map slices with clear "
+            "boundaries; keep reduction, conflict resolution, and final user-facing "
+            "synthesis in the main agent. "
             "The subagent will complete the task and report back when done. "
             "For deliverables or existing projects, inspect the workspace first "
             "and use a dedicated subdirectory when helpful."

nanobot/agent/tools/web.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import httpx
 from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import Field
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult, tool_parameters
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, tool_parameters
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import (
     BooleanSchema,
     IntegerSchema,
@@ -395,13 +395,13 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
         elif provider == "keenable":
             return await self._search_keenable(query, n)
         else:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: unknown search provider '{provider}'")
+            return f"Error: unknown search provider '{provider}'"
 
     async def _search_olostep(self, query: str, n: int) -> str:
         try:
             from olostep import AsyncOlostep, Olostep_BaseError
         except ImportError:
-            return ToolResult.error("Error: olostep package not installed. Run: pip install olostep")
+            return "Error: olostep package not installed. Run: pip install olostep"
         api_key = self.config.api_key or os.environ.get("OLOSTEP_API_KEY", "")
         if not api_key:
             logger.warning("OLOSTEP_API_KEY not set, falling back to DuckDuckGo")
@@ -445,9 +445,9 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             items = [{"title": answer_text or "Olostep answer", "url": "", "content": "\n".join(source_lines)}]
             return _format_results(query, items, n)
         except Olostep_BaseError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Olostep search error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
+            return f"Olostep search error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Olostep search error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
+            return f"Olostep search error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}"
 
     async def _search_brave(self, query: str, n: int) -> str:
         api_key = self.config.api_key or os.environ.get("BRAVE_API_KEY", "")
@@ -481,13 +481,13 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             return _format_results(query, items, n)
         except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
             if e.response.status_code == 429:
-                return ToolResult.error(
+                return (
                     "Error: Brave search rate limited after retry. "
                     "Retry later or reduce consecutive web_search calls."
                 )
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
 
     async def _search_tavily(self, query: str, n: int) -> str:
         api_key = self.config.api_key or os.environ.get("TAVILY_API_KEY", "")
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
                 r.raise_for_status()
             return _format_results(query, r.json().get("results", []), n)
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
 
     async def _search_keenable(self, query: str, n: int) -> str:
         api_key = self.config.api_key or os.environ.get("KEENABLE_API_KEY", "")
@@ -540,10 +540,10 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             return _format_results(query, items, n)
         except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
             if e.response.status_code == 429:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: Keenable search rate limited. Try again later or reduce search frequency.")
+                return "Error: Keenable search rate limited. Try again later or reduce search frequency."
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Keenable search failed ({e.response.status_code}): {e}")
+            return f"Error: Keenable search failed ({e.response.status_code}): {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Keenable search failed: {e}")
+            return f"Error: Keenable search failed: {e}"
 
     async def _search_searxng(self, query: str, n: int) -> str:
         base_url = (self.config.base_url or os.environ.get("SEARXNG_BASE_URL", "")).strip()
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
         endpoint = f"{base_url.rstrip('/')}/search"
         is_valid, error_msg = _validate_url(endpoint)
         if not is_valid:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: invalid SearXNG URL: {error_msg}")
+            return f"Error: invalid SearXNG URL: {error_msg}"
         try:
             async with httpx.AsyncClient(proxy=self.proxy) as client:
                 r = await client.get(
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
                 r.raise_for_status()
             return _format_results(query, r.json().get("results", []), n)
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
 
     async def _search_jina(self, query: str, n: int) -> str:
         api_key = self.config.api_key or os.environ.get("JINA_API_KEY", "")
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             ]
             return _format_results(query, items, n)
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
 
     async def _search_exa(self, query: str, n: int) -> str:
         api_key = self.config.api_key or os.environ.get("EXA_API_KEY", "")
@@ -663,10 +663,10 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             return _format_results(query, items, n)
         except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
             if e.response.status_code == 429:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: Exa search rate limited. Try again later or reduce search frequency.")
+                return "Error: Exa search rate limited. Try again later or reduce search frequency."
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Exa search failed ({e.response.status_code}): {e}")
+            return f"Error: Exa search failed ({e.response.status_code}): {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Exa search failed: {e}")
+            return f"Error: Exa search failed: {e}"
 
     async def _search_volcengine(
         self,
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             normalized_time_range = _normalize_volcengine_time_range(time_range) if time_range else None
             normalized_auth_level = _normalize_volcengine_auth_level(auth_level) if auth_level is not None else None
         except ValueError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
 
         body: dict[str, Any] = {
             "Query": query,
@@ -723,18 +723,18 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             data = r.json()
         except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
             if e.response.status_code == 429:
-                return ToolResult.error("Error: Volcengine search rate limited. Try again later or reduce search frequency.")
+                return "Error: Volcengine search rate limited. Try again later or reduce search frequency."
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Volcengine search failed ({e.response.status_code}): {e}")
+            return f"Error: Volcengine search failed ({e.response.status_code}): {e}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Volcengine search failed: {e}")
+            return f"Error: Volcengine search failed: {e}"
 
         error = (data.get("ResponseMetadata") or {}).get("Error") or data.get("Error") or data.get("error")
         if error:
             if isinstance(error, dict):
                 code = error.get("Code") or error.get("code") or "unknown"
                 message = error.get("Message") or error.get("message") or error
-                return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Volcengine search error {code}: {message}")
+                return f"Error: Volcengine search error {code}: {message}"
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Volcengine search error: {error}")
+            return f"Error: Volcengine search error: {error}"
 
         result = data.get("Result") or data
         web_results = result.get("WebResults") or result.get("webResults") or result.get("results") or []
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             return _format_results(query, items, n)
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warning("DuckDuckGo search failed: {}", e)
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: DuckDuckGo search failed ({e})")
+            return f"Error: DuckDuckGo search failed ({e})"
 
     async def _search_bocha(self, query: str, n: int, freshness: str = "noLimit") -> str:
         api_key = self.config.api_key or os.environ.get("BOCHA_API_KEY", "")
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
                     timeout=self.config.timeout,
                 )
                 if r.status_code == 429:
-                    return ToolResult.error("Error: Bocha search rate-limited (HTTP 429). Wait and retry.")
+                    return "Error: Bocha search rate-limited (HTTP 429). Wait and retry."
                 r.raise_for_status()
             data = r.json()
             wrapped_data = data.get("data") if isinstance(data, dict) else None
@@ -839,9 +839,9 @@ class WebSearchTool(Tool):
             ]
             return _format_results(query, items, n)
         except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Bocha search HTTP {e.response.status_code}: {e.response.text[:200]}")
+            return f"Error: Bocha search HTTP {e.response.status_code}: {e.response.text[:200]}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+            return f"Error: {e}"
 
 
 @tool_parameters(

nanobot/api/server.py

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 import contextlib
-import hmac
 import json as _json
 import time
 import uuid
@@ -393,10 +392,7 @@ async def handle_health(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
 
 
 def create_app(
-    agent_loop,
+    agent_loop, model_name: str = "nanobot", request_timeout: float = 120.0
-    model_name: str = "nanobot",
-    request_timeout: float = 120.0,
-    api_key: str = "",
 ) -> web.Application:
     """Create the aiohttp application.
 
@@ -404,7 +400,6 @@ def create_app(
         agent_loop: An initialized AgentLoop instance.
         model_name: Model name reported in responses.
         request_timeout: Per-request timeout in seconds.
-        api_key: Optional API key for Bearer-token authentication.
     """
     app = web.Application(client_max_size=20 * 1024 * 1024)  # 20MB for base64 images
     app["agent_loop"] = agent_loop
@@ -412,22 +407,6 @@ def create_app(
     app["request_timeout"] = request_timeout
     app["session_locks"] = {}  # per-user locks, keyed by session_key
 
-    @web.middleware
-    async def auth_middleware(request: web.Request, handler) -> web.StreamResponse:
-        if not api_key:
-            return await handler(request)
-        # Allow unauthenticated health checks.
-        if request.path == "/health":
-            return await handler(request)
-        auth = request.headers.get("Authorization", "")
-        if not auth.startswith("Bearer "):
-            return _error_json(401, "Missing Authorization header. Use: Bearer <api_key>")
-        if not hmac.compare_digest(auth[len("Bearer "):], api_key):
-            return _error_json(401, "Invalid API key")
-        return await handler(request)
-
-    app.middlewares.append(auth_middleware)
-
     app.router.add_post("/v1/chat/completions", handle_chat_completions)
     app.router.add_get("/v1/models", handle_models)
     app.router.add_get("/health", handle_health)

nanobot/bus/events.py

@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing import Any
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import OutboundEvent
 
 # Optional ``OutboundMessage.metadata`` key for structured, channel-agnostic UI
 # payloads. Value is JSON-serializable with at least ``kind``; rich clients may
@@ -42,9 +39,9 @@ class InboundMessage:
 class OutboundMessage:
     """Message to send to a chat channel.
 
-    ``event`` carries internal runtime/UI semantics. ``metadata`` is reserved
+    ``metadata`` can carry routing (``message_id``, …), trace flags (``_progress``),
-    for channel routing context (``message_id``, thread ids, etc.) and optional
+    and optional ``OUTBOUND_META_AGENT_UI`` blobs for rich clients; non-WebUI
-    ``OUTBOUND_META_AGENT_UI`` blobs for rich clients.
+    channels may ignore unknown keys.
     """
 
     channel: str
@@ -54,4 +51,3 @@ class OutboundMessage:
     media: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
     metadata: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
     buttons: list[list[str]] = field(default_factory=list)
-    event: "OutboundEvent | None" = None

nanobot/bus/outbound_events.py

@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-"""Typed outbound events carried by :class:`OutboundMessage`.
-
-The message bus still transports :class:`nanobot.bus.events.OutboundMessage`
-because channels need chat routing fields. Runtime/UI semantics live on the
-message's explicit ``event`` field rather than in reserved metadata flags.
-"""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-from collections.abc import Mapping
-from dataclasses import dataclass, replace
-from typing import Any
-
-from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-
-
-class OutboundEvent:
-    """Marker base for internal outbound runtime events."""
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class ProgressEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    content: str = ""
-    tool_hint: bool = False
-    reasoning: bool = False
-    reasoning_delta: bool = False
-    reasoning_end: bool = False
-    stream_id: str | None = None
-    tool_events: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None
-    file_edit_events: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class RetryWaitEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    content: str = ""
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class StreamDeltaEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    content: str = ""
-    stream_id: str | None = None
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class StreamEndEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    content: str = ""
-    stream_id: str | None = None
-    resuming: bool = False
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class StreamedResponseEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    pass
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class TurnEndEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    latency_ms: int | None = None
-    goal_state: dict[str, Any] | None = None
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class GoalStatusEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    status: str
-    started_at: float | None = None
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class GoalStateSyncEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    goal_state: dict[str, Any]
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class SessionUpdatedEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    scope: str | None = None
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent(OutboundEvent):
-    model: str | None
-    model_preset: str | None = None
-
-
-def outbound_message_for_event(
-    *,
-    channel: str,
-    chat_id: str,
-    event: OutboundEvent,
-    content: str | None = None,
-    metadata: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
-) -> OutboundMessage:
-    """Build an :class:`OutboundMessage` for a typed event."""
-
-    return OutboundMessage(
-        channel=channel,
-        chat_id=chat_id,
-        content=_event_content(event) if content is None else content,
-        event=event,
-        metadata=dict(metadata or {}),
-    )
-
-
-def outbound_event_from_message(msg: OutboundMessage) -> OutboundEvent | None:
-    """Return the typed outbound event carried by *msg*, if any."""
-
-    if msg.event is not None:
-        return msg.event
-    return _legacy_event_from_metadata(msg)
-
-
-def replace_outbound_event(
-    msg: OutboundMessage,
-    event: OutboundEvent,
-    *,
-    content: str | None = None,
-) -> OutboundMessage:
-    """Return *msg* with a new event and optional content."""
-
-    return replace(
-        msg,
-        content=_event_content(event) if content is None else content,
-        event=event,
-    )
-
-
-def _event_content(event: OutboundEvent) -> str:
-    if isinstance(event, ProgressEvent | RetryWaitEvent | StreamDeltaEvent | StreamEndEvent):
-        return event.content
-    return ""
-
-
-def _legacy_event_from_metadata(msg: OutboundMessage) -> OutboundEvent | None:
-    """Bridge pre-typed outbound metadata flags into typed events.
-
-    New code should set ``OutboundMessage.event`` directly. The fallback keeps
-    older in-process extensions and channel plugins from losing runtime events
-    while they migrate off reserved metadata flags.
-    """
-
-    meta = msg.metadata or {}
-    if meta.get("_runtime_model_updated"):
-        return RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent(
-            model=_metadata_str(meta, "model"),
-            model_preset=_metadata_str(meta, "model_preset"),
-        )
-    if meta.get("_goal_state_sync"):
-        goal_state = meta.get("goal_state")
-        return GoalStateSyncEvent(goal_state if isinstance(goal_state, dict) else {"active": False})
-    if meta.get("_goal_status"):
-        status = meta.get("goal_status")
-        if not isinstance(status, str) or not status:
-            return None
-        return GoalStatusEvent(
-            status=status,
-            started_at=_metadata_float(meta, "started_at", "goal_started_at"),
-        )
-    if meta.get("_turn_end"):
-        goal_state = meta.get("goal_state")
-        return TurnEndEvent(
-            latency_ms=_metadata_int(meta, "latency_ms"),
-            goal_state=goal_state if isinstance(goal_state, dict) else None,
-        )
-    if meta.get("_session_updated"):
-        return SessionUpdatedEvent(scope=_metadata_str(meta, "_session_update_scope"))
-    if meta.get("_retry_wait"):
-        return RetryWaitEvent(content=msg.content)
-    if meta.get("_stream_end"):
-        return StreamEndEvent(
-            content=msg.content,
-            stream_id=_metadata_str(meta, "_stream_id"),
-            resuming=bool(meta.get("_resuming")),
-        )
-    if meta.get("_stream_delta"):
-        return StreamDeltaEvent(
-            content=msg.content,
-            stream_id=_metadata_str(meta, "_stream_id"),
-        )
-    if meta.get("_streamed"):
-        return StreamedResponseEvent()
-    if (
-        meta.get("_progress")
-        or meta.get("_reasoning_delta")
-        or meta.get("_reasoning_end")
-        or meta.get("_reasoning")
-        or meta.get("_file_edit_events")
-        or meta.get("_tool_events")
-    ):
-        tool_events = meta.get("_tool_events")
-        file_edit_events = meta.get("_file_edit_events")
-        return ProgressEvent(
-            content=msg.content,
-            tool_hint=bool(meta.get("_tool_hint")),
-            reasoning=bool(meta.get("_reasoning")),
-            reasoning_delta=bool(meta.get("_reasoning_delta")),
-            reasoning_end=bool(meta.get("_reasoning_end")),
-            stream_id=_metadata_str(meta, "_stream_id"),
-            tool_events=tool_events if isinstance(tool_events, list) else None,
-            file_edit_events=file_edit_events if isinstance(file_edit_events, list) else None,
-        )
-    return None
-
-
-def _metadata_str(meta: Mapping[str, Any], key: str) -> str | None:
-    value = meta.get(key)
-    return value if isinstance(value, str) and value else None
-
-
-def _metadata_int(meta: Mapping[str, Any], key: str) -> int | None:
-    value = meta.get(key)
-    if isinstance(value, bool):
-        return None
-    if isinstance(value, int):
-        return value
-    if isinstance(value, float) and value.is_integer():
-        return int(value)
-    return None
-
-
-def _metadata_float(meta: Mapping[str, Any], *keys: str) -> float | None:
-    for key in keys:
-        value = meta.get(key)
-        if isinstance(value, bool):
-            continue
-        if isinstance(value, int | float):
-            return float(value)
-    return None

nanobot/bus/progress.py

@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
 from typing import Any
 
-from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
+from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent, outbound_message_for_event
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 
 
@@ -30,19 +29,23 @@ def build_bus_progress_callback(
         reasoning: bool = False,
         reasoning_end: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
+        meta = dict(msg.metadata or {})
+        meta["_progress"] = True
+        meta["_tool_hint"] = tool_hint
+        if reasoning:
+            meta["_reasoning_delta"] = True
+        if reasoning_end:
+            meta["_reasoning_end"] = True
+        if tool_events:
+            meta["_tool_events"] = tool_events
+        if file_edit_events:
+            meta["_file_edit_events"] = file_edit_events
         await bus.publish_outbound(
-            outbound_message_for_event(
+            OutboundMessage(
                 channel=msg.channel,
                 chat_id=msg.chat_id,
-                event=ProgressEvent(
+                content=content,
-                    content=content,
+                metadata=meta,
-                    tool_hint=tool_hint,
-                    reasoning_delta=reasoning,
-                    reasoning_end=reasoning_end,
-                    tool_events=tool_events,
-                    file_edit_events=file_edit_events,
-                ),
-                metadata=msg.metadata,
             )
         )
 

nanobot/channels/base.py

@@ -101,33 +101,20 @@ class BaseChannel(ABC):
         """
         pass
 
-    async def send_delta(
+    async def send_delta(self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> None:
-        self,
-        chat_id: str,
-        delta: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
-        stream_end: bool = False,
-        resuming: bool = False,
-    ) -> None:
         """Deliver a streaming text chunk.
 
         Override in subclasses to enable streaming. Implementations should
         raise on delivery failure so the channel manager can retry.
 
-        Stateful implementations should key buffers by ``stream_id`` rather
+        Streaming contract: ``_stream_delta`` is a chunk, ``_stream_end`` ends
-        than only by ``chat_id`` when it is provided.
+        the current segment, and stateful implementations must key buffers by
+        ``_stream_id`` rather than only by ``chat_id``.
         """
         pass
 
     async def send_reasoning_delta(
-        self,
+        self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
-        chat_id: str,
-        delta: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Stream a chunk of model reasoning/thinking content.
 
@@ -136,17 +123,15 @@ class BaseChannel(ABC):
         subtext, WebUI italic bubble, ...) override to render reasoning
         as a subordinate trace that updates in place as the model thinks.
 
-        Streaming contract mirrors :meth:`send_delta`: stateful implementations
+        Streaming contract mirrors :meth:`send_delta`: ``_reasoning_delta``
-        should key buffers by ``stream_id`` rather than only by ``chat_id``.
+        is a chunk, ``_reasoning_end`` ends the current reasoning segment,
+        and stateful implementations should key buffers by ``_stream_id``
+        rather than only by ``chat_id``.
         """
         return
 
     async def send_reasoning_end(
-        self,
+        self, chat_id: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
-        chat_id: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Mark the end of a reasoning stream segment.
 
@@ -180,18 +165,13 @@ class BaseChannel(ABC):
         """
         if not msg.content:
             return
-        stream_id = getattr(msg.event, "stream_id", None)
+        meta = dict(msg.metadata or {})
-        await self.send_reasoning_delta(
+        meta.setdefault("_reasoning_delta", True)
-            msg.chat_id,
+        await self.send_reasoning_delta(msg.chat_id, msg.content, meta)
-            msg.content,
+        end_meta = dict(meta)
-            msg.metadata,
+        end_meta.pop("_reasoning_delta", None)
-            stream_id=stream_id,
+        end_meta["_reasoning_end"] = True
-        )
+        await self.send_reasoning_end(msg.chat_id, end_meta)
-        await self.send_reasoning_end(
-            msg.chat_id,
-            msg.metadata,
-            stream_id=stream_id,
-        )
 
     @property
     def supports_streaming(self) -> bool:

nanobot/channels/discord.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.command.builtin import build_help_text
@@ -459,7 +458,7 @@ class DiscordChannel(BaseChannel):
             self.logger.warning("client not ready; dropping outbound message")
             return
 
-        is_progress = isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent)
+        is_progress = bool((msg.metadata or {}).get("_progress"))
 
         try:
             await client.send_outbound(msg)
@@ -472,14 +471,7 @@ class DiscordChannel(BaseChannel):
                 await self._clear_reactions(msg.chat_id)
 
     async def send_delta(
-        self,
+        self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
-        chat_id: str,
-        delta: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
-        stream_end: bool = False,
-        resuming: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """Progressive Discord delivery: send once, then edit until the stream ends."""
         client = self._client
@@ -487,7 +479,10 @@ class DiscordChannel(BaseChannel):
             self.logger.warning("client not ready; dropping stream delta")
             return
 
-        if stream_end:
+        meta = metadata or {}
+        stream_id = meta.get("_stream_id")
+
+        if meta.get("_stream_end"):
             buf = self._stream_bufs.get(chat_id)
             if not buf or buf.message is None or not buf.text:
                 return

nanobot/channels/email.py

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
@@ -219,7 +218,7 @@ class EmailChannel(BaseChannel):
             return
 
         # Skip progress messages to prevent sending an empty email after each tool call
-        if isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent):
+        if (msg.metadata or {}).get("_progress"):
             self.logger.debug("Skip progress message to {}", msg.chat_id)
             return
 

nanobot/channels/feishu.py

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ from rich.panel import Panel
 from rich.text import Text
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
@@ -1798,19 +1797,14 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
         return self._stream_update_text_sync(card_id, content, sequence), sequence
 
     async def send_delta(
-        self,
+        self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
-        chat_id: str,
-        delta: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
-        stream_end: bool = False,
-        resuming: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """Progressive streaming via CardKit: create card on first delta, stream-update on subsequent.
 
         Supported metadata keys:
-            message_id:  Original message id (used with stream end for reaction cleanup).
+            _stream_end: Finalize the streaming card.
+            _tool_hint:  Delta is a formatted tool hint (for display only).
+            message_id:  Original message id (used with _stream_end for reaction cleanup).
             chat_type:   "group" or "p2p" — controls reply-in-thread for streaming cards.
         """
         if not self._client:
@@ -1821,14 +1815,14 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
         rid_type = "chat_id" if chat_id.startswith("oc_") else "open_id"
 
         # --- stream end: final update or fallback ---
-        if stream_end:
+        if meta.get("_stream_end"):
             message_id = meta.get("message_id")
             # Only finalize the OnIt -> DONE reaction transition on the truly
-            # final stream end. resuming=True means the agent will keep
+            # final stream end. _resuming=True means the agent will keep
             # working (more tool-call rounds), so leave the reaction state
             # in place — otherwise the OnIt indicator disappears prematurely
             # and the DONE reaction fires after every tool call.
-            if message_id and not resuming:
+            if message_id and not meta.get("_resuming"):
                 reaction_id = self._reaction_ids.pop(message_id, None)
                 if reaction_id:
                     await self._remove_reaction(message_id, reaction_id)
@@ -1971,9 +1965,7 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
             # Handle tool hint messages.  When a streaming card is active for
             # this chat, inline the hint into the card instead of sending a
             # separate message so the user experience stays cohesive.
-            progress_event = msg.event if isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent) else None
+            if msg.metadata.get("_tool_hint"):
-
-            if progress_event and progress_event.tool_hint:
                 hint = (msg.content or "").strip()
                 if not hint:
                     return
@@ -1984,7 +1976,6 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
                     await self.send_delta(
                         msg.chat_id,
                         "\n\n" + self._format_tool_hint_delta(hint) + "\n\n",
-                        metadata=msg.metadata,
                     )
                     return
                 # No active streaming card — send as a regular interactive card
@@ -2018,7 +2009,7 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
             reply_message_id: str | None = None
             _msg_id = msg.metadata.get("message_id")
             has_thread_id = msg.metadata.get("thread_id")
-            if self.config.reply_to_message and progress_event is None:
+            if self.config.reply_to_message and not msg.metadata.get("_progress", False):
                 reply_message_id = _msg_id
             # For topic group messages, always reply to keep context in thread
             elif has_thread_id:

nanobot/channels/manager.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 import hashlib
-import inspect
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from contextlib import suppress
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -13,16 +12,6 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 from loguru import logger
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    ProgressEvent,
-    RetryWaitEvent,
-    RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent,
-    StreamDeltaEvent,
-    StreamedResponseEvent,
-    StreamEndEvent,
-    outbound_event_from_message,
-    replace_outbound_event,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.schema import Config
@@ -277,7 +266,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
 
     def _should_suppress_outbound(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> bool:
         metadata = msg.metadata or {}
-        if isinstance(outbound_event_from_message(msg), ProgressEvent):
+        if metadata.get("_progress"):
             return False
         fingerprint = self._fingerprint_content(msg.content)
         if not fingerprint:
@@ -316,59 +305,57 @@ class ChannelManager:
                         timeout=1.0
                     )
 
-                event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
+                if (
-                progress_event = event if isinstance(event, ProgressEvent) else None
+                    msg.metadata.get("_reasoning_delta")
-                if progress_event and (
+                    or msg.metadata.get("_reasoning_end")
-                    progress_event.reasoning_delta
+                    or msg.metadata.get("_reasoning")
-                    or progress_event.reasoning_end
-                    or progress_event.reasoning
                 ):
                     # Reasoning rides its own plugin channel: only delivered
                     # when the destination channel opts in via ``show_reasoning``
                     # and overrides the streaming primitives. Channels without
                     # a low-emphasis UI affordance keep the base no-op and the
-                    # content silently drops here.
+                    # content silently drops here. ``_reasoning`` (one-shot)
+                    # is accepted for backward compatibility with hooks that
+                    # haven't migrated to delta/end yet.
                     channel = self.channels.get(msg.channel)
                     if channel is not None and channel.show_reasoning:
                         await self._send_with_retry(channel, msg)
                     continue
 
