fix(gateway): keep event loop responsive (NAN-33)

Move blocking filesystem, persistence, subprocess, media, and DNS work off the gateway event loop while preserving existing contracts. Add bounded cancellation and responsiveness regression coverage.

nanobot/__init__.py

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
         STREAM_EVENT_TOOL_FAILED,
         STREAM_EVENT_TOOL_STARTED,
         STREAM_EVENT_TYPES,
+        LLMUsage,
         Nanobot,
         RunResult,
         RunStream,
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@ __logo__ = "🐈"
 
 _LAZY_EXPORTS = {
     "Nanobot": ".nanobot",
+    "LLMUsage": ".nanobot",
     "RunStream": ".nanobot",
     "RunResult": ".nanobot",
     "RequestContext": ".agent.tools.context",
@@ -93,6 +95,7 @@ def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
 
 __all__ = [
     "Nanobot",
+    "LLMUsage",
     "RunResult",
     "RequestContext",
     "RuntimeContextBlock",

nanobot/agent/autocompact.py

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections.abc import Collection
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Collection
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Coroutine
 
@@ -47,9 +49,27 @@ class AutoCompact:
         return idle_seconds >= self._ttl * 60
 
     def _has_unarchived_messages(self, key: str) -> bool:
-        session = self.sessions.get_or_create(key)
+        return self._session_has_unarchived_messages(self.sessions.get_or_create(key))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _session_has_unarchived_messages(session: Session) -> bool:
         return session.last_consolidated < len(session.messages)
 
+    def _has_native_async_session_method(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """Check the manager's real class, not mock-generated instance attributes."""
+        method = inspect.getattr_static(type(self.sessions), name, None)
+        return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(method)
+
+    async def _list_sessions_nonblocking(self) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        if self._has_native_async_session_method("list_sessions_async"):
+            return await self.sessions.list_sessions_async()
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(self.sessions.list_sessions)
+
+    async def _get_or_create_nonblocking(self, key: str) -> Session:
+        if self._has_native_async_session_method("get_or_create_async"):
+            return await self.sessions.get_or_create_async(key)
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(self.sessions.get_or_create, key)
+
     @classmethod
     def _is_internal_session(cls, key: str) -> bool:
         return key.startswith(cls._INTERNAL_SESSION_PREFIXES)
@@ -79,6 +99,31 @@ class AutoCompact:
                 self._archiving.add(key)
                 schedule_background(self._archive(key, runtime=runtime))
 
+    async def check_expired_async(
+        self,
+        schedule_background: Callable[[Coroutine[Any, Any, None]], None],
+        resolve_runtime: Callable[[Session], Awaitable[LLMRuntime]],
+        active_session_keys: Collection[str] = (),
+    ) -> None:
+        """Schedule idle archival without blocking the event loop."""
+        now = datetime.now()
+        active_keys = set(