-                if progress_event:
+                if msg.metadata.get("_progress"):
-                    if progress_event.tool_hint and not self._should_send_progress(
+                    if msg.metadata.get("_tool_hint") and not self._should_send_progress(
                         msg.channel, tool_hint=True,
                     ):
                         continue
-                    if not progress_event.tool_hint and not self._should_send_progress(
+                    if not msg.metadata.get("_tool_hint") and not self._should_send_progress(
                         msg.channel, tool_hint=False,
                     ):
                         continue
 
-                if isinstance(event, RetryWaitEvent):
+                if msg.metadata.get("_retry_wait"):
                     continue
 
                 if (
-                    isinstance(event, RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent)
+                    msg.metadata.get("_runtime_model_updated")
                     and msg.channel == "websocket"
                     and "websocket" not in self.channels
                 ):
                     continue
 
-                # Coalesce consecutive stream delta messages for the same (channel, chat_id)
+                # Coalesce consecutive _stream_delta messages for the same (channel, chat_id)
                 # to reduce API calls and improve streaming latency
-                if isinstance(event, StreamDeltaEvent):
+                if msg.metadata.get("_stream_delta") and not msg.metadata.get("_stream_end"):
                     msg, extra_pending = self._coalesce_stream_deltas(msg)
                     pending.extend(extra_pending)
-                    event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
 
                 channel = self.channels.get(msg.channel)
                 if channel:
                     # Duplicate suppression is scoped to a known source message
                     # so repeated content from separate turns is still delivered.
                     if (
-                        not isinstance(
+                        not msg.metadata.get("_stream_delta")
-                            event,
+                        and not msg.metadata.get("_stream_end")
-                            StreamDeltaEvent | StreamEndEvent | StreamedResponseEvent,
+                        and not msg.metadata.get("_streamed")
-                        )
                     ):
                         if self._should_suppress_outbound(msg):
                             logger.info("Suppressing duplicate outbound message to {}:{}", msg.channel, msg.chat_id)
@@ -382,116 +369,34 @@ class ChannelManager:
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 break
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def _accepts_keyword(callable_obj: Callable[..., Any], name: str) -> bool:
-        try:
-            signature = inspect.signature(callable_obj)
-        except (TypeError, ValueError):
-            return True
-        return any(
-            parameter.kind is inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD or parameter.name == name
-            for parameter in signature.parameters.values()
-        )
-
-    @classmethod
-    async def _send_reasoning_delta(cls, channel: BaseChannel, msg: OutboundMessage, event: ProgressEvent) -> None:
-        metadata = msg.metadata
-        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
-        if cls._accepts_keyword(channel.send_reasoning_delta, "stream_id"):
-            kwargs["stream_id"] = event.stream_id
-        else:
-            metadata = dict(metadata or {})
-            metadata["_reasoning_delta"] = True
-            if event.stream_id is not None:
-                metadata["_stream_id"] = event.stream_id
-        await channel.send_reasoning_delta(
-            msg.chat_id,
-            msg.content,
-            metadata,
-            **kwargs,
-        )
-
-    @classmethod
-    async def _send_reasoning_end(cls, channel: BaseChannel, msg: OutboundMessage, event: ProgressEvent) -> None:
-        metadata = msg.metadata
-        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
-        if cls._accepts_keyword(channel.send_reasoning_end, "stream_id"):
-            kwargs["stream_id"] = event.stream_id
-        else:
-            metadata = dict(metadata or {})
-            metadata["_reasoning_end"] = True
-            if event.stream_id is not None:
-                metadata["_stream_id"] = event.stream_id
-        await channel.send_reasoning_end(
-            msg.chat_id,
-            metadata,
-            **kwargs,
-        )
-
-    @classmethod
-    async def _send_stream_event(
-        cls,
-        channel: BaseChannel,
-        msg: OutboundMessage,
-        event: StreamDeltaEvent | StreamEndEvent,
-    ) -> None:
-        metadata = msg.metadata
-        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
-        if cls._accepts_keyword(channel.send_delta, "stream_id"):
-            kwargs["stream_id"] = event.stream_id
-        else:
-            metadata = dict(metadata or {})
-            if event.stream_id is not None:
-                metadata["_stream_id"] = event.stream_id
-
-        if isinstance(event, StreamEndEvent):
-            if cls._accepts_keyword(channel.send_delta, "stream_end"):
-                kwargs["stream_end"] = True
-            else:
-                metadata = dict(metadata or {})
-                metadata["_stream_end"] = True
-            if cls._accepts_keyword(channel.send_delta, "resuming"):
-                kwargs["resuming"] = event.resuming
-        elif not kwargs:
-            metadata = dict(metadata or {})
-            metadata["_stream_delta"] = True
-
-        await channel.send_delta(
-            msg.chat_id,
-            msg.content,
-            metadata,
-            **kwargs,
-        )
-
     @staticmethod
     async def _send_once(channel: BaseChannel, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
         """Send one outbound message without retry policy."""
-        event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
+        if msg.metadata.get("_reasoning_end"):
-        if isinstance(event, ProgressEvent) and event.reasoning_end:
+            await channel.send_reasoning_end(msg.chat_id, msg.metadata)
-            await ChannelManager._send_reasoning_end(channel, msg, event)
+        elif msg.metadata.get("_reasoning_delta"):
-        elif isinstance(event, ProgressEvent) and event.reasoning_delta:
+            await channel.send_reasoning_delta(msg.chat_id, msg.content, msg.metadata)
-            await ChannelManager._send_reasoning_delta(channel, msg, event)
+        elif msg.metadata.get("_reasoning"):
-        elif isinstance(event, ProgressEvent) and event.reasoning:
+            # Back-compat: one-shot reasoning. BaseChannel translates this
-            # BaseChannel translates one-shot reasoning to a single delta +
+            # to a single delta + end pair so plugins only implement the
-            # end pair so plugins only implement the streaming primitives.
+            # streaming primitives.
             await channel.send_reasoning(msg)
-        elif isinstance(event, ProgressEvent) and event.file_edit_events:
+        elif msg.metadata.get("_file_edit_events"):
+            edits = msg.metadata.get("_file_edit_events")
             await channel.send_file_edit_events(
                 msg.chat_id,
-                event.file_edit_events,
+                edits if isinstance(edits, list) else [],
                 msg.metadata,
             )
-        elif isinstance(event, StreamDeltaEvent):
+        elif msg.metadata.get("_stream_delta") or msg.metadata.get("_stream_end"):
-            await ChannelManager._send_stream_event(channel, msg, event)
+            await channel.send_delta(msg.chat_id, msg.content, msg.metadata)
-        elif isinstance(event, StreamEndEvent):
+        elif not msg.metadata.get("_streamed"):
-            await ChannelManager._send_stream_event(channel, msg, event)
-        elif not isinstance(event, StreamedResponseEvent):
             await channel.send(msg)
 
     def _coalesce_stream_deltas(
         self, first_msg: OutboundMessage
     ) -> tuple[OutboundMessage, list[OutboundMessage]]:
-        """Merge consecutive stream deltas for the same (channel, chat_id, stream_id).
+        """Merge consecutive _stream_delta messages for the same (channel, chat_id, _stream_id).
 
         This reduces the number of API calls when the queue has accumulated multiple
         deltas, which happens when LLM generates faster than the channel can process.
@@ -499,15 +404,10 @@ class ChannelManager:
         Returns:
             tuple of (merged_message, list_of_non_matching_messages)
         """
-        first_event = outbound_event_from_message(first_msg)
+        first_metadata = first_msg.metadata or {}
-        first_stream_id = first_event.stream_id if isinstance(first_event, StreamDeltaEvent) else None
+        target_key = (first_msg.channel, first_msg.chat_id, first_metadata.get("_stream_id"))
-        target_key = (first_msg.channel, first_msg.chat_id, first_stream_id)
         combined_content = first_msg.content
-        final_event: StreamDeltaEvent | StreamEndEvent = (
+        final_metadata = dict(first_msg.metadata or {})
-            first_event
-            if isinstance(first_event, StreamDeltaEvent)
-            else StreamDeltaEvent(stream_id=first_stream_id)
-        )
         non_matching: list[OutboundMessage] = []
 
         # Only merge consecutive deltas. As soon as we hit any other message,
@@ -519,29 +419,21 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 break
 
             # Check if this message belongs to the same stream
-            next_event = outbound_event_from_message(next_msg)
+            next_metadata = next_msg.metadata or {}
-            next_stream_id = (
-                next_event.stream_id
-                if isinstance(next_event, StreamDeltaEvent | StreamEndEvent)
-                else None
-            )
             same_target = (
                 next_msg.channel,
                 next_msg.chat_id,
-                next_stream_id,
+                next_metadata.get("_stream_id"),
             ) == target_key
-            is_delta = isinstance(next_event, StreamDeltaEvent)
+            is_delta = next_metadata.get("_stream_delta")
-            is_end = isinstance(next_event, StreamEndEvent)
+            is_end = next_metadata.get("_stream_end")
 
-            if same_target and (is_delta or (is_end and next_msg.content)):
+            if same_target and is_delta and not final_metadata.get("_stream_end"):
                 # Accumulate content
                 combined_content += next_msg.content
-                # If we see stream_end, remember it and stop coalescing this stream
+                # If we see _stream_end, remember it and stop coalescing this stream
-                if isinstance(next_event, StreamEndEvent):
+                if is_end:
-                    final_event = StreamEndEvent(
+                    final_metadata["_stream_end"] = True
-                        stream_id=next_stream_id,
-                        resuming=next_event.resuming,
-                    )
                     # Stream ended - stop coalescing this stream
                     break
             else:
@@ -549,7 +441,12 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 non_matching.append(next_msg)
                 break
 
-        merged = replace_outbound_event(first_msg, final_event, content=combined_content)
+        merged = OutboundMessage(
+            channel=first_msg.channel,
+            chat_id=first_msg.chat_id,
+            content=combined_content,
+            metadata=final_metadata,
+        )
         return merged, non_matching
 
     async def _send_with_retry(self, channel: BaseChannel, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:

nanobot/channels/matrix.py

@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ except ImportError as e:
     ) from e
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_data_dir, get_media_dir
@@ -505,7 +504,7 @@ class MatrixChannel(BaseChannel):
         text = msg.content or ""
         candidates = self._collect_outbound_media_candidates(msg.media)
         relates_to = self._build_thread_relates_to(msg.metadata)
-        is_progress = isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent)
+        is_progress = bool((msg.metadata or {}).get("_progress"))
         try:
             failures: list[str] = []
             if candidates:
@@ -529,19 +528,11 @@ class MatrixChannel(BaseChannel):
             if not is_progress:
                 await self._stop_typing_keepalive(msg.chat_id, clear_typing=True)
 
-    async def send_delta(
+    async def send_delta(self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> None:
-        self,
+        meta = metadata or {}
-        chat_id: str,
-        delta: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
-        stream_end: bool = False,
-        resuming: bool = False,
-    ) -> None:
         relates_to = self._build_thread_relates_to(metadata)
 
-        if stream_end:
+        if meta.get("_stream_end"):
             buf = self._stream_bufs.pop(chat_id, None)
             if not buf or not buf.event_id or not buf.text:
                 return

nanobot/channels/signal.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import httpx
 from pydantic import Field, computed_field, field_validator
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
@@ -540,7 +539,7 @@ class SignalChannel(BaseChannel):
 
     async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
         """Send a message through Signal."""
-        is_progress_message = isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent)
+        is_progress_message = bool(msg.metadata.get("_progress"))
         try:
             plain_text, text_styles = _markdown_to_signal(msg.content)
             if not plain_text and not msg.media:

nanobot/channels/slack.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from slack_sdk.web.async_client import AsyncWebClient
 from slackify_markdown import slackify_markdown
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ class SlackChannel(BaseChannel):
             # only makes sense within the originating conversation.
             thread_ts_param = thread_ts if thread_ts and target_chat_id == origin_chat_id else None
 
-            is_progress = isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent)
+            is_progress = (msg.metadata or {}).get("_progress", False)
             if is_progress and not msg.content:
                 pass  # skip empty progress messages (e.g. tool-event-only updates)
             elif msg.content or not (msg.media or []):
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ class SlackChannel(BaseChannel):
                     self.logger.exception("Failed to upload file {}", media_path)
 
             # Update reaction emoji when the final (non-progress) response is sent
-            if not is_progress:
+            if not (msg.metadata or {}).get("_progress"):
                 event = slack_meta.get("event", {})
                 await self._update_react_emoji(origin_chat_id, event.get("ts"))
 

nanobot/channels/telegram.py

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ from telegram.ext import Application, CallbackQueryHandler, ContextTypes, Messag
 from telegram.request import HTTPXRequest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.command.builtin import build_help_text
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ from nanobot.utils.helpers import split_message
 
 TELEGRAM_MAX_MESSAGE_LEN = 4000  # Telegram message character limit
 # Telegram's actual API limit is 4096; we split raw markdown at 4000 as a
-# safety margin for mid-stream edits (plain text).  On stream end, we split
+# safety margin for mid-stream edits (plain text).  For _stream_end, we split
 # raw markdown into chunks whose rendered HTML fits Telegram's true 4096-char
 # boundary so the final rendered message never overflows.
 TELEGRAM_HTML_MAX_LEN = 4096
@@ -707,10 +706,8 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
             self.logger.warning("bot not running")
             return
 
-        progress_event = msg.event if isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent) else None
-
         # Only stop typing indicator and remove reaction for final responses
-        if progress_event is None:
+        if not msg.metadata.get("_progress", False):
             self._stop_typing(msg.chat_id)
             if reply_to_message_id := msg.metadata.get("message_id"):
                 with suppress(ValueError):
@@ -795,7 +792,7 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
 
         # Send text content
         if msg.content and msg.content != "[empty message]":
-            render_as_blockquote = bool(progress_event and progress_event.tool_hint)
+            render_as_blockquote = bool(msg.metadata.get("_tool_hint"))
             buttons = getattr(msg, "buttons", None) or []
             reply_markup = self._build_keyboard(buttons) if buttons else None
             text = msg.content
@@ -890,23 +887,15 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
     def _is_not_modified_error(exc: Exception) -> bool:
         return isinstance(exc, BadRequest) and "message is not modified" in str(exc).lower()
 
-    async def send_delta(
+    async def send_delta(self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> None:
-        self,
-        chat_id: str,
-        delta: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
-        stream_end: bool = False,
-        resuming: bool = False,
-    ) -> None:
         """Progressive message editing: send on first delta, edit on subsequent ones."""
         if not self._app:
             return
         meta = metadata or {}
         int_chat_id = int(chat_id)
+        stream_id = meta.get("_stream_id")
 
-        if stream_end:
+        if meta.get("_stream_end"):
             buf = self._stream_bufs.get(chat_id)
             if not buf or not buf.message_id or not buf.text:
                 return

nanobot/channels/websocket.py

@@ -19,16 +19,6 @@ from websockets.exceptions import ConnectionClosed
 from websockets.http11 import Request as WsRequest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OUTBOUND_META_AGENT_UI, OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    GoalStateSyncEvent,
-    GoalStatusEvent,
-    ProgressEvent,
-    RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent,
-    SessionUpdatedEvent,
-    TurnEndEvent,
-    outbound_event_from_message,
-    outbound_message_for_event,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
@@ -158,13 +148,16 @@ def publish_runtime_model_update(
     model_preset: str | None,
 ) -> None:
     """Enqueue a runtime model snapshot for websocket subscribers (fan-out in-channel)."""
-    bus.outbound.put_nowait(
+    bus.outbound.put_nowait(OutboundMessage(
-        outbound_message_for_event(
+        channel="websocket",
-            channel="websocket",
+        chat_id="*",
-            chat_id="*",
+        content="",
-            event=RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent(model=model, model_preset=model_preset),
+        metadata={
-        )
+            "_runtime_model_updated": True,
-    )
+            "model": model,
+            "model_preset": model_preset,
+        },
+    ))
 
 
 def _parse_inbound_payload(raw: str) -> str | None:
@@ -858,63 +851,70 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
             raise
 
     async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
-        event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
+        if msg.metadata.get("_runtime_model_updated"):
-        progress_event = event if isinstance(event, ProgressEvent) else None
-        if isinstance(event, RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent):
             await self.send_runtime_model_updated(
-                model_name=event.model,
+                model_name=msg.metadata.get("model"),
-                model_preset=event.model_preset,
+                model_preset=msg.metadata.get("model_preset"),
             )
             return
 
         # Snapshot the subscriber set so ConnectionClosed cleanups mid-iteration are safe.
         conns = list(self._subs.get(msg.chat_id, ()))
         if not conns:
-            if isinstance(
+            if (
-                event,
+                msg.metadata.get("_progress")
-                ProgressEvent
+                or msg.metadata.get("_file_edit_events")
-                | TurnEndEvent
+                or msg.metadata.get("_turn_end")
-                | SessionUpdatedEvent
+                or msg.metadata.get("_session_updated")
-                | GoalStatusEvent
+                or msg.metadata.get("_goal_status")
-                | GoalStateSyncEvent,
+                or msg.metadata.get("_goal_state_sync")
             ):
                 self.logger.debug("no active subscribers for chat_id={}", msg.chat_id)
             else:
                 self.logger.warning("no active subscribers for chat_id={}", msg.chat_id)
-        if isinstance(event, GoalStateSyncEvent):
+        if msg.metadata.get("_goal_state_sync"):
             if conns:
-                await self.send_goal_state(msg.chat_id, event.goal_state or {"active": False})
+                blob = msg.metadata.get("goal_state")
+                await self.send_goal_state(msg.chat_id, blob if isinstance(blob, dict) else {"active": False})
             return
-        if isinstance(event, GoalStatusEvent):
+        if msg.metadata.get("_goal_status"):
             if conns:
-                if event.status in ("running", "idle"):
+                status = msg.metadata.get("goal_status")
+                if status in ("running", "idle"):
+                    started_raw = msg.metadata.get("started_at", msg.metadata.get("goal_started_at"))
                     await self.send_goal_status(
                         msg.chat_id,
-                        event.status,
+                        status,
-                        started_at=event.started_at,
+                        started_at=float(started_raw) if isinstance(started_raw, int | float) else None,
                     )
             return
         # Signal that the agent has fully finished processing the current turn.
-        if isinstance(event, TurnEndEvent):
+        if msg.metadata.get("_turn_end"):
+            lat = msg.metadata.get("latency_ms")
+            lat_i = int(lat) if isinstance(lat, (int, float)) else None
+            gs = msg.metadata.get("goal_state")
+            gs_blob = gs if isinstance(gs, dict) else None
             await self.send_turn_end(
                 msg.chat_id,
-                latency_ms=event.latency_ms,
+                latency_ms=lat_i,
-                goal_state=event.goal_state,
+                goal_state=gs_blob,
                 metadata=msg.metadata,
             )
             await self.send_session_updated(msg.chat_id, scope="thread")
             return
-        if isinstance(event, SessionUpdatedEvent):
+        if msg.metadata.get("_session_updated"):
             if conns:
+                scope = msg.metadata.get("_session_update_scope")
                 await self.send_session_updated(
                     msg.chat_id,
-                    scope=event.scope,
+                    scope=scope if isinstance(scope, str) else None,
                 )
             return
-        if progress_event and progress_event.file_edit_events:
+        if msg.metadata.get("_file_edit_events"):
+            edits = msg.metadata.get("_file_edit_events")
             await self.send_file_edit_events(
                 msg.chat_id,
-                progress_event.file_edit_events,
+                edits if isinstance(edits, list) else [],
                 msg.metadata,
             )
             return
@@ -939,17 +939,17 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
         lat = msg.metadata.get("latency_ms")
         if isinstance(lat, (int, float)):
             payload["latency_ms"] = int(lat)
-        if progress_event and progress_event.tool_events:
+        if msg.metadata.get("_tool_events"):
-            payload["tool_events"] = progress_event.tool_events
+            payload["tool_events"] = msg.metadata["_tool_events"]
         agent_ui = msg.metadata.get(OUTBOUND_META_AGENT_UI)
         if agent_ui is not None:
             payload["agent_ui"] = agent_ui
         # Mark intermediate agent breadcrumbs (tool-call hints, generic
         # progress strings) so WS clients can render them as subordinate
         # trace rows rather than conversational replies.
-        if progress_event and progress_event.tool_hint:
+        if msg.metadata.get("_tool_hint"):
             payload["kind"] = "tool_hint"
-        elif progress_event:
+        elif msg.metadata.get("_progress"):
             payload["kind"] = "progress"
         phase = "activity" if payload.get("kind") in ("tool_hint", "progress") else "answer"
         self._transcripts.prepare_and_append(
@@ -971,8 +971,6 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
         chat_id: str,
         delta: str,
         metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Push one chunk of model reasoning. Mirrors ``send_delta`` shape so
         clients receive a stream that opens, updates in place, and closes —
@@ -988,6 +986,7 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
             "chat_id": chat_id,
             "text": delta,
         }
+        stream_id = meta.get("_stream_id")
         if stream_id is not None:
             body["stream_id"] = stream_id
         self._transcripts.prepare_and_append(
@@ -1006,8 +1005,6 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
         self,
         chat_id: str,
         metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Close the current reasoning stream segment for in-place renderers."""
         conns = list(self._subs.get(chat_id, ()))
@@ -1016,6 +1013,7 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
             "event": "reasoning_end",
             "chat_id": chat_id,
         }
+        stream_id = meta.get("_stream_id")
         if stream_id is not None:
             body["stream_id"] = stream_id
         self._transcripts.prepare_and_append(
@@ -1059,15 +1057,11 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
         chat_id: str,
         delta: str,
         metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
-        stream_end: bool = False,
-        resuming: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         conns = list(self._subs.get(chat_id, ()))
         meta = metadata or {}
-        stream_key = (chat_id, str(stream_id or ""))
+        stream_key = (chat_id, str(meta.get("_stream_id") or ""))
-        if stream_end:
+        if meta.get("_stream_end"):
             body: dict[str, Any] = {"event": "stream_end", "chat_id": chat_id}
             buffered = self._stream_text_buffers.pop(stream_key, [])
             if delta:
@@ -1083,8 +1077,8 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
                 "text": delta,
             }
             self._stream_text_buffers.setdefault(stream_key, []).append(delta)
-        if stream_id is not None:
+        if meta.get("_stream_id") is not None:
-            body["stream_id"] = stream_id
+            body["stream_id"] = meta["_stream_id"]
         self._transcripts.prepare_and_append(
             chat_id,
             body,

nanobot/channels/wecom.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from typing import Any
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
@@ -498,7 +497,7 @@ class WecomChannel(BaseChannel):
 
         try:
             content = (msg.content or "").strip()
-            is_progress = isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent)
+            is_progress = bool(msg.metadata.get("_progress"))
 
             # Get the stored frame for this chat
             frame = self._chat_frames.get(msg.chat_id)

nanobot/channels/weixin.py

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir, get_runtime_subdir
@@ -1102,13 +1101,11 @@ class WeixinChannel(BaseChannel):
             raise RuntimeError("WeChat client not initialized or not authenticated")
         self._assert_session_active()
 
-        event = getattr(msg, "event", None)
+        is_progress = bool((msg.metadata or {}).get("_progress", False))
-        progress_event = event if isinstance(event, ProgressEvent) else None
-        is_progress = progress_event is not None
 
         # Buffer tool hints to coalesce consecutive ones and avoid burning
         # WeChat iLink rate-limit quota (~7 msgs / 5 min).
-        if progress_event and progress_event.tool_hint:
+        if is_progress and (msg.metadata or {}).get("_tool_hint"):
             if not self.send_tool_hints:
                 return
             self._pending_tool_hints.setdefault(msg.chat_id, []).append(msg.content)
@@ -1121,7 +1118,7 @@ class WeixinChannel(BaseChannel):
 
         # Reasoning deltas are invisible in WeChat (there is no reasoning
         # UI).  Skip them entirely — do not send and do not flush buffer.
-        if progress_event and (progress_event.reasoning_delta or progress_event.reasoning):
+        if is_progress and (msg.metadata or {}).get("_reasoning_delta"):
             self.logger.debug(
                 "Dropped invisible reasoning delta for {}", msg.chat_id
             )
@@ -1235,46 +1232,40 @@ class WeixinChannel(BaseChannel):
                     await self._send_typing(msg.chat_id, typing_ticket, TYPING_STATUS_CANCEL)
 
     async def send_delta(
-        self,
+        self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
-        chat_id: str,
-        delta: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        *,
-        stream_id: str | None = None,
-        stream_end: bool = False,
-        resuming: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """Deliver a streamed reply to WeChat.
 
         WeChat iLink has no native incremental delivery, and the manager
         bypasses :meth:`send` for the ``_streamed`` final answer. So we
-        accumulate content deltas and flush the full reply as a single message
+        accumulate the content deltas here and flush the full reply as a
-        at stream end. Reasoning deltas are invisible in WeChat and are dropped.
+        single message at ``_stream_end`` — otherwise a streamed reply would
+        never reach the user. Reasoning deltas are invisible in WeChat and are
+        dropped.
         """
         meta = metadata or {}
         if meta.get("_reasoning_delta") or meta.get("_reasoning"):
             return
-        is_end = stream_end or bool(meta.get("_stream_end"))
+        is_end = meta.get("_stream_end")
-        buffer_key = stream_id or chat_id
+        # Accumulate intermediate deltas. The _stream_end message's own content
-        # Accumulate intermediate deltas. The stream_end message's own content
         # (present when the manager coalesces deltas into the end message) is
         # folded into `full` below instead of appended here, so a send retry
         # recomputes the same `full` from an unchanged buffer rather than
         # double-counting that delta.
         if delta and not is_end:
-            self._stream_buffers.setdefault(buffer_key, []).append(delta)
+            self._stream_buffers.setdefault(chat_id, []).append(delta)
         if not is_end:
             return
-        full = ("".join(self._stream_buffers.get(buffer_key, [])) + (delta or "")).strip()
+        full = ("".join(self._stream_buffers.get(chat_id, [])) + (delta or "")).strip()
         await self._flush_tool_hints(chat_id)
         if full:
             # Send before clearing the buffer: if the send raises, the buffer is
             # left intact so ChannelManager._send_with_retry can re-deliver the
-            # same stream_end message instead of silently losing the reply.
+            # same _stream_end message instead of silently losing the reply.
             await self.send(
                 OutboundMessage(channel=self.name, chat_id=chat_id, content=full)
             )
-        self._stream_buffers.pop(buffer_key, None)
+        self._stream_buffers.pop(chat_id, None)
 
     async def _start_typing(self, chat_id: str, context_token: str = "") -> None:
         """Start typing indicator immediately when a message is received."""

nanobot/cli/commands.py

@@ -50,14 +50,6 @@ from rich.text import Text  # noqa: E402
 
 from nanobot import __logo__, __version__  # noqa: E402
 from nanobot.agent.loop import AgentLoop  # noqa: E402
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (  # noqa: E402
-    ProgressEvent,
-    RetryWaitEvent,
-    StreamDeltaEvent,
-    StreamedResponseEvent,
-    StreamEndEvent,
-    outbound_event_from_message,
-)
 from nanobot.cli.gateway import create_gateway_app  # noqa: E402
 from nanobot.cli.stream import StreamRenderer, ThinkingSpinner  # noqa: E402
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_workspace_path, is_default_workspace  # noqa: E402
@@ -469,25 +461,25 @@ async def _maybe_print_interactive_progress(
     renderer: StreamRenderer | None = None,
     reasoning_buffer: _ReasoningBuffer | None = None,
 ) -> bool:
-    event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
+    metadata = msg.metadata or {}
-    if isinstance(event, RetryWaitEvent):
+    if metadata.get("_retry_wait"):
         await _print_interactive_progress_line(msg.content, thinking, renderer)
         return True
 
-    if not isinstance(event, ProgressEvent):
+    if not metadata.get("_progress"):
         return False
 
     reasoning_buffer = reasoning_buffer or _ReasoningBuffer()
 
-    if event.reasoning_end:
+    if metadata.get("_reasoning_end"):
         if channels_config and not channels_config.show_reasoning:
             reasoning_buffer.clear()
         else:
             _flush_cli_reasoning(reasoning_buffer, thinking, renderer)
         return True
 
-    is_tool_hint = event.tool_hint
+    is_tool_hint = metadata.get("_tool_hint", False)
-    is_reasoning = event.reasoning or event.reasoning_delta
+    is_reasoning = metadata.get("_reasoning", False) or metadata.get("_reasoning_delta", False)
     if is_reasoning:
         if channels_config and not channels_config.show_reasoning:
             reasoning_buffer.clear()
@@ -806,24 +798,14 @@ def serve(
     console.print(f"  [cyan]Model[/cyan]    : {model_name}{preset_tag}")
     console.print("  [cyan]Session[/cyan]  : api:default")
     console.print(f"  [cyan]Timeout[/cyan]  : {timeout}s")
-    api_key = api_cfg.api_key.strip() if api_cfg.api_key else ""
     if host in {"0.0.0.0", "::"}:
-        if not api_key:
-            console.print(
-                "[red]Error: host is 0.0.0.0 (all interfaces) but api_key is not set. "
-                "Set api.api_key in config to prevent unauthenticated access.[/red]"
-            )
-            raise typer.Exit(1)
         console.print(
-            "[yellow]API is bound to all interfaces "
+            "[yellow]Warning:[/yellow] API is bound to all interfaces. "
-            "(authentication required).[/yellow]"
+            "Only do this behind a trusted network boundary, firewall, or reverse proxy."
         )
     console.print()
 
-    api_app = create_app(
+    api_app = create_app(agent_loop, model_name=model_name, request_timeout=timeout)
-        agent_loop, model_name=model_name, request_timeout=timeout,
-        api_key=api_key,
-    )
 
     async def on_startup(_app):
         await agent_loop._connect_mcp()
@@ -1464,7 +1446,7 @@ def agent(
             bus_task = asyncio.create_task(agent_loop.run())
             turn_done = asyncio.Event()
             turn_done.set()
-            turn_response: list[Any] = []
+            turn_response: list[tuple[str, dict]] = []
             renderer: StreamRenderer | None = None
             reasoning_buffer = _ReasoningBuffer()
 
@@ -1472,19 +1454,18 @@ def agent(
                 while True:
                     try:
                         msg = await asyncio.wait_for(bus.consume_outbound(), timeout=1.0)
-                        event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
 
-                        if isinstance(event, StreamDeltaEvent):
+                        if msg.metadata.get("_stream_delta"):
                             if renderer:
                                 await renderer.on_delta(msg.content)
                             continue
-                        if isinstance(event, StreamEndEvent):
+                        if msg.metadata.get("_stream_end"):
                             if renderer:
                                 await renderer.on_end(
-                                    resuming=event.resuming,
+                                    resuming=msg.metadata.get("_resuming", False),
                                 )
                             continue
-                        if isinstance(event, StreamedResponseEvent):
+                        if msg.metadata.get("_streamed"):
                             turn_done.set()
                             continue
 
@@ -1499,7 +1480,7 @@ def agent(
 
                         if not turn_done.is_set():
                             if msg.content:
-                                turn_response.append(msg)
+                                turn_response.append((msg.content, dict(msg.metadata or {})))
                             turn_done.set()
                         elif msg.content:
                             await _print_interactive_response(
@@ -1552,10 +1533,8 @@ def agent(
                         await turn_done.wait()
 
                         if turn_response:
-                            response_msg = turn_response[0]
+                            content, meta = turn_response[0]
-                            content = response_msg.content
+                            if content and not meta.get("_streamed"):
-                            meta = response_msg.metadata
-                            if content and not isinstance(response_msg.event, StreamedResponseEvent):
                                 if renderer:
                                     await renderer.close()
                                 print_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}

nanobot/config/schema.py

@@ -307,18 +307,6 @@ class ApiConfig(Base):
     host: str = "127.0.0.1"  # Safer default: local-only bind.
     port: int = 8900
     timeout: float = 120.0  # Per-request timeout in seconds.
-    api_key: str = Field(default="", repr=False)
-
-    @model_validator(mode="after")
-    def wildcard_host_requires_auth(self) -> "ApiConfig":
-        if self.host not in ("0.0.0.0", "::"):
-            return self
-        if self.api_key.strip():
-            return self
-        raise ValueError(
-            "host is 0.0.0.0 (all interfaces) but api_key is not set "
-            "- set api.api_key to prevent unauthenticated access"
-        )
 
 
 class GatewayConfig(Base):

nanobot/cron/service.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 """Cron service for scheduling agent tasks."""
 
 import asyncio
-import errno
 import json
 import os
 import time
@@ -457,15 +456,11 @@ class CronService:
             os.replace(tmp_path, path)
             # fsync the parent directory so the rename itself is durable.
             # Skip on Windows where opening a directory raises PermissionError;
-            # some shared filesystems reject directory fsync with EINVAL.
+            # NTFS journals metadata synchronously so this is a no-op there.
             with suppress(PermissionError):
                 fd = os.open(str(path.parent), os.O_RDONLY)
                 try:
-                    try:
+                    os.fsync(fd)
-                        os.fsync(fd)
-                    except OSError as exc:
-                        if exc.errno != errno.EINVAL:
-                            raise
                 finally:
                     os.close(fd)
         except BaseException:

nanobot/providers/registry.py

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ class ProviderSpec:
     keywords: tuple[str, ...]  # model-name keywords for matching (lowercase)
     env_key: str  # env var for API key, e.g. "DASHSCOPE_API_KEY"
     display_name: str = ""  # shown in `nanobot status`
-    model_catalog: str = "auto"  # WebUI model-list source
 
     # which provider implementation to use
     # "openai_compat" | "anthropic" | "azure_openai" | "openai_codex" | "github_copilot" | "bedrock"
@@ -222,7 +221,6 @@ PROVIDERS: tuple[ProviderSpec, ...] = (
         keywords=("skywork", "skyclaw", "apifree"),
         env_key="SKYWORK_API_KEY",
         display_name="Skywork",
-        model_catalog="official",
         backend="openai_compat",
         env_extras=(("APIFREE_API_KEY", "{api_key}"),),
         is_gateway=True,

nanobot/session/turn_continuation.py

@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ _GOAL_CONTINUATION_SENDER = "system:continuation"
 _GOAL_CONTINUATION_ROUNDS_KEY = "_sustained_goal_continuation_rounds"
 _MAX_GOAL_CONTINUATION_ROUNDS = 12
 _STRIPPED_INBOUND_META_KEYS = {
+    "_stream_id",
+    "_stream_delta",
+    "_stream_end",
+    "_resuming",
     INTERNAL_CONTINUATION_PENDING_META,
 }
 

nanobot/session/webui_turns.py

@@ -11,15 +11,7 @@ from typing import Any
 from loguru import logger
 
 from nanobot.bus import progress as bus_progress
-from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
+from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    GoalStateSyncEvent,
-    GoalStatusEvent,
-    RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent,
-    SessionUpdatedEvent,
-    TurnEndEvent,
-    outbound_message_for_event,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.bus.runtime_events import (
     GoalStateChanged,
@@ -214,22 +206,26 @@ async def publish_turn_run_status(
     if msg.channel != "websocket":
         return
     cid = str(msg.chat_id)
-    started_at_event: float | None = None
+    meta: dict[str, Any] = {
+        **dict(msg.metadata or {}),
+        "_goal_status": True,
+        "goal_status": status,
+    }
     if status == "running":
         if isinstance(started_at, int | float) and started_at > 0:
             t0 = float(started_at)
         else:
             t0 = time.time()
-        started_at_event = t0
+        meta["started_at"] = t0
         _WEBSOCKET_TURN_WALL_STARTED_AT[cid] = t0
     else:
         _WEBSOCKET_TURN_WALL_STARTED_AT.pop(cid, None)
     await bus.publish_outbound(
-        outbound_message_for_event(
+        OutboundMessage(
             channel=msg.channel,
             chat_id=cid,
-            event=GoalStatusEvent(status=status, started_at=started_at_event),
+            content="",
-            metadata=msg.metadata,
+            metadata=meta,
         ),
     )
 
@@ -322,25 +318,28 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
         if not cid:
             return
         await self.bus.publish_outbound(
-            outbound_message_for_event(
+            OutboundMessage(
                 channel=event.context.channel,
                 chat_id=cid,
-                event=GoalStateSyncEvent(
+                content="",
-                    goal_state=goal_state_ws_blob(event.session_metadata),
+                metadata={
-                ),
+                    "_goal_state_sync": True,
-                metadata=event.context.metadata,
+                    "goal_state": goal_state_ws_blob(event.session_metadata),
+                },
             ),
         )
 
     async def _handle_runtime_model_changed(self, event: RuntimeModelChanged) -> None:
         await self.bus.publish_outbound(
-            outbound_message_for_event(
+            OutboundMessage(
                 channel="websocket",
                 chat_id="*",
-                event=RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent(
+                content="",
-                    model=event.model,
+                metadata={
-                    model_preset=event.model_preset,
+                    "_runtime_model_updated": True,
-                ),
+                    "model": event.model,
+                    "model_preset": event.model_preset,
+                },
             )
         )
 
@@ -375,18 +374,17 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
         if msg.channel != "websocket":
             return
 
+        turn_metadata: dict[str, Any] = {**msg.metadata, "_turn_end": True}
+        if latency_ms is not None:
+            turn_metadata["latency_ms"] = int(latency_ms)
         session = self.sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
-        await self.bus.publish_outbound(
+        turn_metadata["goal_state"] = goal_state_ws_blob(session.metadata)
-            outbound_message_for_event(
+        await self.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
-                channel=msg.channel,
+            channel=msg.channel,
-                chat_id=msg.chat_id,
+            chat_id=msg.chat_id,
-                event=TurnEndEvent(
+            content="",
-                    latency_ms=latency_ms,
+            metadata=turn_metadata,
-                    goal_state=goal_state_ws_blob(session.metadata),
+        ))
-                ),
-                metadata=msg.metadata,
-            )
-        )
         self._schedule_title_update(msg, session_key=session_key)
 
     def _schedule_title_update(self, msg: InboundMessage, *, session_key: str) -> None:
@@ -406,11 +404,16 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
                 model=title_llm.model,
             )
             if generated:
-                await self._publish_session_metadata_updated(
+                await self.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
                     channel=msg.channel,
                     chat_id=msg.chat_id,
-                    metadata=msg.metadata,
+                    content="",
-                )
+                    metadata={
+                        **msg.metadata,
+                        "_session_updated": True,
+                        "_session_update_scope": "metadata",
+                    },
+                ))
 
         self.schedule_background(_generate_title_and_notify())
 
@@ -435,26 +438,15 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
                 model=title_llm.model,
             )
             if generated:
-                await self._publish_session_metadata_updated(
+                await self.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
                     channel=event.context.channel,
                     chat_id=event.context.chat_id,
-                    metadata=event.context.metadata,
+                    content="",
-                )
+                    metadata={
+                        **event.context.metadata,
+                        "_session_updated": True,
+                        "_session_update_scope": "metadata",
+                    },
+                ))
 
         self.schedule_background(_generate_title_and_notify())
-
-    async def _publish_session_metadata_updated(
-        self,
-        *,
-        channel: str,
-        chat_id: str,
-        metadata: dict[str, Any],
-    ) -> None:
-        await self.bus.publish_outbound(
-            outbound_message_for_event(
-                channel=channel,
-                chat_id=chat_id,
-                event=SessionUpdatedEvent(scope="metadata"),
-                metadata=metadata,
-            )
-        )

nanobot/templates/agent/subagent_announce.md

@@ -5,4 +5,7 @@ Task: {{ task }}
 Result:
 {{ result }}
 
-Summarize this naturally for the user. Keep it brief (1-2 sentences). Do not mention technical details like "subagent" or task IDs.
+Use this result as evidence for the current turn. For MapReduce-style work,
+preserve any Summary / Evidence / Open issues structure when reducing multiple
+results. Mention gaps or failures if they affect the answer; avoid exposing
+internal task IDs unless they are needed for clarity.

nanobot/templates/agent/subagent_system.md

@@ -4,6 +4,15 @@
 
 You are a subagent spawned by the main agent to complete a specific task.
 Stay focused on the assigned task. Your final response will be reported back to the main agent.
+If this task is one slice of a larger MapReduce-style effort, treat yourself as
+the map step: do only the assigned slice, avoid cross-slice coordination, and
+leave reduction or final synthesis to the main agent.
+
+For MapReduce-style slices, end with a compact, mergeable result:
+
+- Summary: what you found or changed
+- Evidence: relevant files, commands, URLs, or observations
+- Open issues: blockers, failures, or "none"
 
 {% include 'agent/_snippets/untrusted_content.md' %}
 

nanobot/webui/settings_api.py

@@ -99,6 +99,47 @@ _CONTEXT_WINDOW_TOKEN_OPTIONS = {65_536, 200_000, 262_144}
 _MODEL_CONFIGURATION_SLUG_RE = re.compile(r"[^a-z0-9_-]+")
 _ENV_REF_RE = re.compile(r"\$\{([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\}")
 
+_MODEL_LIST_UNSUPPORTED_BACKENDS = {
+    "anthropic",
+    "azure_openai",
+    "bedrock",
+    "github_copilot",
+    "openai_codex",
+}
+
+_MODEL_LIST_CATALOG_PROVIDERS = {
+    "aihubmix",
+    "byteplus",
+    "byteplus_coding_plan",
+    "huggingface",
+    "novita",
+    "openrouter",
+    "siliconflow",
+    "volcengine",
+    "volcengine_coding_plan",
+}
+
+_MODEL_LIST_OFFICIAL_PROVIDERS = {
+    "ant_ling",
+    "dashscope",
+    "deepseek",
+    "gemini",
+    "groq",
+    "longcat",
+    "minimax",
+    "minimax_anthropic",
+    "mistral",
+    "moonshot",
+    "nvidia",
+    "openai",
+    "qianfan",
+    "skywork",
+    "stepfun",
+    "xiaomi_mimo",
+    "zhipu",
+}
+
+
 class WebUISettingsError(ValueError):
     """User-facing settings validation failure."""
 
@@ -353,13 +394,10 @@ def _provider_settings_row(
 
 
 def _model_catalog_kind(spec: Any) -> str:
-    catalog = getattr(spec, "model_catalog", "auto")
+    if spec.name in _MODEL_LIST_CATALOG_PROVIDERS:
-    if catalog != "auto":
+        return "catalog"
-        return catalog
+    if spec.name in _MODEL_LIST_OFFICIAL_PROVIDERS:
-    if spec.is_transcription_only or spec.is_oauth:
+        return "official"
-        return "unsupported"
-    if spec.backend != "openai_compat" and spec.name != "minimax_anthropic":
-        return "unsupported"
     if spec.is_local:
         return "local"
     if spec.is_direct:
@@ -452,20 +490,27 @@ def provider_models_payload(query: QueryParams) -> dict[str, Any]:
         raise WebUISettingsError("unknown provider")
     spec, provider_key, provider_config = resolved_provider
 
-    catalog_kind = _model_catalog_kind(spec)
     base_payload: dict[str, Any] = {
         "provider": provider_key,
         "label": spec.label,
-        "catalog_kind": catalog_kind,
+        "catalog_kind": _model_catalog_kind(spec),
         "models": [],
         "model_count": 0,
         "message": None,
         "fetched_at": time.time(),
     }
-    if catalog_kind == "unsupported":
+    if (
+        spec.is_transcription_only
+        or (
+            spec.backend in _MODEL_LIST_UNSUPPORTED_BACKENDS
+            and spec.name != "minimax_anthropic"
+        )
+        or spec.is_oauth
+    ):
         return {
             **base_payload,
             "status": "unsupported",
+            "catalog_kind": "unsupported",
             "message": "Model list is not available for this provider. Type a model ID manually.",
         }
 

tests/agent/test_loop_direct_websocket_status.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import pytest
 
 from nanobot.agent.loop import AgentLoop
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import GoalStatusEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.providers.base import GenerationSettings, LLMResponse
 from nanobot.session.webui_turns import WebuiTurnCoordinator
@@ -55,13 +54,13 @@ async def test_process_direct_websocket_clears_run_status(tmp_path) -> None:
         events.append(await loop.bus.consume_outbound())
 
     statuses = [
-        event.event
+        event.metadata
         for event in events
-        if isinstance(event.event, GoalStatusEvent)
+        if event.metadata.get("_goal_status") is True
     ]
-    assert [status.status for status in statuses] == ["running", "idle"]
+    assert [status["goal_status"] for status in statuses] == ["running", "idle"]
-    assert isinstance(statuses[0].started_at, float)
+    assert isinstance(statuses[0].get("started_at"), float)
-    assert statuses[1].started_at is None
+    assert "started_at" not in statuses[1]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/agent/test_loop_progress.py

@@ -9,15 +9,6 @@ import pytest
 import nanobot.agent.runner as runner_module
 from nanobot.agent.loop import AgentLoop
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    GoalStatusEvent,
-    ProgressEvent,
-    SessionUpdatedEvent,
-    StreamDeltaEvent,
-    StreamedResponseEvent,
-    StreamEndEvent,
-    TurnEndEvent,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse, ToolCallRequest
 from nanobot.session.webui_turns import WebuiTurnCoordinator
@@ -269,45 +260,25 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
         )
         await loop._dispatch(msg)
 
-        # Drain all outbound messages and find the one carrying tool events.
+        # Drain all outbound messages and find the one carrying _tool_events
         outbound = []
         while bus.outbound_size > 0:
             outbound.append(await bus.consume_outbound())
 
-        tool_event_msgs = [
+        tool_event_msgs = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata and m.metadata.get("_tool_events")]
-            m
+        assert tool_event_msgs, "expected at least one outbound message with _tool_events"
-            for m in outbound
-            if isinstance(m.event, ProgressEvent) and m.event.tool_events
-        ]
-        assert tool_event_msgs, "expected at least one outbound message with tool events"
 
-        start_msgs = [
+        start_msgs = [m for m in tool_event_msgs if m.metadata["_tool_events"][0]["phase"] == "start"]
-            m
+        finish_msgs = [m for m in tool_event_msgs if m.metadata["_tool_events"][0]["phase"] in ("end", "error")]
-            for m in tool_event_msgs
-            if isinstance(m.event, ProgressEvent)
-            and m.event.tool_events
-            and m.event.tool_events[0]["phase"] == "start"
-        ]
-        finish_msgs = [
-            m
-            for m in tool_event_msgs
-            if isinstance(m.event, ProgressEvent)
-            and m.event.tool_events
-            and m.event.tool_events[0]["phase"] in ("end", "error")
-        ]
         assert start_msgs, "expected a start-phase tool event"
         assert finish_msgs, "expected a finish-phase tool event"
 
-        assert isinstance(start_msgs[0].event, ProgressEvent)
+        start = start_msgs[0].metadata["_tool_events"][0]
-        assert start_msgs[0].event.tool_events is not None
-        start = start_msgs[0].event.tool_events[0]
         assert start["name"] == "exec"
         assert start["call_id"] == "tc1"
         assert start["result"] is None
 
-        assert isinstance(finish_msgs[0].event, ProgressEvent)
+        finish = finish_msgs[0].metadata["_tool_events"][0]
-        assert finish_msgs[0].event.tool_events is not None
-        finish = finish_msgs[0].event.tool_events[0]
         assert finish["phase"] == "end"
         assert finish["result"] == "file.txt"
 
@@ -338,8 +309,7 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
         await invoke_file_edit_progress(progress, edit_events)
         outbound = await bus.consume_outbound()
         assert outbound.channel == "telegram"
-        assert isinstance(outbound.event, ProgressEvent)
+        assert outbound.metadata["_file_edit_events"] == edit_events
-        assert outbound.event.file_edit_events == edit_events
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_goal_turn_keeps_live_file_edit_progress_for_webui(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -419,8 +389,7 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
         edit_events = [
             event
             for msg in outbound
-            if isinstance(msg.event, ProgressEvent)
+            for event in msg.metadata.get("_file_edit_events", [])
-            for event in msg.event.file_edit_events or []
         ]
         assert any(
             event["status"] == "editing"
@@ -464,8 +433,8 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
             outbound.append(await bus.consume_outbound())
 
         assert [m.content for m in outbound] == ["Hello"]
-        assert not any(isinstance(m.event, ProgressEvent) for m in outbound)
+        assert not any(m.metadata.get("_progress") for m in outbound)
-        assert not any(isinstance(m.event, StreamedResponseEvent) for m in outbound)
+        assert not any(m.metadata.get("_streamed") for m in outbound)
         provider.chat_stream_with_retry.assert_not_awaited()
         provider.chat_with_retry.assert_awaited_once()
 
@@ -474,7 +443,7 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
         self,
         tmp_path: Path,
     ) -> None:
-        """Streaming channels still receive provider deltas through stream events."""
+        """Streaming channels still receive provider deltas through _stream_delta messages."""
         bus = MessageBus()
         provider = MagicMock()
         provider.supports_progress_deltas = True
@@ -504,19 +473,21 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
         while bus.outbound_size > 0:
             outbound.append(await bus.consume_outbound())
 
-        deltas = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, StreamDeltaEvent)]
+        deltas = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_stream_delta")]
-        stream_end = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, StreamEndEvent)]
+        stream_end = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_stream_end")]
         final = [
             m for m in outbound
-            if not isinstance(m.event, StreamDeltaEvent | StreamEndEvent)
+            if not m.metadata.get("_stream_delta")
-            and not isinstance(m.event, TurnEndEvent | GoalStatusEvent)
+            and not m.metadata.get("_stream_end")
+            and not m.metadata.get("_turn_end")
+            and not m.metadata.get("_goal_status")
         ]
 
         assert [m.content for m in deltas] == ["Hel", "lo"]
         assert len(stream_end) == 1
         assert final[-1].content == "Hello"
-        assert isinstance(final[-1].event, StreamedResponseEvent)
+        assert final[-1].metadata.get("_streamed") is True
-        turn_end_msgs = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, TurnEndEvent)]
+        turn_end_msgs = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_turn_end")]
         assert len(turn_end_msgs) == 1
         assert turn_end_msgs[0].content == ""
         provider.chat_with_retry.assert_not_awaited()
@@ -557,28 +528,23 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
         while bus.outbound_size > 0:
             outbound.append(await bus.consume_outbound())
 
-        deltas = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, StreamDeltaEvent)]
+        deltas = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_stream_delta")]
-        stream_end = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, StreamEndEvent)]
+        stream_end = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_stream_end")]
         final = [
             m for m in outbound
-            if not isinstance(m.event, StreamDeltaEvent | StreamEndEvent)
+            if not m.metadata.get("_stream_delta")
-            and not isinstance(m.event, TurnEndEvent | GoalStatusEvent)
+            and not m.metadata.get("_stream_end")
+            and not m.metadata.get("_turn_end")
+            and not m.metadata.get("_goal_status")
         ]
 
         assert [m.content for m in deltas] == ["partial", "full retry response"]
-        assert [m.event.resuming for m in stream_end if isinstance(m.event, StreamEndEvent)] == [
+        assert [m.metadata.get("_resuming") for m in stream_end] == [True, False]
-            True,
+        assert deltas[0].metadata.get("_stream_id") == stream_end[0].metadata.get("_stream_id")
-            False,
+        assert deltas[1].metadata.get("_stream_id") == stream_end[1].metadata.get("_stream_id")
-        ]
+        assert deltas[0].metadata.get("_stream_id") != deltas[1].metadata.get("_stream_id")
-        assert isinstance(deltas[0].event, StreamDeltaEvent)
-        assert isinstance(deltas[1].event, StreamDeltaEvent)
-        assert isinstance(stream_end[0].event, StreamEndEvent)
-        assert isinstance(stream_end[1].event, StreamEndEvent)
-        assert deltas[0].event.stream_id == stream_end[0].event.stream_id
-        assert deltas[1].event.stream_id == stream_end[1].event.stream_id
-        assert deltas[0].event.stream_id != deltas[1].event.stream_id
         assert final[-1].content == "full retry response"
-        assert isinstance(final[-1].event, StreamedResponseEvent)
+        assert final[-1].metadata.get("_streamed") is True
         provider.chat_with_retry.assert_not_awaited()
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -657,9 +623,9 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
 
         done_msgs = [m for m in outbound if m.content == "Done"]
         assert len(done_msgs) == 1
-        assert not isinstance(done_msgs[0].event, TurnEndEvent)
+        assert not done_msgs[0].metadata.get("_turn_end")
 
-        turn_end_msgs = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, TurnEndEvent)]
+        turn_end_msgs = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_turn_end")]
         assert len(turn_end_msgs) == 1
         assert turn_end_msgs[0].content == ""
         assert turn_end_msgs[0].chat_id == "chat1"
@@ -693,14 +659,14 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
             outbound.append(await bus.consume_outbound())
 
         error_msgs = [m for m in outbound if m.content == "Sorry, I encountered an error."]
-        turn_end_msgs = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, TurnEndEvent)]
+        turn_end_msgs = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_turn_end")]
-        statuses = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, GoalStatusEvent)]
+        statuses = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_goal_status")]
 
         assert len(error_msgs) == 1
         assert len(turn_end_msgs) == 1
         assert turn_end_msgs[0].content == ""
         assert turn_end_msgs[0].chat_id == "chat1"
-        assert [m.event.status for m in statuses if isinstance(m.event, GoalStatusEvent)] == ["idle"]
+        assert [m.metadata["goal_status"] for m in statuses] == ["idle"]
         assert outbound.index(error_msgs[0]) < outbound.index(turn_end_msgs[0])
         assert outbound.index(turn_end_msgs[0]) < outbound.index(statuses[-1])
 
@@ -739,27 +705,27 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
         outbound: list = []
         for _ in range(12):
             outbound.append(await asyncio.wait_for(bus.consume_outbound(), timeout=0.5))
-            if isinstance(outbound[-1].event, TurnEndEvent):
+            if outbound[-1].metadata.get("_turn_end"):
                 break
         else:
-            raise AssertionError("turn-end event not found")
+            raise AssertionError("_turn_end message not found")
 
         done_with_body = [m for m in outbound if m.content == "Done"]
         assert len(done_with_body) == 1
-        assert isinstance(outbound[-1].event, TurnEndEvent)
+        assert outbound[-1].metadata.get("_turn_end") is True
 
         await asyncio.wait_for(title_started.wait(), timeout=0.5)
         release_title.set()
         session_updated = None
         for _ in range(10):
             candidate = await asyncio.wait_for(bus.consume_outbound(), timeout=0.5)
-            if isinstance(candidate.event, SessionUpdatedEvent):
+            if (candidate.metadata or {}).get("_session_updated"):
                 session_updated = candidate
                 break
         assert session_updated is not None
 
-        assert isinstance(session_updated.event, SessionUpdatedEvent)
+        assert (session_updated.metadata or {}).get("_session_updated") is True
-        assert session_updated.event.scope == "metadata"
+        assert (session_updated.metadata or {}).get("_session_update_scope") == "metadata"
         assert provider.chat_with_retry.await_count == 2
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -871,4 +837,4 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
 
         assert len(outbound) == 1
         assert outbound[0].content == "Done"
-        assert not isinstance(outbound[0].event, TurnEndEvent)
+        assert (outbound[0].metadata or {}).get("_turn_end") is not True

tests/agent/test_loop_runner_integration.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
 
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import StreamedResponseEvent
 from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults
 from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse, ToolCallRequest
 
@@ -24,8 +23,8 @@ def _make_loop(tmp_path):
 
     with patch("nanobot.agent.loop.ContextBuilder"), \
          patch("nanobot.agent.loop.SessionManager"), \
-         patch("nanobot.agent.loop.SubagentManager") as mock_sub_mgr:
+         patch("nanobot.agent.loop.SubagentManager") as MockSubMgr:
-        mock_sub_mgr.return_value.cancel_by_session = AsyncMock(return_value=0)
+        MockSubMgr.return_value.cancel_by_session = AsyncMock(return_value=0)
         loop = AgentLoop(bus=bus, provider=provider, workspace=tmp_path)
     return loop
 
@@ -194,9 +193,8 @@ async def test_streamed_flag_not_set_on_llm_error(tmp_path):
 
     assert result is not None
     assert "503" in result.content
-    assert not isinstance(result.event, StreamedResponseEvent), (
+    assert not result.metadata.get("_streamed"), \
-        "streamed response event must not be set when stop_reason is error"
+        "_streamed must not be set when stop_reason is error"
-    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -241,7 +239,7 @@ async def test_ssrf_soft_block_can_finalize_after_streamed_tool_call(tmp_path):
 
     assert result is not None
     assert result.content == "I cannot access private URLs. Please share the local file."
-    assert isinstance(result.event, StreamedResponseEvent)
+    assert result.metadata.get("_streamed") is True
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/agent/test_loop_save_turn.py

@@ -8,13 +8,6 @@ import pytest
 from nanobot.agent.context import ContextBuilder
 from nanobot.agent.loop import AgentLoop
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    GoalStatusEvent,
-    StreamDeltaEvent,
-    StreamedResponseEvent,
-    StreamEndEvent,
-    TurnEndEvent,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.cron.session_turns import CRON_HISTORY_META, CRON_TRIGGER_META
 from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse
@@ -772,6 +765,7 @@ async def test_internal_continuation_preserves_streaming_route_metadata(
             "_wants_stream": True,
             "message_id": "om_001",
             "origin_message_id": "root_001",
+            "_stream_id": "old-stream",
         },
     ))
 
@@ -781,23 +775,23 @@ async def test_internal_continuation_preserves_streaming_route_metadata(
     assert queued.metadata["_wants_stream"] is True
     assert queued.metadata["message_id"] == "om_001"
     assert queued.metadata["origin_message_id"] == "root_001"
+    assert "_stream_id" not in queued.metadata
 
     await loop._dispatch(queued)
 
     outbound = []
     while loop.bus.outbound_size:
         outbound.append(await loop.bus.consume_outbound())
-    deltas = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, StreamDeltaEvent)]
+    deltas = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_stream_delta")]
-    ends = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, StreamEndEvent)]
+    ends = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_stream_end")]
-    streamed_markers = [m for m in outbound if isinstance(m.event, StreamedResponseEvent)]
+    streamed_markers = [m for m in outbound if m.metadata.get("_streamed")]
 
     assert [m.content for m in deltas] == ["done"]
     assert len(ends) == 1
-    assert isinstance(ends[0].event, StreamEndEvent)
+    assert ends[0].metadata["_resuming"] is False
-    assert ends[0].event.resuming is False
     assert ends[0].metadata["message_id"] == "om_001"
     assert ends[0].metadata["origin_message_id"] == "root_001"
-    assert isinstance(ends[0].event.stream_id, str)
+    assert isinstance(ends[0].metadata.get("_stream_id"), str)
     assert streamed_markers and streamed_markers[-1].content == "done"
 
 
@@ -848,10 +842,10 @@ async def test_websocket_internal_continuation_keeps_single_visible_run(
     first_outbound = []
     while loop.bus.outbound_size:
         first_outbound.append(await loop.bus.consume_outbound())
-    first_statuses = [m.event for m in first_outbound if isinstance(m.event, GoalStatusEvent)]
+    first_statuses = [m.metadata for m in first_outbound if m.metadata.get("_goal_status")]
-    assert [m.status for m in first_statuses] == ["running"]
+    assert [m["goal_status"] for m in first_statuses] == ["running"]
-    assert not [m for m in first_outbound if isinstance(m.event, TurnEndEvent)]
+    assert not [m for m in first_outbound if m.metadata.get("_turn_end")]
-    started_at = first_statuses[0].started_at
+    started_at = first_statuses[0]["started_at"]
 
     queued = await asyncio.wait_for(loop.bus.consume_inbound(), timeout=0.5)
     assert queued.metadata[INTERNAL_CONTINUATION_META] is True
@@ -862,13 +856,12 @@ async def test_websocket_internal_continuation_keeps_single_visible_run(
     second_outbound = []
     while loop.bus.outbound_size:
         second_outbound.append(await loop.bus.consume_outbound())
-    second_statuses = [m.event for m in second_outbound if isinstance(m.event, GoalStatusEvent)]
+    second_statuses = [m.metadata for m in second_outbound if m.metadata.get("_goal_status")]
-    assert [m.status for m in second_statuses] == ["running", "idle"]
+    assert [m["goal_status"] for m in second_statuses] == ["running", "idle"]
-    assert second_statuses[0].started_at == started_at
+    assert second_statuses[0]["started_at"] == started_at
-    turn_end = [m for m in second_outbound if isinstance(m.event, TurnEndEvent)]
+    turn_end = [m for m in second_outbound if m.metadata.get("_turn_end")]
     assert len(turn_end) == 1
-    assert isinstance(turn_end[0].event, TurnEndEvent)
+    assert isinstance(turn_end[0].metadata.get("latency_ms"), int)
-    assert isinstance(turn_end[0].event.latency_ms, int)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/agent/test_onboard_logic.py

@@ -853,11 +853,10 @@ class TestApiServerRegistration:
         config = Config()
         from nanobot.config.schema import ApiConfig
 
-        new_api = ApiConfig(host="0.0.0.0", port=9999, api_key="secret")
+        new_api = ApiConfig(host="0.0.0.0", port=9999)
         _SETTINGS_SETTER["API Server"](config, new_api)
         assert config.api.host == "0.0.0.0"
         assert config.api.port == 9999
-        assert config.api.api_key == "secret"
 
 
 class TestMainMenuUpdate:

tests/agent/test_runner_errors.py

@@ -135,46 +135,6 @@ async def test_runner_tool_error_sets_final_content():
     assert result.stop_reason == "tool_error"
 
 
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_runner_preserves_successful_exec_output_that_starts_with_error():
-    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunSpec, AgentRunner
-
-    provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
-
-    async def chat_with_retry(*, messages, **kwargs):
-        if not any(msg.get("role") == "tool" for msg in messages):
-            return LLMResponse(
-                content="working",
-                tool_calls=[
-                    ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="exec", arguments={"command": "report"})
-                ],
-                usage={},
-            )
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", usage={})
-
-    provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
-    output = "Error: generated report successfully\n\nExit code: 0"
-    tools = MagicMock()
-    tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
-    tools.execute = AsyncMock(return_value=output)
-
-    runner = AgentRunner(provider)
-    result = await runner.run(AgentRunSpec(
-        initial_messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "run report"}],
-        tools=tools,
-        model="test-model",
-        max_iterations=2,
-        max_tool_result_chars=_MAX_TOOL_RESULT_CHARS,
-        fail_on_tool_error=True,
-    ))
-
-    assert result.final_content == "done"
-    assert result.stop_reason == "completed"
-    assert result.tool_events == [
-        {"name": "exec", "status": "ok", "detail": "Error: generated report successfully  Exit code: 0"}
-    ]
-
-
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_runner_tool_error_preserves_tool_results_in_messages():
     """When a tool raises a fatal error, its results must still be appended

tests/agent/test_runner_safety.py

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
 
 import pytest
 
-from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner, AgentRunSpec
-from nanobot.agent.tools import ToolResult
 from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults
 from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse, ToolCallRequest
 
@@ -22,6 +20,8 @@ async def test_runner_does_not_abort_on_workspace_violation_anymore():
     we now hand the error back to the LLM as a recoverable tool result and
     rely on ``repeated_workspace_violation_error`` to throttle bypass loops.
     """
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunSpec, AgentRunner
+
     provider = MagicMock()
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(side_effect=[
         LLMResponse(
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ async def test_runner_does_not_abort_on_workspace_violation_anymore():
 
 def test_is_ssrf_violation_recognizes_private_url_blocks():
     """SSRF rejections are classified separately from workspace boundaries."""
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
+
     ssrf_msg = "Error: Command blocked by safety guard (internal/private URL detected)"
     assert AgentRunner._is_ssrf_violation(ssrf_msg) is True
     assert AgentRunner._is_ssrf_violation(
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ def test_is_ssrf_violation_recognizes_private_url_blocks():
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_runner_returns_non_retryable_hint_on_ssrf_violation():
     """SSRF stays blocked, but the runtime gives the LLM a final chance to recover."""
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunSpec, AgentRunner
+
     provider = MagicMock()
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(side_effect=[
         LLMResponse(
@@ -103,7 +107,7 @@ async def test_runner_returns_non_retryable_hint_on_ssrf_violation():
     ])
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
-    tools.execute = AsyncMock(return_value=ToolResult.error(
+    tools.execute = AsyncMock(return_value=(
         "Error: Command blocked by safety guard (internal/private URL detected)"
     ))
 
@@ -137,6 +141,8 @@ async def test_runner_lets_llm_recover_from_shell_guard_path_outside():
     turn (silent hang on Telegram per #3605); now the LLM gets the soft
     error back and can finalize on the next iteration.
     """
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunSpec, AgentRunner
+
     provider = MagicMock()
     captured_second_call: list[dict] = []
 
@@ -157,9 +163,7 @@ async def test_runner_lets_llm_recover_from_shell_guard_path_outside():
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
     tools.execute = AsyncMock(
-        return_value=ToolResult.error(
+        return_value="Error: Command blocked by safety guard (path outside working dir)"
-            "Error: Command blocked by safety guard (path outside working dir)"
-        )
     )
 
     runner = AgentRunner(provider)
@@ -191,6 +195,8 @@ async def test_runner_throttles_repeated_workspace_bypass_attempts():
     the runner replaces the tool result with a hard "stop trying" message
     so the model finally gives up and surfaces the boundary to the user.
     """
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunSpec, AgentRunner
+
     bypass_attempts = [
         ToolCallRequest(
             id=f"a{i}", name="exec",
@@ -209,9 +215,7 @@ async def test_runner_throttles_repeated_workspace_bypass_attempts():
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
     tools.execute = AsyncMock(
-        return_value=ToolResult.error(
+        return_value="Error: Command blocked by safety guard (path outside working dir)"
-            "Error: Command blocked by safety guard (path outside working dir)"
-        )
     )
 
     runner = AgentRunner(provider)

tests/agent/test_runner_tool_execution.py

@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner, AgentRunSpec
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool
-from nanobot.agent.tools.context import ToolContext
-from nanobot.agent.tools.loader import ToolLoader
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults
 from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse, ToolCallRequest
@@ -63,40 +61,6 @@ class _DelayTool(Tool):
         return self._name
 
 
-class _LegacyErrorPluginTool(Tool):
-    @property
-    def name(self) -> str:
-        return "legacy_plugin"
-
-    @property
-    def description(self) -> str:
-        return "legacy entry-point plugin"
-
-    @property
-    def parameters(self) -> dict:
-        return {"type": "object", "properties": {}, "required": []}
-
-    async def execute(self, **kwargs):
-        return "Error: legacy plugin failed"
-
-
-class _StructuredSuccessPluginTool(Tool):
-    @property
-    def name(self) -> str:
-        return "structured_success_plugin"
-
-    @property
-    def description(self) -> str:
-        return "structured entry-point plugin"
-
-    @property
-    def parameters(self) -> dict:
-        return {"type": "object", "properties": {}, "required": []}
-
-    async def execute(self, **kwargs):
-        return ToolResult("Error: generated report successfully")
-
-
 async def _run_optional_tool_response(response: LLMResponse):
     provider = MagicMock()
     calls = {"n": 0}
@@ -127,20 +91,6 @@ async def _run_optional_tool_response(response: LLMResponse):
     return result, shared_events
 
 
-def _load_entry_point_plugin(tool_cls: type[Tool], tmp_path) -> ToolRegistry:
-    mock_ep = MagicMock()
-    mock_ep.name = tool_cls.__name__
-    mock_ep.load.return_value = tool_cls
-
-    registry = ToolRegistry()
-    with patch("nanobot.agent.tools.loader.entry_points", return_value=[mock_ep]):
-        ToolLoader(test_classes=[]).load(
-            ToolContext(config=None, workspace=str(tmp_path)),
-            registry,
-        )
-    return registry
-
-
 def _tool_message(result, tool_call_id: str) -> dict:
     return [
         msg for msg in result.messages
@@ -370,63 +320,6 @@ async def test_runner_rejects_openai_responses_array_arguments_without_executing
     assert "parameters must be a JSON object" in tool_message["content"]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_runner_treats_legacy_entry_point_error_prefix_as_tool_error(tmp_path):
-    provider = MagicMock()
-    provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="working",
-        tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="legacy_plugin", arguments={})],
-        usage={},
-    ))
-
-    result = await AgentRunner(provider).run(AgentRunSpec(
-        initial_messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "run plugin"}],
-        tools=_load_entry_point_plugin(_LegacyErrorPluginTool, tmp_path),
-        model="test-model",
-        max_iterations=1,
-        max_tool_result_chars=_MAX_TOOL_RESULT_CHARS,
-        fail_on_tool_error=True,
-    ))
-
-    assert result.stop_reason == "tool_error"
-    assert result.tool_events == [
-        {"name": "legacy_plugin", "status": "error", "detail": "Error: legacy plugin failed"}
-    ]
-
-
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_runner_preserves_structured_plugin_success_that_starts_with_error(tmp_path):
-    provider = MagicMock()
-    provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(side_effect=[
-        LLMResponse(
-            content="working",
-            tool_calls=[
-                ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="structured_success_plugin", arguments={})
-            ],
-            usage={},
-        ),
-        LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={}),
-    ])
-
-    result = await AgentRunner(provider).run(AgentRunSpec(
-        initial_messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "run plugin"}],
-        tools=_load_entry_point_plugin(_StructuredSuccessPluginTool, tmp_path),
-        model="test-model",
-        max_iterations=2,
-        max_tool_result_chars=_MAX_TOOL_RESULT_CHARS,
-        fail_on_tool_error=True,
-    ))
-
-    assert result.stop_reason == "completed"
-    assert result.tool_events == [
-        {
-            "name": "structured_success_plugin",
-            "status": "ok",
-            "detail": "Error: generated report successfully",
-        }
-    ]
-
-
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_runner_blocks_repeated_external_fetches():
     provider = MagicMock()

tests/agent/test_task_cancel.py

@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ class TestDispatch:
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_dispatch_streaming_preserves_message_metadata(self):
         from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
-        from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import StreamDeltaEvent, StreamEndEvent
 
         loop, bus = _make_loop()
         msg = InboundMessage(
@@ -157,10 +156,10 @@ class TestDispatch:
 
         assert first.metadata["thread_root_event_id"] == "$root1"
         assert first.metadata["thread_reply_to_event_id"] == "$reply1"
-        assert isinstance(first.event, StreamDeltaEvent)
+        assert first.metadata["_stream_delta"] is True
         assert second.metadata["thread_root_event_id"] == "$root1"
         assert second.metadata["thread_reply_to_event_id"] == "$reply1"
-        assert isinstance(second.event, StreamEndEvent)
+        assert second.metadata["_stream_end"] is True
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_processing_lock_serializes(self):

tests/agent/test_tool_loader_entrypoints.py

@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 
-import pytest
-
 from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool
-from nanobot.agent.tools.context import ToolContext
 from nanobot.agent.tools.loader import ToolLoader
-from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry, is_tool_error_result
 
 
 def test_loader_discovers_entry_point_tools():
@@ -78,67 +74,3 @@ def test_loader_skips_abstract_entry_point_tools():
         discovered = loader._discover_plugins()
 
     assert "abstract_plugin" not in discovered
-
-
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_loader_entry_point_error_wrapper_preserves_tool_api(tmp_path):
-    """Only adapt legacy plugin error strings; keep the wrapped tool API intact."""
-    mock_ep = MagicMock()
-    mock_ep.name = "api_plugin"
-
-    class _ApiPluginTool(Tool):
-        config_key = "api_plugin"
-
-        @property
-        def name(self) -> str:
-            return "api_plugin"
-
-        @property
-        def description(self) -> str:
-            return "Entry-point plugin with custom tool API methods."
-
-        @property
-        def parameters(self) -> dict:
-            return {"type": "object", "properties": {"value": {"type": "string"}}}
-
-        @property
-        def read_only(self) -> bool:
-            return True
-
-        @property
-        def concurrency_safe(self) -> bool:
-            return False
-
-        def cast_params(self, params: dict) -> dict:
-            return {"value": str(params["value"])}
-
-        def validate_params(self, params: dict) -> list[str]:
-            return [] if params == {"value": "1"} else ["bad value"]
-
-        def to_schema(self) -> dict:
-            return {"name": self.name, "custom": True}
-
-        async def execute(self, **_):
-            return "Error: plugin failed"
-
-    mock_ep.load.return_value = _ApiPluginTool
-
-    registry = ToolRegistry()
-    with patch("nanobot.agent.tools.loader.entry_points", return_value=[mock_ep]):
-        ToolLoader(test_classes=[]).load(
-            ToolContext(config=None, workspace=str(tmp_path)),
-            registry,
-        )
-
-    tool = registry.get("api_plugin")
-    assert tool is not None
-    assert tool.config_key == "api_plugin"
-    assert tool.read_only is True
-    assert tool.concurrency_safe is False
-    assert tool.cast_params({"value": 1}) == {"value": "1"}
-    assert tool.validate_params({"value": "1"}) == []
-    assert tool.to_schema() == {"name": "api_plugin", "custom": True}
-
-    result = await tool.execute(value="1")
-    assert is_tool_error_result("api_plugin", result) is True
-    assert str(result) == "Error: plugin failed"

tests/agent/tools/test_long_task.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.long_task import (
     CompleteGoalTool,
     LongTaskTool,
 )
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import GoalStateSyncEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.bus.runtime_events import RuntimeEventBus
 from nanobot.session.goal_state import GOAL_STATE_KEY
@@ -145,8 +144,8 @@ async def test_long_task_publishes_goal_state_ws_after_save(tmp_path):
     call = bus.publish_outbound.await_args.args[0]
     assert call.channel == "websocket"
     assert call.chat_id == "chat-99"
-    assert isinstance(call.event, GoalStateSyncEvent)
+    assert call.metadata.get("_goal_state_sync") is True
-    assert call.event.goal_state == {
+    assert call.metadata["goal_state"] == {
         "active": True,
         "ui_summary": "alpha",
         "objective": "Objective alpha",
@@ -181,8 +180,7 @@ async def test_complete_goal_publishes_inactive_goal_state_ws(tmp_path):
 
     bus.publish_outbound.assert_awaited_once()
     call = bus.publish_outbound.await_args.args[0]
-    assert isinstance(call.event, GoalStateSyncEvent)
+    assert call.metadata["goal_state"] == {"active": False}
-    assert call.event.goal_state == {"active": False}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/agent/tools/test_subagent_tools.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
 
+from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
 from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults
 
 _MAX_TOOL_RESULT_CHARS = AgentDefaults().max_tool_result_chars
@@ -482,3 +483,49 @@ async def test_drain_pending_timeout(tmp_path):
         await hang_task
     except asyncio.CancelledError:
         pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_process_direct_routes_subagent_results_to_pending_queue(tmp_path):
+    """Single-message CLI mode should consume subagent announcements mid-turn."""
+    from nanobot.agent.loop import AgentLoop
+    from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
+    from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
+
+    loop = AgentLoop(
+        bus=MessageBus(),
+        provider=MagicMock(),
+        workspace=tmp_path,
+        model="test-model",
+    )
+    loop._connect_mcp = AsyncMock()  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+
+    async def fake_process_message(msg, **kwargs):
+        pending_queue = kwargs["pending_queue"]
+        await loop.bus.publish_inbound(InboundMessage(
+            channel="other",
+            sender_id="u",
+            chat_id="room",
+            content="unrelated",
+        ))
+        await loop.subagents._announce_result(
+            "sub-1",
+            "label",
+            "task",
+            "subagent result",
+            {"channel": "cli", "chat_id": "direct", "session_key": "cli:direct"},
+            "ok",
+        )
+        routed = await asyncio.wait_for(pending_queue.get(), timeout=1)
+        assert "subagent result" in routed.content
+        assert routed.metadata["subagent_task_id"] == "sub-1"
+        return OutboundMessage(channel="cli", chat_id="direct", content="done")
+
+    loop._process_message = fake_process_message  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+
+    response = await loop.process_direct("start", session_key="cli:direct")
+
+    assert response is not None
+    assert response.content == "done"
+    unrelated = await asyncio.wait_for(loop.bus.consume_inbound(), timeout=1)
+    assert unrelated.content == "unrelated"

tests/bus/test_outbound_events.py

@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    GoalStateSyncEvent,
-    GoalStatusEvent,
-    ProgressEvent,
-    RetryWaitEvent,
-    RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent,
-    SessionUpdatedEvent,
-    StreamDeltaEvent,
-    StreamedResponseEvent,
-    StreamEndEvent,
-    TurnEndEvent,
-    outbound_event_from_message,
-    outbound_message_for_event,
-    replace_outbound_event,
-)
-
-
-def test_progress_event_lives_on_outbound_message_event_field() -> None:
-    tool_events = [{"phase": "start", "name": "read_file"}]
-    file_edit_events = [{"phase": "end", "path": "app.py"}]
-
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(
-            content="working",
-            tool_hint=True,
-            reasoning_delta=True,
-            stream_id="r1",
-            tool_events=tool_events,
-            file_edit_events=file_edit_events,
-        ),
-        metadata={"origin_message_id": "m1"},
-    )
-
-    assert msg.content == "working"
-    assert msg.metadata == {"origin_message_id": "m1"}
-
-    event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
-    assert isinstance(event, ProgressEvent)
-    assert event.content == "working"
-    assert event.tool_hint is True
-    assert event.reasoning_delta is True
-    assert event.stream_id == "r1"
-    assert event.tool_events == tool_events
-    assert event.file_edit_events == file_edit_events
-
-
-def test_normal_outbound_message_has_no_runtime_event() -> None:
-    msg = OutboundMessage(channel="websocket", chat_id="chat-1", content="hello")
-
-    assert outbound_event_from_message(msg) is None
-
-
-def test_legacy_progress_metadata_flags_create_runtime_event() -> None:
-    tool_events = [{"phase": "start", "name": "read_file"}]
-    file_edit_events = [{"phase": "end", "path": "app.py"}]
-    msg = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="legacy progress",
-        metadata={
-            "_progress": True,
-            "_tool_hint": True,
-            "_reasoning_delta": True,
-            "_stream_id": "r1",
-            "_tool_events": tool_events,
-            "_file_edit_events": file_edit_events,
-            "message_id": "platform-routing-context",
-        },
-    )
-
-    event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
-    assert isinstance(event, ProgressEvent)
-    assert event.content == "legacy progress"
-    assert event.tool_hint is True
-    assert event.reasoning_delta is True
-    assert event.stream_id == "r1"
-    assert event.tool_events == tool_events
-    assert event.file_edit_events == file_edit_events
-
-
-def test_legacy_stream_metadata_flags_create_runtime_events() -> None:
-    delta = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="hello",
-        metadata={"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"},
-    )
-    end = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="",
-        metadata={"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "s1", "_resuming": True},
-    )
-
-    delta_event = outbound_event_from_message(delta)
-    assert isinstance(delta_event, StreamDeltaEvent)
-    assert delta_event.content == "hello"
-    assert delta_event.stream_id == "s1"
-
-    end_event = outbound_event_from_message(end)
-    assert isinstance(end_event, StreamEndEvent)
-    assert end_event.stream_id == "s1"
-    assert end_event.resuming is True
-
-
-def test_legacy_webui_runtime_metadata_flags_create_runtime_events() -> None:
-    runtime = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="*",
-        content="",
-        metadata={
-            "_runtime_model_updated": True,
-            "model": "gpt-5.5",
-            "model_preset": "high",
-        },
-    )
-    goal_state = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="",
-        metadata={"_goal_state_sync": True, "goal_state": {"active": True}},
-    )
-    goal_status = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="",
-        metadata={"_goal_status": True, "goal_status": "running", "started_at": 1.25},
-    )
-    turn_end = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="",
-        metadata={"_turn_end": True, "latency_ms": 42.0, "goal_state": {"active": False}},
-    )
-    session_updated = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="",
-        metadata={"_session_updated": True, "_session_update_scope": "metadata"},
-    )
-
-    runtime_event = outbound_event_from_message(runtime)
-    assert isinstance(runtime_event, RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent)
-    assert runtime_event.model == "gpt-5.5"
-    assert runtime_event.model_preset == "high"
-
-    goal_state_event = outbound_event_from_message(goal_state)
-    assert isinstance(goal_state_event, GoalStateSyncEvent)
-    assert goal_state_event.goal_state == {"active": True}
-
-    goal_status_event = outbound_event_from_message(goal_status)
-    assert isinstance(goal_status_event, GoalStatusEvent)
-    assert goal_status_event.status == "running"
-    assert goal_status_event.started_at == 1.25
-
-    turn_end_event = outbound_event_from_message(turn_end)
-    assert isinstance(turn_end_event, TurnEndEvent)
-    assert turn_end_event.latency_ms == 42
-    assert turn_end_event.goal_state == {"active": False}
-
-    session_updated_event = outbound_event_from_message(session_updated)
-    assert isinstance(session_updated_event, SessionUpdatedEvent)
-    assert session_updated_event.scope == "metadata"
-
-
-def test_legacy_metadata_numbers_ignore_bool_values() -> None:
-    goal_status = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="",
-        metadata={"_goal_status": True, "goal_status": "running", "started_at": True},
-    )
-    turn_end = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        content="",
-        metadata={"_turn_end": True, "latency_ms": True},
-    )
-
-    goal_status_event = outbound_event_from_message(goal_status)
-    assert isinstance(goal_status_event, GoalStatusEvent)
-    assert goal_status_event.started_at is None
-
-    turn_end_event = outbound_event_from_message(turn_end)
-    assert isinstance(turn_end_event, TurnEndEvent)
-    assert turn_end_event.latency_ms is None
-
-
-def test_legacy_retry_wait_and_streamed_flags_create_runtime_events() -> None:
-    retry = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="cli",
-        chat_id="direct",
-        content="waiting",
-        metadata={"_retry_wait": True},
-    )
-    streamed = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="cli",
-        chat_id="direct",
-        content="final answer",
-        metadata={"_streamed": True},
-    )
-
-    retry_event = outbound_event_from_message(retry)
-    assert isinstance(retry_event, RetryWaitEvent)
-    assert retry_event.content == "waiting"
-    assert isinstance(outbound_event_from_message(streamed), StreamedResponseEvent)
-
-
-def test_replace_outbound_event_keeps_routing_metadata() -> None:
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
-        channel="websocket",
-        chat_id="chat-1",
-        event=StreamDeltaEvent(content="hello", stream_id="s1"),
-        metadata={"message_id": "m1"},
-    )
-
-    updated = replace_outbound_event(
-        msg,
-        StreamEndEvent(stream_id="s1", resuming=True),
-        content="hello world",
-    )
-
-    assert updated.content == "hello world"
-    assert updated.metadata == {"message_id": "m1"}
-    assert isinstance(updated.event, StreamEndEvent)
-    assert updated.event.stream_id == "s1"
-    assert updated.event.resuming is True
-
-
-def test_streamed_response_event_keeps_final_content_outside_event_payload() -> None:
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
-        channel="cli",
-        chat_id="direct",
-        event=StreamedResponseEvent(),
-        content="final answer",
-    )
-
-    assert msg.content == "final answer"
-    assert isinstance(outbound_event_from_message(msg), StreamedResponseEvent)

tests/channels/test_channel_manager_delta_coalescing.py

@@ -1,19 +1,10 @@
 """Tests for ChannelManager delta coalescing to reduce streaming latency."""
-
 import asyncio
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
 
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    ProgressEvent,
-    RetryWaitEvent,
-    StreamDeltaEvent,
-    StreamEndEvent,
-    outbound_event_from_message,
-    outbound_message_for_event,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.channels.manager import ChannelManager
@@ -38,187 +29,221 @@ class MockChannel(BaseChannel):
         pass
 
     async def send(self, msg):
+        """Implement abstract method."""
         return await self._send_mock(msg)
 
-    async def send_delta(
+    async def send_delta(self, chat_id, delta, metadata=None):
-        self,
+        """Override send_delta for testing."""
-        chat_id,
+        return await self._send_delta_mock(chat_id, delta, metadata)
-        delta,
-        metadata=None,
-        *,
-        stream_id=None,
-        stream_end=False,
-        resuming=False,
-    ):
-        return await self._send_delta_mock(
-            chat_id,
-            delta,
-            metadata,
-            stream_id=stream_id,
-            stream_end=stream_end,
-            resuming=resuming,
-        )
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def config():
+    """Create a minimal config for testing."""
     return Config()
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def bus():
+    """Create a message bus for testing."""
     return MessageBus()
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def manager(config, bus):
+    """Create a channel manager with a mock channel."""
     manager = ChannelManager(config, bus)
     manager.channels["mock"] = MockChannel({}, bus)
     return manager
 
 
-def _delta(content: str, *, chat_id: str = "chat1", stream_id: str | None = None):
-    return outbound_message_for_event(
-        channel="mock",
-        chat_id=chat_id,
-        event=StreamDeltaEvent(content=content, stream_id=stream_id),
-    )
-
-
-def _end(
-    content: str = "",
-    *,
-    chat_id: str = "chat1",
-    stream_id: str | None = None,
-    resuming: bool = False,
-):
-    return outbound_message_for_event(
-        channel="mock",
-        chat_id=chat_id,
-        event=StreamEndEvent(content=content, stream_id=stream_id, resuming=resuming),
-    )
-
-
 class TestDeltaCoalescing:
-    """Tests for stream delta message coalescing."""
+    """Tests for _stream_delta message coalescing."""
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_single_delta_not_coalesced(self, manager, bus):
-        msg = _delta("Hello")
+        """A single delta should be sent as-is."""
+        msg = OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="Hello",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+        )
         await bus.publish_outbound(msg)
 
+        # Process one message
         async def process_one():
             try:
                 m = await asyncio.wait_for(bus.consume_outbound(), timeout=0.1)
-                event = outbound_event_from_message(m)
+                if m.metadata.get("_stream_delta"):
-                if isinstance(event, StreamDeltaEvent):
                     m, pending = manager._coalesce_stream_deltas(m)
+                    # Put pending back (none expected)
                     for p in pending:
                         await bus.publish_outbound(p)
                 channel = manager.channels.get(m.channel)
-                event = outbound_event_from_message(m)
+                if channel:
-                if channel and isinstance(event, StreamDeltaEvent):
+                    await channel.send_delta(m.chat_id, m.content, m.metadata)
-                    await channel.send_delta(
-                        m.chat_id,
-                        m.content,
-                        m.metadata,
-                        stream_id=event.stream_id,
-                    )
             except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                 pass
 
         await process_one()
 
         manager.channels["mock"]._send_delta_mock.assert_called_once_with(
-            "chat1",
+            "chat1", "Hello", {"_stream_delta": True}
-            "Hello",
-            {},
-            stream_id=None,
-            stream_end=False,
-            resuming=False,
         )
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_multiple_deltas_coalesced(self, manager, bus):
+        """Multiple consecutive deltas for same chat should be merged."""
+        # Put multiple deltas in queue
         for text in ["Hello", " ", "world", "!"]:
-            await bus.publish_outbound(_delta(text))
+            await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+                channel="mock",
+                chat_id="chat1",
+                content=text,
+                metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+            ))
 
+        # Process using coalescing logic
         first_msg = await bus.consume_outbound()
         merged, pending = manager._coalesce_stream_deltas(first_msg)
 
+        # Should have merged all deltas
         assert merged.content == "Hello world!"
-        assert isinstance(merged.event, StreamDeltaEvent)
+        assert merged.metadata.get("_stream_delta") is True
+        # No pending messages (all were coalesced)
         assert len(pending) == 0
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_deltas_different_chats_not_coalesced(self, manager, bus):
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("Hello", chat_id="chat1"))
+        """Deltas for different chats should not be merged."""
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("World", chat_id="chat2"))
+        # Put deltas for different chats
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="Hello",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+        ))
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat2",
+            content="World",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+        ))
 
         first_msg = await bus.consume_outbound()
         merged, pending = manager._coalesce_stream_deltas(first_msg)
 
+        # First chat should not include second chat's content
         assert merged.content == "Hello"
         assert merged.chat_id == "chat1"
+        # Second chat should be in pending
         assert len(pending) == 1
         assert pending[0].chat_id == "chat2"
         assert pending[0].content == "World"
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_deltas_different_stream_ids_not_coalesced(self, manager, bus):
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("A1", stream_id="stream-a"))
+        """Deltas for the same chat but different streams should not be merged."""
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("B1", stream_id="stream-b"))
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="A1",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "stream-a"},
+        ))
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="B1",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "stream-b"},
+        ))
 
         first_msg = await bus.consume_outbound()
         merged, pending = manager._coalesce_stream_deltas(first_msg)
 
         assert merged.content == "A1"
-        assert isinstance(merged.event, StreamDeltaEvent)
+        assert merged.metadata.get("_stream_id") == "stream-a"
-        assert merged.event.stream_id == "stream-a"
         assert len(pending) == 1
         assert pending[0].content == "B1"
-        assert isinstance(pending[0].event, StreamDeltaEvent)
+        assert pending[0].metadata.get("_stream_id") == "stream-b"
-        assert pending[0].event.stream_id == "stream-b"
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_stream_end_terminates_coalescing(self, manager, bus):
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("Hello"))
+        """_stream_end should stop coalescing and be included in final message."""
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_end(" world"))
+        # Put deltas with stream_end at the end
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="Hello",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+        ))
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content=" world",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_end": True},
+        ))
 
         first_msg = await bus.consume_outbound()
         merged, pending = manager._coalesce_stream_deltas(first_msg)
 
+        # Should have merged content
         assert merged.content == "Hello world"
-        assert isinstance(merged.event, StreamEndEvent)
+        # Should have stream_end flag
+        assert merged.metadata.get("_stream_end") is True
+        # No pending
         assert len(pending) == 0
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_coalescing_stops_at_first_non_matching_boundary(self, manager, bus):
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("Hello", stream_id="seg-1"))
+        """Only consecutive deltas should be merged; later deltas stay queued."""
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_end(stream_id="seg-1"))
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("world", stream_id="seg-2"))
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="Hello",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "seg-1"},
+        ))
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="",
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "seg-1"},
+        ))
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="world",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "seg-2"},
+        ))
 
         first_msg = await bus.consume_outbound()
         merged, pending = manager._coalesce_stream_deltas(first_msg)
 
         assert merged.content == "Hello"
-        assert isinstance(merged.event, StreamDeltaEvent)
+        assert merged.metadata.get("_stream_end") is None
         assert len(pending) == 1
-        assert isinstance(pending[0].event, StreamEndEvent)
+        assert pending[0].metadata.get("_stream_end") is True
-        assert pending[0].event.stream_id == "seg-1"
+        assert pending[0].metadata.get("_stream_id") == "seg-1"
 
+        # The next stream segment must remain in queue order for later dispatch.
         remaining = await bus.consume_outbound()
         assert remaining.content == "world"
-        assert isinstance(remaining.event, StreamDeltaEvent)
+        assert remaining.metadata.get("_stream_id") == "seg-2"
-        assert remaining.event.stream_id == "seg-2"
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_non_delta_message_preserved(self, manager, bus):
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("Delta"))
+        """Non-delta messages should be preserved in pending list."""
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="Delta",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+        ))
         await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
             channel="mock",
             chat_id="chat1",
             content="Final message",
+            metadata={},  # Not a delta
         ))
 
         first_msg = await bus.consume_outbound()
@@ -227,11 +252,17 @@ class TestDeltaCoalescing:
         assert merged.content == "Delta"
         assert len(pending) == 1
         assert pending[0].content == "Final message"
-        assert pending[0].event is None
+        assert pending[0].metadata.get("_stream_delta") is None
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_empty_queue_stops_coalescing(self, manager, bus):
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("Only message"))
+        """Coalescing should stop when queue is empty."""
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="Only message",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+        ))
 
         first_msg = await bus.consume_outbound()
         merged, pending = manager._coalesce_stream_deltas(first_msg)
@@ -245,35 +276,49 @@ class TestDispatchOutboundWithCoalescing:
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_dispatch_coalesces_and_processes_pending(self, manager, bus):
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("A"))
+        """_dispatch_outbound should coalesce deltas and process pending messages."""
-        await bus.publish_outbound(_delta("B"))
+        # Put multiple deltas followed by a regular message
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="A",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+        ))
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
+            channel="mock",
+            chat_id="chat1",
+            content="B",
+            metadata={"_stream_delta": True},
+        ))
         await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
             channel="mock",
             chat_id="chat1",
             content="Final",
+            metadata={},  # Regular message
         ))
 
+        # Run one iteration of dispatch logic manually
         pending = []
         processed = []
 
-        msg = pending.pop(0) if pending else await bus.consume_outbound()
+        # First iteration: should coalesce A+B
-        event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
+        if pending:
-        if isinstance(event, StreamDeltaEvent):
+            msg = pending.pop(0)
+        else:
+            msg = await bus.consume_outbound()
+
+        if msg.metadata.get("_stream_delta") and not msg.metadata.get("_stream_end"):
             msg, extra_pending = manager._coalesce_stream_deltas(msg)
             pending.extend(extra_pending)
 
         channel = manager.channels.get(msg.channel)
-        event = outbound_event_from_message(msg)
+        if channel:
-        if channel and isinstance(event, StreamDeltaEvent):
+            await channel.send_delta(msg.chat_id, msg.content, msg.metadata)
-            await channel.send_delta(
-                msg.chat_id,
-                msg.content,
-                msg.metadata,
-                stream_id=event.stream_id,
-            )
             processed.append(("delta", msg.content))
 
+        # Should have sent coalesced delta
         assert processed == [("delta", "AB")]
+        # Should have pending regular message
         assert len(pending) == 1
         assert pending[0].content == "Final"
 
@@ -309,20 +354,23 @@ class TestProgressFiltering:
 
         assert manager._resolve_bool_override(FakeSection(), "send_progress", True) is False
         assert manager._resolve_bool_override(FakeSection(), "send_tool_hints", False) is True
+        # Missing attribute falls back to default
         assert manager._resolve_bool_override(FakeSection(), "unknown_key", True) is True
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_channel_override_can_drop_progress_message(self, manager, bus):
         manager.channels["mock"].send_progress = False
-        await bus.publish_outbound(outbound_message_for_event(
+        await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
             channel="mock",
             chat_id="chat1",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="thinking"),
+            content="thinking",
+            metadata={"_progress": True},
         ))
         await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
             channel="mock",
             chat_id="chat1",
             content="final answer",
+            metadata={},
         ))
 
         task = asyncio.create_task(manager._dispatch_outbound())
@@ -343,37 +391,13 @@ class TestProgressFiltering:
         assert send_mock.await_args_list[0].args[0].content == "final answer"
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_legacy_progress_flag_uses_runtime_progress_filter(self, manager, bus):
+    async def test_channel_override_can_enable_tool_hints(self, manager, bus):
-        manager.channels["mock"].send_progress = False
+        manager.channels["mock"].send_tool_hints = True
         await bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
             channel="mock",
             chat_id="chat1",
-            content="legacy progress-shaped message",
+            content="read_file(foo.py)",
-            metadata={"_progress": True},
+            metadata={"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-        ))
-
-        task = asyncio.create_task(manager._dispatch_outbound())
-        try:
-            for _ in range(30):
-                if manager.channels["mock"]._send_mock.await_count >= 1:
-                    break
-                await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
-        finally:
-            task.cancel()
-            try:
-                await task
-            except asyncio.CancelledError:
-                pass
-
-        assert manager.channels["mock"]._send_mock.await_count == 0
-
-    @pytest.mark.asyncio
-    async def test_channel_override_can_enable_tool_hints(self, manager, bus):
-        manager.channels["mock"].send_tool_hints = True
-        await bus.publish_outbound(outbound_message_for_event(
-            channel="mock",
-            chat_id="chat1",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="read_file(foo.py)", tool_hint=True),
         ))
 
         task = asyncio.create_task(manager._dispatch_outbound())
@@ -399,15 +423,24 @@ class TestRetryWaitFiltering:
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_retry_wait_message_dropped(self, manager, bus):
-        retry_msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+        """A ``_retry_wait`` message must be filtered before channel dispatch.
+
+        Regression: provider retry diagnostics like
+        ``Model request failed, retry in 1s (attempt 1).`` were being
+        delivered to end-user channels because the runner bound
+        ``on_retry_wait`` to the progress callback.
+        """
+        retry_msg = OutboundMessage(
             channel="mock",
             chat_id="chat1",
-            event=RetryWaitEvent(content="Model request failed, retry in 1s (attempt 1)."),
+            content="Model request failed, retry in 1s (attempt 1).",
+            metadata={"_retry_wait": True},
         )
         real_msg = OutboundMessage(
             channel="mock",
             chat_id="chat1",
             content="final answer",
+            metadata={},
         )
         await bus.publish_outbound(retry_msg)
         await bus.publish_outbound(real_msg)
@@ -429,4 +462,4 @@ class TestRetryWaitFiltering:
         assert send_mock.await_count == 1
         sent = send_mock.await_args_list[0].args[0]
         assert sent.content == "final answer"
-        assert sent.event is None
+        assert not sent.metadata.get("_retry_wait")

tests/channels/test_channel_manager_reasoning.py

@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ channels that opt in via ``channel.show_reasoning``; plugins without a
 low-emphasis UI primitive keep the base no-op and the content silently
 drops at dispatch.
 
-One-shot reasoning frames are represented as typed progress events and
+One-shot ``_reasoning`` frames are accepted for back-compat with hooks
-``BaseChannel.send_reasoning`` expands them to a single delta + end pair so
+that haven't migrated yet — ``BaseChannel.send_reasoning`` expands them
-plugins only implement the streaming primitives.
+to a single delta + end pair so plugins only implement the streaming
+primitives.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent, outbound_message_for_event
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.channels.manager import ChannelManager
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ class _MockChannel(BaseChannel):
     async def send(self, msg):
         return await self._send_mock(msg)
 
-    async def send_reasoning_delta(self, chat_id, delta, metadata=None, *, stream_id=None):
+    async def send_reasoning_delta(self, chat_id, delta, metadata=None):
-        return await self._delta_mock(chat_id, delta, metadata, stream_id=stream_id)
+        return await self._delta_mock(chat_id, delta, metadata)
 
-    async def send_reasoning_end(self, chat_id, metadata=None, *, stream_id=None):
+    async def send_reasoning_end(self, chat_id, metadata=None):
-        return await self._end_mock(chat_id, metadata, stream_id=stream_id)
+        return await self._end_mock(chat_id, metadata)
 
     async def send_file_edit_events(self, chat_id, edits, metadata=None):
         return await self._file_edit_mock(chat_id, edits, metadata)
@@ -94,17 +94,17 @@ def test_websocket_gateway_uses_configured_workspace_restriction(tmp_path, monke
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_reasoning_delta_routes_to_send_reasoning_delta(manager):
     channel = manager.channels["mock"]
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+    msg = OutboundMessage(
         channel="mock",
         chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="step-by-step", reasoning_delta=True, stream_id="r1"),
+        content="step-by-step",
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True, "_stream_id": "r1"},
     )
     await manager._send_once(channel, msg)
     channel._delta_mock.assert_awaited_once()
     args = channel._delta_mock.await_args.args
     assert args[0] == "c1"
     assert args[1] == "step-by-step"
-    assert channel._delta_mock.await_args.kwargs["stream_id"] == "r1"
     channel._send_mock.assert_not_awaited()
     channel._end_mock.assert_not_awaited()
 
@@ -112,10 +112,11 @@ async def test_reasoning_delta_routes_to_send_reasoning_delta(manager):
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_reasoning_end_routes_to_send_reasoning_end(manager):
     channel = manager.channels["mock"]
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+    msg = OutboundMessage(
         channel="mock",
         chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(reasoning_end=True, stream_id="r1"),
+        content="",
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_end": True, "_stream_id": "r1"},
     )
     await manager._send_once(channel, msg)
     channel._end_mock.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -123,13 +124,16 @@ async def test_reasoning_end_routes_to_send_reasoning_end(manager):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_one_shot_reasoning_expands_to_delta_plus_end(manager):
+async def test_legacy_one_shot_reasoning_expands_to_delta_plus_end(manager):
-    """One-shot reasoning expands to a single delta + end."""
+    """`_reasoning` (no delta/end pair) falls back through `send_reasoning`
+    which the base class expands to a single delta + end. Hooks that haven't
+    migrated still surface in WebUI as a complete stream segment."""
     channel = manager.channels["mock"]
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+    msg = OutboundMessage(
         channel="mock",
         chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="one-shot reasoning", reasoning=True),
+        content="one-shot reasoning",
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning": True},
     )
     await manager._send_once(channel, msg)
     channel._delta_mock.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -140,10 +144,11 @@ async def test_one_shot_reasoning_expands_to_delta_plus_end(manager):
 async def test_dispatch_drops_reasoning_when_channel_opts_out(manager):
     channel = manager.channels["mock"]
     channel.show_reasoning = False
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+    msg = OutboundMessage(
         channel="mock",
         chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="hidden thinking", reasoning_delta=True),
+        content="hidden thinking",
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True},
     )
     await manager.bus.publish_outbound(msg)
 
@@ -159,15 +164,17 @@ async def test_dispatch_delivers_reasoning_when_channel_opts_in(manager):
     channel = manager.channels["mock"]
     channel.show_reasoning = True
     for chunk in ("first ", "second"):
-        await manager.bus.publish_outbound(outbound_message_for_event(
+        await manager.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
             channel="mock",
             chat_id="c1",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content=chunk, reasoning_delta=True, stream_id="r1"),
+            content=chunk,
+            metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True, "_stream_id": "r1"},
         ))
-    await manager.bus.publish_outbound(outbound_message_for_event(
+    await manager.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
         channel="mock",
         chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(reasoning_end=True, stream_id="r1"),
+        content="",
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_end": True, "_stream_id": "r1"},
     ))
 
     await _pump_one(manager)
@@ -178,10 +185,11 @@ async def test_dispatch_delivers_reasoning_when_channel_opts_in(manager):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_dispatch_silently_drops_reasoning_for_unknown_channel(manager):
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+    msg = OutboundMessage(
         channel="ghost",
         chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="nobody home", reasoning_delta=True),
+        content="nobody home",
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True},
     )
     await manager.bus.publish_outbound(msg)
 
@@ -221,34 +229,17 @@ async def test_base_channel_reasoning_primitives_are_noop_safe():
 async def test_file_edit_events_route_to_channel_capability(manager):
     channel = manager.channels["mock"]
     edits = [{"version": 1, "phase": "start", "path": "src/app.py"}]
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+    msg = OutboundMessage(
         channel="mock",
         chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(file_edit_events=edits),
+        content="",
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_file_edit_events": edits},
     )
 
     await manager._send_once(channel, msg)
 
     channel._file_edit_mock.assert_awaited_once_with(
-        "c1", edits, msg.metadata
+        "c1", edits, {"_progress": True, "_file_edit_events": edits}
-    )
-    channel._send_mock.assert_not_awaited()
-
-
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_typed_file_edit_event_routes_to_channel_capability(manager):
-    channel = manager.channels["mock"]
-    edits = [{"version": 1, "phase": "start", "path": "src/app.py"}]
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
-        channel="mock",
-        chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(file_edit_events=edits),
-    )
-
-    await manager._send_once(channel, msg)
-
-    channel._file_edit_mock.assert_awaited_once_with(
-        "c1", edits, msg.metadata
     )
     channel._send_mock.assert_not_awaited()
 
@@ -279,10 +270,11 @@ async def test_reasoning_routing_does_not_consult_send_progress(manager):
     channel = manager.channels["mock"]
     channel.send_progress = False
     channel.show_reasoning = True
-    await manager.bus.publish_outbound(outbound_message_for_event(
+    await manager.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
         channel="mock",
         chat_id="c1",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="still surfaces", reasoning_delta=True),
+        content="still surfaces",
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True},
     ))
 
     await _pump_one(manager)

tests/channels/test_channel_plugins.py

@@ -9,13 +9,6 @@ from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    ProgressEvent,
-    StreamDeltaEvent,
-    StreamedResponseEvent,
-    StreamEndEvent,
-    outbound_message_for_event,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.channels.manager import ChannelManager
@@ -725,7 +718,7 @@ async def test_send_with_retry_no_retry_when_max_is_zero():
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_send_with_retry_calls_send_delta():
-    """_send_with_retry should call send_delta for stream delta events."""
+    """_send_with_retry should call send_delta when metadata has _stream_delta."""
     send_delta_called = False
 
     class _StreamingChannel(BaseChannel):
@@ -741,16 +734,7 @@ async def test_send_with_retry_calls_send_delta():
         async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
             pass  # Should not be called
 
-        async def send_delta(
+        async def send_delta(self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict | None = None) -> None:
-            self,
-            chat_id: str,
-            delta: str,
-            metadata: dict | None = None,
-            *,
-            stream_id: str | None = None,
-            stream_end: bool = False,
-            resuming: bool = False,
-        ) -> None:
             nonlocal send_delta_called
             send_delta_called = True
 
@@ -765,147 +749,18 @@ async def test_send_with_retry_calls_send_delta():
     mgr.channels = {"streaming": _StreamingChannel(fake_config, mgr.bus)}
     mgr._dispatch_task = None
 
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+    msg = OutboundMessage(
-        channel="streaming",
+        channel="streaming", chat_id="123", content="test delta",
-        chat_id="123",
+        metadata={"_stream_delta": True}
-        event=StreamDeltaEvent(content="test delta"),
     )
     await mgr._send_with_retry(mgr.channels["streaming"], msg)
 
     assert send_delta_called is True
 
 
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_send_with_retry_supports_legacy_stream_delta_signature():
-    """External plugins with the old send_delta signature should keep working."""
-    calls: list[tuple[str, str, dict]] = []
-
-    class _LegacyStreamingChannel(BaseChannel):
-        name = "legacy_streaming"
-        display_name = "Legacy Streaming"
-
-        async def start(self) -> None:
-            pass
-
-        async def stop(self) -> None:
-            pass
-
-        async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
-            pass
-
-        async def send_delta(
-            self,
-            chat_id: str,
-            delta: str,
-            metadata: dict | None = None,
-        ) -> None:
-            calls.append((chat_id, delta, dict(metadata or {})))
-
-    fake_config = SimpleNamespace(
-        channels=ChannelsConfig(send_max_retries=3),
-        providers=SimpleNamespace(groq=SimpleNamespace(api_key="")),
-    )
-    mgr = ChannelManager.__new__(ChannelManager)
-    mgr.config = fake_config
-    mgr.bus = MessageBus()
-    mgr.channels = {"legacy_streaming": _LegacyStreamingChannel(fake_config, mgr.bus)}
-    mgr._dispatch_task = None
-
-    await mgr._send_with_retry(
-        mgr.channels["legacy_streaming"],
-        outbound_message_for_event(
-            channel="legacy_streaming",
-            chat_id="123",
-            event=StreamDeltaEvent(content="hello", stream_id="s1"),
-        ),
-    )
-    await mgr._send_with_retry(
-        mgr.channels["legacy_streaming"],
-        outbound_message_for_event(
-            channel="legacy_streaming",
-            chat_id="123",
-            event=StreamEndEvent(content="", stream_id="s1", resuming=True),
-        ),
-    )
-
-    assert calls == [
-        ("123", "hello", {"_stream_id": "s1", "_stream_delta": True}),
-        ("123", "", {"_stream_id": "s1", "_stream_end": True}),
-    ]
-
-
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_send_with_retry_supports_legacy_reasoning_signature():
-    """External plugins with the old reasoning hook signature should keep working."""
-    deltas: list[tuple[str, str, dict]] = []
-    ends: list[tuple[str, dict]] = []
-
-    class _LegacyReasoningChannel(BaseChannel):
-        name = "legacy_reasoning"
-        display_name = "Legacy Reasoning"
-
-        async def start(self) -> None:
-            pass
-
-        async def stop(self) -> None:
-            pass
-
-        async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
-            pass
-
-        async def send_reasoning_delta(
-            self,
-            chat_id: str,
-            delta: str,
-            metadata: dict | None = None,
-        ) -> None:
-            deltas.append((chat_id, delta, dict(metadata or {})))
-
-        async def send_reasoning_end(
-            self,
-            chat_id: str,
-            metadata: dict | None = None,
-        ) -> None:
-            ends.append((chat_id, dict(metadata or {})))
-
-    fake_config = SimpleNamespace(
-        channels=ChannelsConfig(send_max_retries=3),
-        providers=SimpleNamespace(groq=SimpleNamespace(api_key="")),
-    )
-    mgr = ChannelManager.__new__(ChannelManager)
-    mgr.config = fake_config
-    mgr.bus = MessageBus()
-    mgr.channels = {"legacy_reasoning": _LegacyReasoningChannel(fake_config, mgr.bus)}
-    mgr._dispatch_task = None
-
-    await mgr._send_with_retry(
-        mgr.channels["legacy_reasoning"],
-        outbound_message_for_event(
-            channel="legacy_reasoning",
-            chat_id="123",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="thinking", reasoning_delta=True, stream_id="r1"),
-        ),
-    )
-    await mgr._send_with_retry(
-        mgr.channels["legacy_reasoning"],
-        outbound_message_for_event(
-            channel="legacy_reasoning",
-            chat_id="123",
-            event=ProgressEvent(reasoning_end=True, stream_id="r1"),
-        ),
-    )
-
-    assert deltas == [
-        ("123", "thinking", {"_reasoning_delta": True, "_stream_id": "r1"}),
-    ]
-    assert ends == [
-        ("123", {"_reasoning_end": True, "_stream_id": "r1"}),
-    ]
-
-
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_send_with_retry_skips_send_when_streamed():
-    """_send_with_retry should not call send for streamed response events."""
+    """_send_with_retry should not call send when metadata has _streamed flag."""
     send_called = False
     send_delta_called = False
 
@@ -923,16 +778,7 @@ async def test_send_with_retry_skips_send_when_streamed():
             nonlocal send_called
             send_called = True
 
-        async def send_delta(
+        async def send_delta(self, chat_id: str, delta: str, metadata: dict | None = None) -> None:
-            self,
-            chat_id: str,
-            delta: str,
-            metadata: dict | None = None,
-            *,
-            stream_id: str | None = None,
-            stream_end: bool = False,
-            resuming: bool = False,
-        ) -> None:
             nonlocal send_delta_called
             send_delta_called = True
 
@@ -947,11 +793,10 @@ async def test_send_with_retry_skips_send_when_streamed():
     mgr.channels = {"streamed": _StreamedChannel(fake_config, mgr.bus)}
     mgr._dispatch_task = None
 
-    msg = outbound_message_for_event(
+    # _streamed means message was already sent via send_delta, so skip send
-        channel="streamed",
+    msg = OutboundMessage(
-        chat_id="123",
+        channel="streamed", chat_id="123", content="test",
-        event=StreamedResponseEvent(),
+        metadata={"_streamed": True}
-        content="test",
     )
     await mgr._send_with_retry(mgr.channels["streamed"], msg)
 

tests/channels/test_discord_channel.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ pytest.importorskip("discord")
 import discord
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.discord import (
     MAX_MESSAGE_LEN,
@@ -719,9 +718,9 @@ async def test_send_delta_streams_by_editing_message(monkeypatch) -> None:
     times = iter([1.0, 3.0, 5.0])
     monkeypatch.setattr("nanobot.channels.discord.time.monotonic", lambda: next(times, 5.0))
 
-    await owner.send_delta("123", "hel", stream_id="s1")
+    await owner.send_delta("123", "hel", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
-    await owner.send_delta("123", "lo", stream_id="s1")
+    await owner.send_delta("123", "lo", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
-    await owner.send_delta("123", "", stream_id="s1", stream_end=True)
+    await owner.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
 
     assert target.sent_payloads[0] == {"content": "hel"}
     assert target.sent_messages[0].edits == [{"content": "hello"}, {"content": "hello"}]
@@ -746,9 +745,9 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_splits_oversized_reply(monkeypatch) -> None
     times = iter([1.0, 3.0])
     monkeypatch.setattr("nanobot.channels.discord.time.monotonic", lambda: next(times, 3.0))
 
-    await owner.send_delta("123", prefix, stream_id="s1")
+    await owner.send_delta("123", prefix, {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
-    await owner.send_delta("123", suffix, stream_id="s1")
+    await owner.send_delta("123", suffix, {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
-    await owner.send_delta("123", "", stream_id="s1", stream_end=True)
+    await owner.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
 
     assert target.sent_payloads == [{"content": prefix}, {"content": chunks[1]}]
     assert target.sent_messages[0].edits == [{"content": chunks[0]}, {"content": chunks[0]}]
@@ -1074,7 +1073,7 @@ async def test_send_stops_typing_after_send() -> None:
             channel="discord",
             chat_id="123",
             content="progress",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="progress"),
+            metadata={"_progress": True},
         )
     )
 

tests/channels/test_email_channel.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from pathlib import Path
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.email import EmailChannel, EmailConfig
 
@@ -869,7 +868,10 @@ async def test_send_skips_progress_messages_before_smtp(monkeypatch) -> None:
             channel="email",
             chat_id="alice@example.com",
             content="",
-            event=ProgressEvent(tool_events=[{"phase": "end", "name": "exec"}]),
+            metadata={
+                "_progress": True,
+                "_tool_events": [{"phase": "end", "name": "exec"}],
+            },
         )
     )
 

tests/channels/test_feishu_reaction.py

@@ -193,8 +193,7 @@ class TestStreamEndReactionCleanup:
 
         await ch.send_delta(
             "oc_chat1", "",
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001"},
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True, "message_id": "om_001"},
-            stream_end=True,
         )
 
         ch._remove_reaction.assert_called_once_with("om_001", "rx_42")
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ class TestStreamEndReactionCleanup:
 
         await ch.send_delta(
             "oc_chat1", "",
-            stream_end=True,
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True},
         )
 
         ch._remove_reaction.assert_not_called()
@@ -228,8 +227,7 @@ class TestStreamEndReactionCleanup:
 
         await ch.send_delta(
             "oc_chat1", "",
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001"},
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True, "message_id": "om_001"},
-            stream_end=True,
         )
 
         ch._remove_reaction.assert_not_called()
@@ -244,7 +242,7 @@ class TestStreamEndReactionCleanup:
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card.settings.return_value = MagicMock(success=MagicMock(return_value=True))
         ch._remove_reaction = AsyncMock()
 
-        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", stream_end=True)
+        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", metadata={"_stream_end": True})
 
         ch._remove_reaction.assert_not_called()
 
@@ -262,7 +260,7 @@ class TestStreamEndReactionCleanup:
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_no_removal_when_resuming(self):
-        """resuming=True means more tool-call rounds follow; reaction must persist."""
+        """_resuming=True means more tool-call rounds follow; reaction must persist."""
         ch = _make_channel()
         ch.config.done_emoji = "DONE"
         ch._stream_bufs["oc_chat1"] = _FeishuStreamBuf(
@@ -276,9 +274,7 @@ class TestStreamEndReactionCleanup:
 
         await ch.send_delta(
             "oc_chat1", "",
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001"},
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True, "_resuming": True, "message_id": "om_001"},
-            stream_end=True,
-            resuming=True,
         )
 
         ch._remove_reaction.assert_not_called()
@@ -303,23 +299,19 @@ class TestStreamEndReactionCleanup:
         # Intermediate stream end (more tool calls coming).
         await ch.send_delta(
             "oc_chat1", "",
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001"},
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True, "_resuming": True, "message_id": "om_001"},
-            stream_end=True,
-            resuming=True,
         )
         ch._remove_reaction.assert_not_called()
         ch._add_reaction.assert_not_called()
 
-        # Re-prime the stream buffer for the final round (the previous stream end popped it).
+        # Re-prime the stream buffer for the final round (the previous _stream_end popped it).
         ch._stream_bufs["oc_chat1"] = _FeishuStreamBuf(
             text="t", card_id="card_1", sequence=5, last_edit=0.0,
         )
         # Final stream end (resuming=False): OnIt removed, done_emoji added.
         await ch.send_delta(
             "oc_chat1", "",
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001"},
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True, "_resuming": False, "message_id": "om_001"},
-            stream_end=True,
-            resuming=False,
         )
         ch._remove_reaction.assert_called_once_with("om_001", "rx_42")
         ch._add_reaction.assert_called_once_with("om_001", "DONE")

tests/channels/test_feishu_reply.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ if not FEISHU_AVAILABLE:
     pytest.skip("Feishu dependencies not installed (lark-oapi)", allow_module_level=True)
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.feishu import FeishuChannel, FeishuConfig
 
@@ -333,8 +332,7 @@ async def test_send_skips_reply_for_progress_messages() -> None:
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_abc",
         content="thinking...",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="thinking..."),
+        metadata={"message_id": "om_001", "_progress": True},
-        metadata={"message_id": "om_001"},
     ))
 
     channel._client.im.v1.message.create.assert_called_once()

tests/channels/test_feishu_streaming.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from unittest.mock import MagicMock
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.feishu import FeishuChannel, FeishuConfig, _FeishuStreamBuf
 
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ class TestSendDelta:
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card_element.content.return_value = _mock_content_response()
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card.settings.return_value = _mock_content_response()
 
-        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", stream_end=True)
+        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", metadata={"_stream_end": True})
 
         assert "oc_chat1" not in ch._stream_bufs
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card_element.content.assert_called_once()
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class TestSendDelta:
         )
         ch._client.im.v1.message.create.return_value = _mock_send_response("om_fb")
 
-        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", stream_end=True)
+        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", metadata={"_stream_end": True})
 
         assert "oc_chat1" not in ch._stream_bufs
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card_element.content.assert_not_called()
@@ -307,8 +306,7 @@ class TestSendDelta:
         await ch.send_delta(
             "oc_chat1",
             "",
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001", "chat_type": "group"},
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True, "message_id": "om_001", "chat_type": "group"},
-            stream_end=True,
         )
 
         ch._client.im.v1.message.create.assert_called_once()
@@ -328,11 +326,11 @@ class TestSendDelta:
             "oc_chat1",
             "",
             metadata={
+                "_stream_end": True,
                 "message_id": "om_001",
                 "chat_type": "group",
                 "thread_id": "ot_001",
             },
-            stream_end=True,
         )
 
         ch._client.im.v1.message.reply.assert_called_once()
@@ -353,8 +351,7 @@ class TestSendDelta:
         await ch.send_delta(
             "oc_chat1",
             "",
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001", "chat_type": "group"},
+            metadata={"_stream_end": True, "message_id": "om_001", "chat_type": "group"},
-            stream_end=True,
         )
 
         ch._client.im.v1.message.reply.assert_called_once()
@@ -372,7 +369,7 @@ class TestSendDelta:
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card_element.content.return_value = _mock_content_response(success=False)
         ch._client.im.v1.message.create.return_value = _mock_send_response("om_fb")
 
-        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", stream_end=True)
+        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", metadata={"_stream_end": True})
 
         assert "oc_chat1" not in ch._stream_bufs
         assert ch._client.cardkit.v1.card.settings.call_count == 2
@@ -391,7 +388,7 @@ class TestSendDelta:
         ]
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card.settings.return_value = _mock_content_response(True)
 
-        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", stream_end=True)
+        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", metadata={"_stream_end": True})
 
         assert "oc_chat1" not in ch._stream_bufs
         assert ch._client.cardkit.v1.card_element.content.call_count == 2
@@ -401,7 +398,7 @@ class TestSendDelta:
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_stream_end_without_buf_is_noop(self):
         ch = _make_channel()
-        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", stream_end=True)
+        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", metadata={"_stream_end": True})
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card_element.content.assert_not_called()
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -449,7 +446,7 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
         msg = OutboundMessage(
             channel="feishu", chat_id="oc_chat1",
             content='web_fetch("https://example.com")',
-            event=ProgressEvent(content='web_fetch("https://example.com")', tool_hint=True),
+            metadata={"_tool_hint": True},
         )
         await ch.send(msg)
 
@@ -485,7 +482,7 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
         msg = OutboundMessage(
             channel="feishu", chat_id="oc_chat1",
             content='read_file("path")',
-            event=ProgressEvent(content='read_file("path")', tool_hint=True),
+            metadata={"_tool_hint": True},
         )
         await ch.send(msg)
 
@@ -500,8 +497,7 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
         msg = OutboundMessage(
             channel="feishu", chat_id="oc_chat1",
             content='read_file("path")',
-            event=ProgressEvent(content='read_file("path")', tool_hint=True),
+            metadata={"_tool_hint": True, "message_id": "om_001", "chat_type": "group"},
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001", "chat_type": "group"},
         )
         await ch.send(msg)
 
@@ -518,8 +514,8 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
         msg = OutboundMessage(
             channel="feishu", chat_id="oc_chat1",
             content='read_file("path")',
-            event=ProgressEvent(content='read_file("path")', tool_hint=True),
             metadata={
+                "_tool_hint": True,
                 "message_id": "om_001",
                 "chat_type": "group",
                 "thread_id": "ot_001",
@@ -542,8 +538,7 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
         msg = OutboundMessage(
             channel="feishu", chat_id="oc_chat1",
             content='read_file("path")',
-            event=ProgressEvent(content='read_file("path")', tool_hint=True),
+            metadata={"_tool_hint": True, "message_id": "om_001", "chat_type": "group"},
-            metadata={"message_id": "om_001", "chat_type": "group"},
         )
         await ch.send(msg)
 
@@ -563,15 +558,13 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
 
         msg1 = OutboundMessage(
             channel="feishu", chat_id="oc_chat1",
-            content='$ cd /project',
+            content='$ cd /project', metadata={"_tool_hint": True},
-            event=ProgressEvent(content='$ cd /project', tool_hint=True),
         )
         await ch.send(msg1)
 
         msg2 = OutboundMessage(
             channel="feishu", chat_id="oc_chat1",
-            content='$ git status',
+            content='$ git status', metadata={"_tool_hint": True},
-            event=ProgressEvent(content='$ git status', tool_hint=True),
         )
         await ch.send(msg2)
 
@@ -584,7 +577,7 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_tool_hint_preserved_on_final_stream_end(self):
-        """When stream end closes the card, tool hint is kept in the final text."""
+        """When final _stream_end closes the card, tool hint is kept in the final text."""
         ch = _make_channel()
         ch._stream_bufs["oc_chat1"] = _FeishuStreamBuf(
             text="Final content\n\n🔧 web_fetch(\"url\")\n\n",
@@ -593,7 +586,7 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card_element.content.return_value = _mock_content_response()
         ch._client.cardkit.v1.card.settings.return_value = _mock_content_response()
 
-        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", stream_end=True)
+        await ch.send_delta("oc_chat1", "", metadata={"_stream_end": True})
 
         assert "oc_chat1" not in ch._stream_bufs
         update_call = ch._client.cardkit.v1.card_element.content.call_args[0][0]
@@ -610,8 +603,7 @@ class TestToolHintInlineStreaming:
         for content in ("", "   ", "\t\n"):
             msg = OutboundMessage(
                 channel="feishu", chat_id="oc_chat1",
-                content=content,
+                content=content, metadata={"_tool_hint": True},
-                event=ProgressEvent(content=content, tool_hint=True),
             )
             await ch.send(msg)
 

tests/channels/test_feishu_tool_hint_code_block.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Tests for FeishuChannel tool hint formatting."""
 
 import json
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@ if not FEISHU_AVAILABLE:
     pytest.skip("Feishu dependencies not installed (lark-oapi)", allow_module_level=True)
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.channels.feishu import FeishuChannel
 
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ async def test_tool_hint_sends_interactive_card(mock_feishu_channel):
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_123456",
         content='web_search("test query")',
-        event=ProgressEvent(tool_hint=True),
+        metadata={"_tool_hint": True}
     )
 
     with patch.object(mock_feishu_channel, '_send_message_sync') as mock_send:
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ async def test_tool_hint_empty_content_does_not_send(mock_feishu_channel):
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_123456",
         content="   ",  # whitespace only
-        event=ProgressEvent(tool_hint=True),
+        metadata={"_tool_hint": True}
     )
 
     with patch.object(mock_feishu_channel, '_send_message_sync') as mock_send:
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ async def test_tool_hint_multiple_tools_in_one_message(mock_feishu_channel):
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_123456",
         content='web_search("query"), read_file("/path/to/file")',
-        event=ProgressEvent(tool_hint=True),
+        metadata={"_tool_hint": True}
     )
 
     with patch.object(mock_feishu_channel, '_send_message_sync') as mock_send:
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ async def test_tool_hint_new_format_basic(mock_feishu_channel):
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_123456",
         content='read src/main.py, grep "TODO"',
-        event=ProgressEvent(tool_hint=True),
+        metadata={"_tool_hint": True}
     )
 
     with patch.object(mock_feishu_channel, '_send_message_sync') as mock_send:
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ async def test_tool_hint_new_format_with_comma_in_quotes(mock_feishu_channel):
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_123456",
         content='grep "hello, world", $ echo test',
-        event=ProgressEvent(tool_hint=True),
+        metadata={"_tool_hint": True}
     )
 
     with patch.object(mock_feishu_channel, '_send_message_sync') as mock_send:
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ async def test_tool_hint_new_format_with_folding(mock_feishu_channel):
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_123456",
         content='read path × 3, grep "pattern"',
-        event=ProgressEvent(tool_hint=True),
+        metadata={"_tool_hint": True}
     )
 
     with patch.object(mock_feishu_channel, '_send_message_sync') as mock_send:
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ async def test_tool_hint_new_format_mcp(mock_feishu_channel):
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_123456",
         content='4_5v::analyze_image("photo.jpg")',
-        event=ProgressEvent(tool_hint=True),
+        metadata={"_tool_hint": True}
     )
 
     with patch.object(mock_feishu_channel, '_send_message_sync') as mock_send:
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ async def test_tool_hint_keeps_commas_inside_arguments(mock_feishu_channel):
         channel="feishu",
         chat_id="oc_123456",
         content='web_search("foo, bar"), read_file("/path/to/file")',
-        event=ProgressEvent(tool_hint=True),
+        metadata={"_tool_hint": True}
     )
 
     with patch.object(mock_feishu_channel, '_send_message_sync') as mock_send:

tests/channels/test_matrix_channel.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from nio import RoomSendResponse, SyncError
 
 import nanobot.channels.matrix as matrix_module
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.matrix import (
     MATRIX_HTML_FORMAT,
@@ -1523,7 +1522,7 @@ async def test_send_progress_keeps_typing_keepalive_running() -> None:
             channel="matrix",
             chat_id="!room:matrix.org",
             content="working...",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="working..."),
+            metadata={"_progress": True, "_progress_kind": "reasoning"},
         )
     )
 
@@ -1545,7 +1544,7 @@ async def test_send_empty_content_does_not_call_room_send() -> None:
             channel="matrix",
             chat_id="!room:matrix.org",
             content="",
-            event=ProgressEvent(),
+            metadata={"_progress": True},
         )
     )
 
@@ -1564,7 +1563,7 @@ async def test_send_whitespace_only_content_does_not_call_room_send() -> None:
             channel="matrix",
             chat_id="!room:matrix.org",
             content="   \n\n  ",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="   \n\n  "),
+            metadata={"_progress": True},
         )
     )
 
@@ -1884,7 +1883,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_replaces_existing_message() -> None:
         last_edit=100.0,
     )
 
-    await channel.send_delta("!room:matrix.org", "", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("!room:matrix.org", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     assert "!room:matrix.org" not in channel._stream_bufs
     assert client.typing_calls[-1] == ("!room:matrix.org", False, TYPING_NOTICE_TIMEOUT_MS)
@@ -1934,7 +1933,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_threaded_edit_keeps_replace_and_thread_relation(monkey
     }
     await channel.send_delta("!room:matrix.org", "Hello", metadata)
     await channel.send_delta("!room:matrix.org", " world", metadata)
-    await channel.send_delta("!room:matrix.org", "", metadata, stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("!room:matrix.org", "", {"_stream_end": True, **metadata})
 
     edit_content = client.room_send_calls[1]["content"]
     final_content = client.room_send_calls[2]["content"]
@@ -1967,7 +1966,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_noop_when_buffer_missing() -> None:
     client = _FakeAsyncClient("", "", "", None)
     channel.client = client
 
-    await channel.send_delta("!room:matrix.org", "", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("!room:matrix.org", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     assert client.room_send_calls == []
     assert client.typing_calls == []

tests/channels/test_signal_channel.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from unittest.mock import MagicMock
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.signal import (
     SignalChannel,
@@ -1342,7 +1341,7 @@ class TestSend:
             channel="signal",
             chat_id="+19995550001",
             content="working...",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="working..."),
+            metadata={"_progress": True},
         )
         await ch.send(msg)
         # Progress messages should NOT stop the typing indicator

tests/channels/test_telegram_channel.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ except ImportError:
     pytest.skip("Telegram dependencies not installed (python-telegram-bot)", allow_module_level=True)
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.telegram import (
     TELEGRAM_REPLY_CONTEXT_MAX_LEN,
@@ -605,7 +604,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_raises_and_keeps_buffer_on_failure() -> Non
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text="hello", message_id=7, last_edit=0.0)
 
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="boom"):
-        await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_end=True)
+        await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     assert "123" in channel._stream_bufs
 
@@ -622,7 +621,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_treats_not_modified_as_success() -> None:
     channel._app.bot.edit_message_text = AsyncMock(side_effect=BadRequest("Message is not modified"))
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text="hello", message_id=7, last_edit=0.0, stream_id="s:0")
 
-    await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_id="s:0", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "s:0"})
 
     assert "123" not in channel._stream_bufs
 
@@ -643,7 +642,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_does_not_fallback_on_network_timeout() -> N
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text="hello", message_id=7, last_edit=0.0)
 
     with pytest.raises(TimedOut, match="network timeout"):
-        await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_end=True)
+        await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     # Every call to edit_message_text must have used parse_mode="HTML" —
     # no plain-text fallback call should have been made.
@@ -667,7 +666,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_does_not_fallback_on_network_error() -> Non
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text="hello", message_id=7, last_edit=0.0)
 
     with pytest.raises(NetworkError, match="connection reset"):
-        await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_end=True)
+        await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     # Every call to edit_message_text must have used parse_mode="HTML" —
     # no plain-text fallback call should have been made.
@@ -694,7 +693,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_falls_back_on_bad_request() -> None:
     )
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text="hello <bad>", message_id=7, last_edit=0.0)
 
-    await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     # edit_message_text should have been called twice: once for HTML, once for plain fallback
     assert channel._app.bot.edit_message_text.call_count == 2
@@ -725,7 +724,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_splits_oversized_reply() -> None:
     oversized = "x" * (4000 + 500)
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text=oversized, message_id=7, last_edit=0.0)
 
-    await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     channel._app.bot.edit_message_text.assert_called_once()
     edit_text = channel._app.bot.edit_message_text.call_args.kwargs.get("text", "")
@@ -763,7 +762,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_html_expansion_does_not_overflow() -> None:
 
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text=markdown_text, message_id=7, last_edit=0.0)
 
-    await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     channel._app.bot.edit_message_text.assert_called_once()
     edit_text = channel._app.bot.edit_message_text.call_args.kwargs.get("text", "")
@@ -790,7 +789,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_splits_long_code_block_before_html_renderin
     raw_text = "```python\n" + ("print(\"line\")\n" * 450) + "```\nDone"
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text=raw_text, message_id=7, last_edit=0.0)
 
-    await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     html_chunks = [
         channel._app.bot.edit_message_text.call_args.kwargs.get("text", ""),
@@ -820,7 +819,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_new_stream_id_replaces_stale_buffer() -> None:
         stream_id="old:0",
     )
 
-    await channel.send_delta("123", "world", stream_id="new:0")
+    await channel.send_delta("123", "world", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "new:0"})
 
     buf = channel._stream_bufs["123"]
     assert buf.text == "world"
@@ -840,7 +839,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_incremental_edit_treats_not_modified_as_success() -> N
     channel._stream_bufs["123"] = _StreamBuf(text="hello", message_id=7, last_edit=0.0, stream_id="s:0")
     channel._app.bot.edit_message_text = AsyncMock(side_effect=BadRequest("Message is not modified"))
 
-    await channel.send_delta("123", "", stream_id="s:0")
+    await channel.send_delta("123", "", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s:0"})
 
     assert channel._stream_bufs["123"].last_edit > 0.0
 
@@ -865,7 +864,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_incremental_edit_splits_oversized_buffer() -> None:
         text=oversized, message_id=7, last_edit=0.0, stream_id="s:0"
     )
 
-    await channel.send_delta("123", "y", stream_id="s:0")
+    await channel.send_delta("123", "y", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s:0"})
 
     channel._app.bot.edit_message_text.assert_called_once()
     edit_text = channel._app.bot.edit_message_text.call_args.kwargs.get("text", "")
@@ -889,8 +888,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_initial_send_keeps_message_in_thread() -> None:
     await channel.send_delta(
         "123",
         "hello",
-        {"message_thread_id": 42},
+        {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s:0", "message_thread_id": 42},
-        stream_id="s:0",
     )
 
     assert channel._app.bot.sent_messages[0]["message_thread_id"] == 42
@@ -964,8 +962,7 @@ async def test_send_progress_keeps_message_in_topic() -> None:
             channel="telegram",
             chat_id="123",
             content="hello",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="hello"),
+            metadata={"_progress": True, "message_thread_id": 42},
-            metadata={"message_thread_id": 42},
         )
     )
 

tests/channels/test_websocket_channel.py

@@ -15,14 +15,6 @@ from websockets.exceptions import ConnectionClosed
 from websockets.frames import Close
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OUTBOUND_META_AGENT_UI, OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
-    GoalStateSyncEvent,
-    GoalStatusEvent,
-    ProgressEvent,
-    RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent,
-    SessionUpdatedEvent,
-    TurnEndEvent,
-)
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.websocket import (
     WebSocketChannel,
@@ -861,10 +853,11 @@ async def test_runtime_model_update_publisher_uses_websocket_outbound_event() ->
     assert event.channel == "websocket"
     assert event.chat_id == "*"
     assert event.content == ""
-    assert event.metadata == {}
+    assert event.metadata == {
-    assert isinstance(event.event, RuntimeModelUpdatedEvent)
+        "_runtime_model_updated": True,
-    assert event.event.model == "openai/gpt-4.1"
+        "model": "openai/gpt-4.1",
-    assert event.event.model_preset == "fast"
+        "model_preset": "fast",
+    }
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -936,10 +929,11 @@ async def test_send_progress_includes_structured_tool_events() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content='search "hermes"',
-        event=ProgressEvent(
+        metadata={
-            content='search "hermes"',
+            "_progress": True,
-            tool_hint=True,
+            "_tool_hint": True,
-            tool_events=[
+            "webui_turn_id": "turn-1",
+            "_tool_events": [
                 {
                     "version": 1,
                     "phase": "start",
@@ -952,9 +946,6 @@ async def test_send_progress_includes_structured_tool_events() -> None:
                     "embeds": [],
                 }
             ],
-        ),
-        metadata={
-            "webui_turn_id": "turn-1",
         },
     ))
 
@@ -990,8 +981,9 @@ async def test_send_file_edit_progress_uses_file_edit_event() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=ProgressEvent(
+        metadata={
-            file_edit_events=[
+            "_progress": True,
+            "_file_edit_events": [
                 {
                     "version": 1,
                     "phase": "start",
@@ -1004,7 +996,7 @@ async def test_send_file_edit_progress_uses_file_edit_event() -> None:
                     "status": "editing",
                 }
             ],
-        ),
+        },
     ))
 
     payload = json.loads(mock_ws.send.await_args.args[0])
@@ -1042,8 +1034,7 @@ async def test_send_progress_includes_agent_ui_blob() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="progress · panel",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="progress · panel"),
+        metadata={"_progress": True, OUTBOUND_META_AGENT_UI: blob},
-        metadata={OUTBOUND_META_AGENT_UI: blob},
     ))
 
     payload = json.loads(mock_ws.send.await_args.args[0])
@@ -1060,7 +1051,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_removes_connection_on_connection_closed() -> None:
     mock_ws.send.side_effect = ConnectionClosed(Close(1006, ""), Close(1006, ""), True)
     channel._attach(mock_ws, "chat-1")
 
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "chunk", stream_id="s1")
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "chunk", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
 
     assert "chat-1" not in channel._subs
     assert mock_ws not in channel._conn_chats
@@ -1073,8 +1064,8 @@ async def test_send_delta_emits_delta_and_stream_end() -> None:
     mock_ws = AsyncMock()
     channel._attach(mock_ws, "chat-1")
 
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "part", stream_id="sid")
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "part", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "sid"})
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "", stream_id="sid", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "sid"})
 
     assert mock_ws.send.await_count == 2
     first = json.loads(mock_ws.send.call_args_list[0][0][0])
@@ -1099,8 +1090,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_includes_inline_final_text() -> None:
     await channel.send_delta(
         "chat-1",
         "merged plain text",
-        stream_id="sid",
+        {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "sid"},
-        stream_end=True,
     )
 
     mock_ws.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1134,9 +1124,9 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_rewrites_local_markdown_image(monkeypatch,
     mock_ws = AsyncMock()
     channel._attach(mock_ws, "chat-1")
 
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "![Diagram](", stream_id="sid")
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "![Diagram](", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "sid"})
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "diagram.png)", stream_id="sid")
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "diagram.png)", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "sid"})
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "", stream_id="sid", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "sid"})
 
     assert mock_ws.send.await_count == 3
     final = json.loads(mock_ws.send.call_args_list[2][0][0])
@@ -1170,8 +1160,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_stream_end_rewrites_inline_final_text(monkeypatch, tmp
     await channel.send_delta(
         "chat-1",
         "![Diagram](diagram.png)",
-        stream_id="sid",
+        {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "sid"},
-        stream_end=True,
     )
 
     mock_ws.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1190,7 +1179,7 @@ async def test_send_reasoning_delta_emits_streaming_frame() -> None:
     await channel.send_reasoning_delta(
         "chat-1",
         "step-by-step thinking",
-        stream_id="r1",
+        {"_reasoning_delta": True, "_stream_id": "r1"},
     )
 
     mock_ws.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1208,7 +1197,7 @@ async def test_send_reasoning_end_emits_close_frame() -> None:
     mock_ws = AsyncMock()
     channel._attach(mock_ws, "chat-1")
 
-    await channel.send_reasoning_end("chat-1", stream_id="r1")
+    await channel.send_reasoning_end("chat-1", {"_reasoning_end": True, "_stream_id": "r1"})
 
     payload = json.loads(mock_ws.send.await_args.args[0])
     assert payload == {"event": "reasoning_end", "chat_id": "chat-1", "stream_id": "r1"}
@@ -1216,7 +1205,9 @@ async def test_send_reasoning_end_emits_close_frame() -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_send_reasoning_one_shot_expands_to_delta_plus_end() -> None:
-    """``send_reasoning`` produces one delta and one end."""
+    """``send_reasoning`` is back-compat for hooks that haven't migrated:
+    the base implementation must produce one delta and one end so the
+    WebUI sees the same shape either way."""
     bus = MagicMock()
     channel = WebSocketChannel({"enabled": True, "allowFrom": ["*"]}, bus, gateway=_basic_handler(bus))
     mock_ws = AsyncMock()
@@ -1226,7 +1217,7 @@ async def test_send_reasoning_one_shot_expands_to_delta_plus_end() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="thinking",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="thinking", reasoning=True),
+        metadata={"_reasoning": True},
     ))
 
     assert mock_ws.send.await_count == 2
@@ -1244,7 +1235,7 @@ async def test_send_reasoning_delta_drops_empty_chunks() -> None:
     mock_ws = AsyncMock()
     channel._attach(mock_ws, "chat-1")
 
-    await channel.send_reasoning_delta("chat-1", "")
+    await channel.send_reasoning_delta("chat-1", "", {"_reasoning_delta": True})
 
     mock_ws.send.assert_not_awaited()
 
@@ -1270,14 +1261,14 @@ async def test_stream_transcript_persists_without_subscribers() -> None:
         gateway=_basic_handler(bus),
     )
 
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "hello", stream_id="s1")
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "hello", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", " world", stream_id="s1")
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", " world", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
-    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "", stream_id="s1", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("chat-1", "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
     await channel.send(OutboundMessage(
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=TurnEndEvent(latency_ms=42),
+        metadata={"_turn_end": True, "latency_ms": 42},
     ))
 
     assert channel._subs == {}
@@ -1301,7 +1292,7 @@ async def test_send_turn_end_emits_turn_end_event() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=TurnEndEvent(),
+        metadata={"_turn_end": True},
     ))
 
     assert _sent_ws_payloads(mock_ws) == [
@@ -1321,7 +1312,7 @@ async def test_send_turn_end_includes_latency_ms_when_present() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=TurnEndEvent(latency_ms=1500),
+        metadata={"_turn_end": True, "latency_ms": 1500},
     ))
 
     assert _sent_ws_payloads(mock_ws) == [
@@ -1342,7 +1333,7 @@ async def test_send_turn_end_includes_goal_state_when_present() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=TurnEndEvent(goal_state=blob),
+        metadata={"_turn_end": True, "goal_state": blob},
     ))
 
     assert _sent_ws_payloads(mock_ws) == [
@@ -1362,7 +1353,11 @@ async def test_send_goal_status_running_emits_event_with_started_at() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=GoalStatusEvent(status="running", started_at=1_700_000_000.5),
+        metadata={
+            "_goal_status": True,
+            "goal_status": "running",
+            "started_at": 1_700_000_000.5,
+        },
     ))
 
     mock_ws.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1386,7 +1381,11 @@ async def test_send_goal_status_idle_omits_started_at() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=GoalStatusEvent(status="idle", started_at=99.0),
+        metadata={
+            "_goal_status": True,
+            "goal_status": "idle",
+            "goal_started_at": 99.0,
+        },
     ))
 
     mock_ws.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1407,7 +1406,10 @@ async def test_send_goal_state_emits_blob_per_chat() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-a",
         content="",
-        event=GoalStateSyncEvent(goal_state={"active": True, "ui_summary": "A"}),
+        metadata={
+            "_goal_state_sync": True,
+            "goal_state": {"active": True, "ui_summary": "A"},
+        },
     ))
 
     mock_a.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1526,7 +1528,7 @@ async def test_send_session_updated_emits_session_updated_event() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=SessionUpdatedEvent(),
+        metadata={"_session_updated": True},
     ))
 
     mock_ws.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1545,7 +1547,7 @@ async def test_send_session_updated_includes_scope_when_present() -> None:
         channel="websocket",
         chat_id="chat-1",
         content="",
-        event=SessionUpdatedEvent(scope="metadata"),
+        metadata={"_session_updated": True, "_session_update_scope": "metadata"},
     ))
 
     mock_ws.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1571,7 +1573,7 @@ async def test_send_delta_missing_connection_is_noop() -> None:
     bus = MagicMock()
     channel = WebSocketChannel({"enabled": True, "allowFrom": ["*"], "streaming": True}, bus, gateway=_basic_handler(bus))
     # No exception, no error — just a no-op
-    await channel.send_delta("nonexistent", "chunk", stream_id="s1")
+    await channel.send_delta("nonexistent", "chunk", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
     assert channel._subs == {}
 
 
@@ -2189,13 +2191,13 @@ async def test_end_to_end_server_pushes_streaming_deltas_to_client(bus: MagicMoc
 
             # Server pushes deltas directly
             await channel.send_delta(
-                chat_id, "Hello ", stream_id="s1"
+                chat_id, "Hello ", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"}
             )
             await channel.send_delta(
-                chat_id, "world", stream_id="s1"
+                chat_id, "world", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"}
             )
             await channel.send_delta(
-                chat_id, "", stream_id="s1", stream_end=True
+                chat_id, "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "s1"}
             )
 
             delta1 = json.loads(await client.recv())
@@ -2216,7 +2218,7 @@ async def test_end_to_end_server_pushes_streaming_deltas_to_client(bus: MagicMoc
                 channel="websocket",
                 chat_id=chat_id,
                 content="",
-                event=TurnEndEvent(),
+                metadata={"_turn_end": True},
             ))
 
             turn_end = json.loads(await client.recv())

tests/channels/test_websocket_integration.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import websockets
 from ws_test_client import WsTestClient, issue_token, issue_token_ok
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.channels.websocket import WebSocketChannel, WebSocketConfig
 from nanobot.webui.gateway_services import build_gateway_services
 
@@ -214,7 +213,8 @@ async def test_server_send_message(bus: MagicMock) -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_server_send_tags_tool_hint_with_kind(bus: MagicMock) -> None:
-    """Tool-hint progress events surface as ``kind: "tool_hint"``."""
+    """``_tool_hint`` metadata must surface as ``kind: "tool_hint"`` so WS
+    clients render breadcrumbs separately from conversational replies."""
     ch = _ch(bus, 29919)
     t = asyncio.create_task(ch.start())
     await asyncio.sleep(0.3)
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ async def test_server_send_tags_tool_hint_with_kind(bus: MagicMock) -> None:
             await ch.send(OutboundMessage(
                 channel="websocket", chat_id=ready.chat_id,
                 content='weather("get")',
-                event=ProgressEvent(content='weather("get")', tool_hint=True),
+                metadata={"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
             ))
             hint = await c.recv_message()
             assert hint.raw.get("kind") == "tool_hint"
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ async def test_server_send_tags_tool_hint_with_kind(bus: MagicMock) -> None:
             await ch.send(OutboundMessage(
                 channel="websocket", chat_id=ready.chat_id,
                 content="thinking…",
-                event=ProgressEvent(content="thinking…"),
+                metadata={"_progress": True},
             ))
             prog = await c.recv_message()
             assert prog.raw.get("kind") == "progress"
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ async def test_streaming_deltas_and_end(bus: MagicMock) -> None:
         async with WsTestClient("ws://127.0.0.1:29911/", client_id="s") as c:
             cid = (await c.recv_ready()).chat_id
             for part in ("Hello", " ", "world", "!"):
-                await ch.send_delta(cid, part, stream_id="s1")
+                await ch.send_delta(cid, part, {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
-            await ch.send_delta(cid, "", stream_id="s1", stream_end=True)
+            await ch.send_delta(cid, "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "s1"})
 
             msgs = await c.collect_stream()
             deltas = [m for m in msgs if m.event == "delta"]
@@ -305,12 +305,12 @@ async def test_interleaved_streams(bus: MagicMock) -> None:
     try:
         async with WsTestClient("ws://127.0.0.1:29912/", client_id="i") as c:
             cid = (await c.recv_ready()).chat_id
-            await ch.send_delta(cid, "A1", stream_id="sa")
+            await ch.send_delta(cid, "A1", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "sa"})
-            await ch.send_delta(cid, "B1", stream_id="sb")
+            await ch.send_delta(cid, "B1", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "sb"})
-            await ch.send_delta(cid, "A2", stream_id="sa")
+            await ch.send_delta(cid, "A2", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "sa"})
-            await ch.send_delta(cid, "", stream_id="sa", stream_end=True)
+            await ch.send_delta(cid, "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "sa"})
-            await ch.send_delta(cid, "B2", stream_id="sb")
+            await ch.send_delta(cid, "B2", {"_stream_delta": True, "_stream_id": "sb"})
-            await ch.send_delta(cid, "", stream_id="sb", stream_end=True)
+            await ch.send_delta(cid, "", {"_stream_end": True, "_stream_id": "sb"})
 
             msgs = await c.recv_n(6)
             sa = "".join(m.text for m in msgs if m.event == "delta" and m.stream_id == "sa")

tests/channels/test_wecom_channel.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ if not WECOM_AVAILABLE:
     pytest.skip("WeCom dependencies not installed (wecom_aibot_sdk)", allow_module_level=True)
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.wecom import (
     WecomChannel,
@@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ async def test_send_text_with_frame() -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_send_progress_with_frame() -> None:
-    """Progress events use reply_stream with finish=False."""
+    """When metadata has _progress, send uses reply_stream with finish=False."""
     channel = WecomChannel(WecomConfig(bot_id="b", secret="s", allow_from=["*"]), MessageBus())
     client = _FakeWeComClient()
     channel._client = client
@@ -325,12 +324,7 @@ async def test_send_progress_with_frame() -> None:
     channel._chat_frames["chat1"] = _FakeFrame()
 
     await channel.send(
-        OutboundMessage(
+        OutboundMessage(channel="wecom", chat_id="chat1", content="thinking...", metadata={"_progress": True})
-            channel="wecom",
-            chat_id="chat1",
-            content="thinking...",
-            event=ProgressEvent(content="thinking..."),
-        )
     )
 
     client.reply_stream.assert_called_once()

tests/channels/test_weixin_channel.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import httpx
 import pytest
 
 import nanobot.channels.weixin as weixin_mod
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.weixin import (
     ITEM_IMAGE,
@@ -687,8 +686,7 @@ async def test_send_progress_message_keeps_typing_indicator() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "thinking",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="thinking"),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1411,8 +1409,7 @@ async def test_buffer_single_tool_hint_not_sent_immediately() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "Using tool",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="Using tool", tool_hint=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1440,8 +1437,7 @@ async def test_buffer_multiple_tool_hints_flushed_on_final_answer() -> None:
                     "chat_id": "wx-user",
                     "content": hint,
                     "media": [],
-                    "event": ProgressEvent(content=hint, tool_hint=True),
+                    "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                    "metadata": {},
                 },
             )()
         )
@@ -1486,8 +1482,7 @@ async def test_thought_progress_flushes_tool_hints() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "search 'foo'",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="search 'foo'", tool_hint=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1502,8 +1497,7 @@ async def test_thought_progress_flushes_tool_hints() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "Let me think...",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="Let me think..."),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1553,8 +1547,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_delta_does_not_flush_tool_hints() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "search 'foo'",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="search 'foo'", tool_hint=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1568,8 +1561,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_delta_does_not_flush_tool_hints() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "Thinking step 1...",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="Thinking step 1...", reasoning_delta=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1618,8 +1610,7 @@ async def test_empty_progress_message_does_not_flush_tool_hints() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "search 'foo'",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="search 'foo'", tool_hint=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1633,8 +1624,7 @@ async def test_empty_progress_message_does_not_flush_tool_hints() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(tool_events=[{"phase": "end"}]),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_events": [{"phase": "end"}]},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1681,8 +1671,7 @@ async def test_buffer_flush_refreshes_context_token() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "hint",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="hint", tool_hint=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1723,8 +1712,7 @@ async def test_buffer_flush_failure_does_not_block_final_answer() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "hint",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="hint", tool_hint=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
@@ -1765,13 +1753,12 @@ async def test_buffer_flushed_on_stream_end() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "hint",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="hint", tool_hint=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )
 
-    await channel.send_delta("wx-user", "", stream_end=True)
+    await channel.send_delta("wx-user", "", {"_stream_end": True})
 
     channel._send_text.assert_awaited_once_with("wx-user", "hint", "ctx-1")
     assert "wx-user" not in channel._pending_tool_hints
@@ -1839,8 +1826,7 @@ async def test_send_tool_hints_false_drops_tool_hints() -> None:
                 "chat_id": "wx-user",
                 "content": "hint",
                 "media": [],
-                "event": ProgressEvent(content="hint", tool_hint=True),
+                "metadata": {"_progress": True, "_tool_hint": True},
-                "metadata": {},
             },
         )()
     )

tests/cli/test_commands.py

@@ -1561,16 +1561,10 @@ def _patch_serve_runtime(monkeypatch, config: Config, seen: dict[str, object]) -
         async def close_mcp(self) -> None:
             return None
 
-    def _fake_create_app(
+    def _fake_create_app(agent_loop, model_name: str, request_timeout: float):
-        agent_loop,
-        model_name: str,
-        request_timeout: float,
-        api_key: str = "",
-    ):
         seen["agent_loop"] = agent_loop
         seen["model_name"] = model_name
         seen["request_timeout"] = request_timeout
-        seen["api_key"] = api_key
         return _FakeApiApp()
 
     def _fake_run_app(api_app, host: str, port: int, print):
@@ -2513,7 +2507,6 @@ def test_serve_uses_api_config_defaults_and_workspace_override(
     assert seen["host"] == "127.0.0.2"
     assert seen["port"] == 18900
     assert seen["request_timeout"] == 45.0
-    assert seen["api_key"] == ""
 
 
 def test_serve_cli_options_override_api_config(monkeypatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -2545,35 +2538,6 @@ def test_serve_cli_options_override_api_config(monkeypatch, tmp_path: Path) -> N
     assert seen["host"] == "127.0.0.1"
     assert seen["port"] == 18901
     assert seen["request_timeout"] == 46.0
-    assert seen["api_key"] == ""
-
-
-def test_serve_passes_configured_api_key(monkeypatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    config_file = _write_instance_config(tmp_path)
-    config = Config()
-    config.api.api_key = " secret "
-    seen: dict[str, object] = {}
-
-    _patch_serve_runtime(monkeypatch, config, seen)
-
-    result = runner.invoke(app, ["serve", "--config", str(config_file)])
-
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert seen["api_key"] == "secret"
-
-
-def test_serve_rejects_wildcard_host_without_api_key(monkeypatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    config_file = _write_instance_config(tmp_path)
-    config = Config()
-    seen: dict[str, object] = {}
-
-    _patch_serve_runtime(monkeypatch, config, seen)
-
-    result = runner.invoke(app, ["serve", "--config", str(config_file), "--host", "0.0.0.0"])
-
-    assert result.exit_code == 1
-    assert "api_key is not set" in result.stdout
-    assert "api_app" not in seen
 
 
 def test_channels_login_requires_channel_name() -> None:

tests/cli/test_interactive_retry_wait.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
 
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import ProgressEvent, RetryWaitEvent
 from nanobot.cli import commands
 
 
@@ -15,8 +14,7 @@ async def test_interactive_retry_wait_is_rendered_as_progress_even_when_progress
     channels_config = SimpleNamespace(send_progress=False, send_tool_hints=False)
     msg = SimpleNamespace(
         content="Model request failed, retry in 2s (attempt 1).",
-        event=RetryWaitEvent(content="Model request failed, retry in 2s (attempt 1)."),
+        metadata={"_retry_wait": True},
-        metadata={},
     )
 
     async def fake_print(text: str, active_thinking: object | None, renderer=None) -> None:
@@ -42,8 +40,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_displayed_when_show_reasoning_enabled():
     )
     msg = SimpleNamespace(
         content="Let me think about this...",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="Let me think about this...", reasoning=True),
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning": True},
-        metadata={},
     )
 
     with patch("nanobot.cli.commands._print_cli_reasoning", side_effect=lambda t, th, r=None: calls.append(t)):
@@ -62,8 +59,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_delta_displayed_when_show_reasoning_enabled():
     )
     msg = SimpleNamespace(
         content="I should search first.",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="I should search first.", reasoning_delta=True),
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True},
-        metadata={},
     )
 
     with patch("nanobot.cli.commands._print_cli_reasoning", side_effect=lambda t, th, r=None: calls.append(t)):
@@ -85,8 +81,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_delta_buffers_until_sentence_boundary():
         first = await commands._maybe_print_interactive_progress(
             SimpleNamespace(
                 content="The",
-                event=ProgressEvent(content="The", reasoning_delta=True),
+                metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True},
-                metadata={},
             ),
             None,
             channels_config,
@@ -95,8 +90,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_delta_buffers_until_sentence_boundary():
         second = await commands._maybe_print_interactive_progress(
             SimpleNamespace(
                 content=" user asked.",
-                event=ProgressEvent(content=" user asked.", reasoning_delta=True),
+                metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True},
-                metadata={},
             ),
             None,
             channels_config,
@@ -120,8 +114,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_end_flushes_buffered_delta():
         delta = await commands._maybe_print_interactive_progress(
             SimpleNamespace(
                 content="The user asked",
-                event=ProgressEvent(content="The user asked", reasoning_delta=True),
+                metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_delta": True},
-                metadata={},
             ),
             None,
             channels_config,
@@ -130,8 +123,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_end_flushes_buffered_delta():
         end = await commands._maybe_print_interactive_progress(
             SimpleNamespace(
                 content="",
-                event=ProgressEvent(reasoning_end=True),
+                metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning_end": True},
-                metadata={},
             ),
             None,
             channels_config,
@@ -151,8 +143,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_hidden_when_show_reasoning_disabled():
     )
     msg = SimpleNamespace(
         content="Let me think about this...",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="Let me think about this...", reasoning=True),
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning": True},
-        metadata={},
     )
 
     with patch("nanobot.cli.commands._print_cli_reasoning") as mock_reasoning:
@@ -171,8 +162,7 @@ async def test_non_reasoning_progress_not_affected_by_show_reasoning():
     )
     msg = SimpleNamespace(
         content="working on it...",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="working on it..."),
+        metadata={"_progress": True},
-        metadata={},
     )
 
     async def fake_print(text: str, thinking=None, renderer=None):
@@ -195,8 +185,7 @@ async def test_reasoning_shown_when_send_progress_disabled():
     )
     msg = SimpleNamespace(
         content="Let me think about this...",
-        event=ProgressEvent(content="Let me think about this...", reasoning=True),
+        metadata={"_progress": True, "_reasoning": True},
-        metadata={},
     )
 
     with patch(

tests/config/test_config_load_errors.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import json
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.config.loader import load_config
-from nanobot.config.schema import ApiConfig
 
 
 def test_load_config_missing_file_uses_defaults(tmp_path) -> None:
@@ -29,16 +28,3 @@ def test_load_config_invalid_schema_fails_fast(tmp_path) -> None:
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Failed to load config"):
         load_config(config_path)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("host", ["0.0.0.0", "::"])
-def test_api_config_requires_key_for_wildcard_hosts(host: str) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="api_key is not set"):
-        ApiConfig(host=host)
-
-
-def test_api_config_allows_wildcard_host_with_key() -> None:
-    config = ApiConfig(host="0.0.0.0", api_key="secret")
-
-    assert config.host == "0.0.0.0"
-    assert config.api_key == "secret"

tests/cron/test_cron_persistence.py

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ jobs.json + don't silently overwrite corrupt store``.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import errno
 import json
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Callable
@@ -108,34 +107,6 @@ def test_save_store_failure_does_not_corrupt_existing_file(
     assert store_path.read_bytes() == original
 
 
-def test_atomic_write_ignores_unsupported_directory_fsync(
-    tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
-) -> None:
-    """vboxsf-like filesystems can open directories but reject directory fsync."""
-    store_path = tmp_path / "cron" / "jobs.json"
-    dir_fd = 987654
-
-    def fake_open(path: str, flags: int) -> int:
-        assert Path(path) == store_path.parent
-        return dir_fd
-
-    def fake_fsync(fd: int) -> None:
-        if fd == dir_fd:
-            raise OSError(errno.EINVAL, "Invalid argument")
-
-    def fake_close(fd: int) -> None:
-        assert fd == dir_fd
-
-    monkeypatch.setattr("os.open", fake_open)
-    monkeypatch.setattr("os.fsync", fake_fsync)
-    monkeypatch.setattr("os.close", fake_close)
-
-    CronService._atomic_write(store_path, '{"version": 1, "jobs": []}')
-
-    assert store_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8") == '{"version": 1, "jobs": []}'
-    assert list(store_path.parent.glob("*.tmp")) == []
-
-
 def test_load_jobs_preserves_corrupt_store_and_returns_none(
     tmp_path: Path,
 ) -> None:

tests/session/test_turn_continuation.py

@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ async def test_maybe_continue_turn_queues_internal_message():
                 "message_id": "msg-1",
                 "origin_message_id": "msg-0",
                 "_wants_stream": True,
+                "_stream_id": "stream-1",
+                "_stream_delta": True,
+                "_stream_end": True,
+                "_resuming": True,
                 "webui": True,
             },
         ),
@@ -74,6 +78,10 @@ async def test_maybe_continue_turn_queues_internal_message():
     assert queued.metadata["message_id"] == "msg-1"
     assert queued.metadata["origin_message_id"] == "msg-0"
     assert queued.metadata["_wants_stream"] is True
+    assert "_stream_id" not in queued.metadata
+    assert "_stream_delta" not in queued.metadata
+    assert "_stream_end" not in queued.metadata
+    assert "_resuming" not in queued.metadata
     assert "Finish the migration." in queued.content
     assert ctx.all_messages == messages[:-1]
     assert ctx.final_content == ""

tests/test_openai_api.py

@@ -108,25 +108,6 @@ async def test_missing_messages_returns_400(aiohttp_client, app) -> None:
     assert resp.status == 400
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_AIOHTTP, reason="aiohttp not installed")
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_api_key_protects_api_routes_but_not_health(aiohttp_client, mock_agent) -> None:
-    app = create_app(mock_agent, model_name="test-model", api_key="secret")
-    client = await aiohttp_client(app)
-
-    health = await client.get("/health")
-    missing = await client.get("/v1/models")
-    wrong = await client.get("/v1/models", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer wrong"})
-    ok = await client.get("/v1/models", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer secret"})
-
-    assert health.status == 200
-    assert missing.status == 401
-    assert wrong.status == 401
-    assert ok.status == 200
-    assert (await missing.json())["error"]["message"].startswith("Missing Authorization")
-    assert (await wrong.json())["error"]["message"] == "Invalid API key"
-
-
 @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_AIOHTTP, reason="aiohttp not installed")
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_no_user_message_returns_400(aiohttp_client, app) -> None:

tests/tools/test_exec_session_tools.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.exec_session import (
     ListExecSessionsTool,
     WriteStdinTool,
 )
-from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry, is_tool_error_result
 from nanobot.agent.tools.shell import ExecTool
 
 
@@ -53,38 +52,6 @@ def test_exec_accepts_command_aliases(tmp_path):
     assert "Exit code: 0" in result
 
 
-def test_exec_schema_hides_compatibility_aliases():
-    props = ExecTool().parameters["properties"]
-
-    assert "command" in props
-    assert "working_dir" in props
-    assert "max_output_chars" in props
-    assert "cmd" not in props
-    assert "workdir" not in props
-    assert "max_output_tokens" not in props
-
-
-def test_exec_registry_accepts_hidden_compatibility_aliases(tmp_path):
-    async def run() -> str:
-        registry = ToolRegistry()
-        registry.register(ExecTool(working_dir="/", timeout=5))
-        command = _python_command("import os; print(os.getcwd()); print('A' * 2000)")
-        return await registry.execute(
-            "exec",
-            {
-                "cmd": command,
-                "workdir": str(tmp_path),
-                "max_output_tokens": 1000,
-            },
-        )
-
-    result = asyncio.run(run())
-
-    assert str(tmp_path) in result
-    assert "chars truncated" in result
-    assert "Exit code: 0" in result
-
-
 def test_exec_returns_completed_session_output_when_yield_time_ms_is_used(tmp_path):
     async def run() -> str:
         manager = ExecSessionManager()
@@ -367,10 +334,9 @@ def test_write_stdin_reports_missing_session(tmp_path):
     manager = ExecSessionManager()
     tool = WriteStdinTool(manager=manager)
 
-    result = asyncio.run(tool.execute(session_id="missing\nExit code: 0", chars=""))
+    result = asyncio.run(tool.execute(session_id="missing", chars=""))
 
-    assert result == "Error: exec session not found: 'missing\\nExit code: 0'"
+    assert "exec session not found" in result
-    assert is_tool_error_result("write_stdin", result)
 
 
 def test_list_exec_sessions_reports_running_commands(tmp_path):

tests/tools/test_mcp_tool.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.mcp import (
     _sanitize_name,
     connect_mcp_servers,
 )
-from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry, is_tool_error_result
+from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.config.schema import MCPServerConfig
 
 
@@ -304,38 +304,6 @@ async def test_execute_returns_text_blocks() -> None:
     assert result == "hello\n42"
 
 
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_execute_wraps_mcp_is_error_result() -> None:
-    async def call_tool(_name: str, arguments: dict) -> object:
-        return SimpleNamespace(
-            content=[_FakeTextContent("Error: server-side MCP failure")],
-            isError=True,
-        )
-
-    wrapper = _make_wrapper(SimpleNamespace(call_tool=call_tool))
-
-    result = await wrapper.execute()
-
-    assert result == "Error: server-side MCP failure"
-    assert is_tool_error_result(wrapper.name, result)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_execute_preserves_success_text_that_starts_with_error() -> None:
-    async def call_tool(_name: str, arguments: dict) -> object:
-        return SimpleNamespace(
-            content=[_FakeTextContent("Error: generated report successfully")],
-            isError=False,
-        )
-
-    wrapper = _make_wrapper(SimpleNamespace(call_tool=call_tool))
-
-    result = await wrapper.execute()
-
-    assert result == "Error: generated report successfully"
-    assert not is_tool_error_result(wrapper.name, result)
-
-
 # Smallest valid 1x1 PNG, base64 without the data: prefix.
 _PNG_B64 = (
     "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8"

tests/tools/test_tool_registry.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any
-from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
 
-from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult
+from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.filesystem import ReadFileTool
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 
@@ -258,41 +257,6 @@ async def test_registry_rejects_unknown_builtin_tool_parameters(tmp_path) -> Non
     assert "one" not in result
 
 
-async def test_registry_preserves_successful_exec_output_that_starts_with_error() -> None:
-    registry = ToolRegistry()
-    output = "Error: generated report successfully\n\nExit code: 0"
-    tool = _FakeTool("exec")
-    tool.execute = AsyncMock(return_value=output)
-    registry.register(tool)
-
-    result = await registry.execute("exec", {})
-
-    assert result == output
-
-
-async def test_registry_uses_structured_tool_result_for_errors() -> None:
-    registry = ToolRegistry()
-    output = "Error: plain tool output, not a structured failure"
-    raw_tool = _FakeTool("raw_output")
-    raw_tool.execute = AsyncMock(return_value=output)
-    registry.register(raw_tool)
-
-    raw_result = await registry.execute("raw_output", {})
-
-    assert raw_result == output
-
-    failing_tool = _FakeTool("failing_tool")
-    failing_tool.execute = AsyncMock(return_value=ToolResult.error("Error: real failure"))
-    registry.register(failing_tool)
-
-    error_result = await registry.execute("failing_tool", {})
-
-    assert isinstance(error_result, ToolResult)
-    assert error_result.is_error
-    assert error_result.startswith("Error: real failure")
-    assert "[Analyze the error above" in error_result
-
-
 def test_get_definitions_returns_cached_result() -> None:
     registry = ToolRegistry()
     registry.register(_FakeTool("read_file"))

tests/utils/test_webui_turn_helpers.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
 import pytest
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
-from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import GoalStatusEvent
 from nanobot.session import webui_turns as wth
 
 
@@ -29,8 +28,7 @@ async def test_publish_turn_run_status_running_records_wall_clock() -> None:
     assert isinstance(t0, float)
     call = bus.publish_outbound.await_args[0][0]
     assert call.chat_id == "chat-a"
-    assert isinstance(call.event, GoalStatusEvent)
+    assert call.metadata.get("started_at") == t0
-    assert call.event.started_at == t0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -43,8 +41,7 @@ async def test_publish_turn_run_status_reuses_explicit_wall_clock() -> None:
 
     assert wth.websocket_turn_wall_started_at("chat-a") == 1234.5
     call = bus.publish_outbound.await_args[0][0]
-    assert isinstance(call.event, GoalStatusEvent)
+    assert call.metadata.get("started_at") == 1234.5
-    assert call.event.started_at == 1234.5
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/webui/test_settings_api.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from nanobot.config.schema import Config, ModelPresetConfig
 from nanobot.providers.registry import find_by_name
 from nanobot.webui.settings_api import (
     WebUISettingsError,
-    _model_catalog_kind,
     _oauth_provider_status,
     create_model_configuration,
     login_oauth_provider,
@@ -999,16 +998,9 @@ def test_provider_models_payload_requires_gateway_key(
     payload = provider_models_payload({"provider": ["openrouter"]})
 
     assert payload["status"] == "not_configured"
-    assert payload["catalog_kind"] == "catalog"
     assert payload["models"] == []
 
 
-def test_model_catalog_kind_uses_provider_spec_metadata() -> None:
-    assert _model_catalog_kind(find_by_name("skywork")) == "official"
-    assert _model_catalog_kind(find_by_name("anthropic")) == "unsupported"
-    assert _model_catalog_kind(find_by_name("openrouter")) == "catalog"
-
-
 def test_create_model_configuration_accepts_configured_oauth_provider(
     tmp_path,
     monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,

webui/src/App.tsx

@@ -1586,7 +1586,6 @@ function Shell({
                 onWorkspaceScopeChange={applyWorkspaceScope}
                 settingsSnapshot={settingsSnapshot}
                 onOpenModelSettings={onOpenModelSettings}
-                skills={skills}
               />
             </div>
             {view !== "chat" && (

webui/src/components/thread/ThreadComposer.tsx

@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ import type {
   OutboundCliAppMention,
   OutboundMcpPresetMention,
   SlashCommand,
-  SkillSummary,
   WorkspaceScopePayload,
   WorkspacesPayload,
 } from "@/lib/types";
@@ -160,7 +159,6 @@ interface ThreadComposerProps {
   slashCommands?: SlashCommand[];
   cliApps?: CliAppInfo[];
   mcpPresets?: McpPresetInfo[];
-  skills?: SkillSummary[];
   onStop?: () => void;
   onTranscribeAudio?: (dataUrl: string, options?: { durationMs?: number }) => Promise<string>;
   /** Unix seconds from server; turn elapsed timer above input while set. */
@@ -774,7 +772,6 @@ export function ThreadComposer({
   slashCommands = [],
   cliApps = [],
   mcpPresets = [],
-  skills = [],
   onStop,
   onTranscribeAudio,
   runStartedAt = null,
@@ -912,19 +909,6 @@ export function ThreadComposer({
     return commandToken.toLowerCase();
   }, [disabled, slashMenuDismissed, value]);
 
-  const skillQuery = useMemo(() => {
-    if (disabled || slashMenuDismissed) return null;
-    const caret = Math.min(Math.max(cursorPosition, 0), value.length);
-    const beforeCaret = value.slice(0, caret);
-    const match = /\$([A-Za-z0-9_-]*)$/i.exec(beforeCaret);
-    if (!match) return null;
-    return {
-      end: caret,
-      start: match.index,
-      text: match[1].toLowerCase(),
-    };
-  }, [cursorPosition, disabled, slashMenuDismissed, value]);
-
   const visibleSlashCommands = useMemo(() => {
     const baseCommands = slashCommands.filter((command) => command.command !== "/stop");
     if (!(isStreaming && onStop)) return baseCommands;
@@ -941,31 +925,6 @@ export function ThreadComposer({
   }, [isStreaming, onStop, slashCommands]);
 
   const filteredSlashCommands = useMemo<SlashPaletteCommand[]>(() => {
-    if (skillQuery !== null) {
-      const query = skillQuery.text;
-      return skills
-        .filter((skill) => skill.available)
-        .filter((skill) => {
-          const haystack = [
-            skill.name,
-            skill.description,
-          ].join(" ").toLowerCase();
-          return haystack.includes(query);
-        })
-        .map((skill) => {
-          const command = `$${skill.name}`;
-          const description = skill.description || skill.name;
-          return {
-            command,
-            title: skill.name,
-            description,
-            detail: description,
-            icon: "brain",
-            recent: recentSlashCommands.includes(command),
-          };
-        })
-        .slice(0, 8);
-    }
     if (slashQuery === null) return [];
     const withDetails = visibleSlashCommands
       .filter((command) => {
@@ -1030,7 +989,7 @@ export function ThreadComposer({
 
     return withDetails
       .slice(0, 8);
-  }, [goalState?.active, isStreaming, modelLabel, recentSlashCommands, skills, skillQuery, slashQuery, t, visibleSlashCommands]);
+  }, [goalState?.active, isStreaming, modelLabel, recentSlashCommands, slashQuery, t, visibleSlashCommands]);
 
   const showSlashMenu = filteredSlashCommands.length > 0;
   const cliAppMention = useMemo<CliAppMentionQuery | null>(() => {
@@ -1273,7 +1232,7 @@ export function ThreadComposer({
   }, [onTranscribeAudio, voiceRecorder.beginShortcutHold, voiceRecorder.endShortcutHold]);
 
   const chooseSlashCommand = useCallback(
-    (command: SlashPaletteCommand) => {
+    (command: SlashCommand) => {
       if (command.command === "/stop" && isStreaming && onStop) {
         onStop();
         setValue("");
@@ -1291,28 +1250,13 @@ export function ThreadComposer({
       setRecentSlashCommands(nextRecents);
       storeSlashRecents(nextRecents);
 
-      if (skillQuery !== null) {
+      setValue(command.argHint ? `${command.command} ` : command.command);
-        const suffix = value.slice(skillQuery.end);
-        const inserted = `${command.command}${suffix.startsWith(" ") ? "" : " "}`;
-        const next = `${value.slice(0, skillQuery.start)}${inserted}${suffix}`;
-        const nextCursor = skillQuery.start + inserted.length;
-        setValue(next);
-        setCursorPosition(nextCursor);
-        requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-          const el = textareaRef.current;
-          if (!el) return;
-          el.focus();
-          el.setSelectionRange(nextCursor, nextCursor);
-        });
-      } else {
-        setValue(command.argHint ? `${command.command} ` : command.command);
-      }
       setSlashMenuDismissed(true);
       setCliAppMenuDismissed(false);
       setInlineError(null);
       resizeTextarea();
     },
-    [isStreaming, onStop, recentSlashCommands, resizeTextarea, skillQuery, value],
+    [isStreaming, onStop, recentSlashCommands, resizeTextarea],
   );
 
   const chooseMentionCandidate = useCallback(

webui/src/components/thread/ThreadShell.tsx

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import type {
   ChatSummary,
   SettingsPayload,
   SlashCommand,
-  SkillSummary,
   UIMessage,
   WorkspaceScopePayload,
   WorkspacesPayload,
@@ -143,7 +142,6 @@ interface ThreadShellProps {
   onWorkspaceScopeChange?: (scope: WorkspaceScopePayload) => void;
   settingsSnapshot?: SettingsPayload | null;
   onOpenModelSettings?: () => void;
-  skills?: SkillSummary[];
 }
 
 function toModelBadgeLabel(modelName: string | null): string | null {
@@ -294,7 +292,6 @@ export function ThreadShell({
   onWorkspaceScopeChange,
   settingsSnapshot = null,
   onOpenModelSettings,
-  skills = [],
 }: ThreadShellProps) {
   const { t } = useTranslation();
   const chatId = session?.chatId ?? null;
@@ -729,7 +726,6 @@ export function ThreadShell({
           slashCommands={slashCommands}
           cliApps={cliApps}
           mcpPresets={mcpPresets}
-          skills={skills}
           onStop={stop}
           onTranscribeAudio={transcribeAudio}
           runStartedAt={runStartedAt}
@@ -762,7 +758,6 @@ export function ThreadShell({
           slashCommands={slashCommands}
           cliApps={cliApps}
           mcpPresets={mcpPresets}
-          skills={skills}
           runStartedAt={runStartedAt}
           onTranscribeAudio={transcribeAudio}
           goalState={goalState}

webui/src/tests/thread-composer.test.tsx

@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@ const MCP_PRESETS: McpPresetInfo[] = [
     connection_summary: "",
   },
 ];
-
 const ORIGINAL_INNER_HEIGHT = window.innerHeight;
 const ORIGINAL_MEDIA_DEVICES = navigator.mediaDevices;
 
@@ -1115,36 +1114,6 @@ describe("ThreadComposer", () => {
     });
   });
 
-  it("opens skills only from a $ reference anywhere", () => {
-    render(
-        <ThreadComposer
-          onSend={vi.fn()}
-          placeholder="Type your message..."
-          skills={[{
-            name: "github",
-            description: "Work with pull requests and issues",
-            source: "builtin",
-            available: true,
-          }]}
-          slashCommands={COMMANDS}
-        />,
-    );
-
-    const input = screen.getByLabelText("Message input");
-    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: "/git", selectionStart: 4 } });
-    expect(screen.queryByRole("listbox", { name: "Slash commands" })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
-
-    fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: "please use $git", selectionStart: 15 } });
-
-    const palette = screen.getByRole("listbox", { name: "Slash commands" });
-    expect(within(palette).getByRole("option", { name: /github/i })).toHaveTextContent("$github");
-    expect(within(palette).queryByText("/model")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
-
-    fireEvent.keyDown(input, { key: "Tab" });
-
-    expect(input).toHaveValue("please use $github ");
-  });
-
   it("shows right-side source badges so users can distinguish CLI apps from MCP servers", () => {
     render(
       <ThreadComposer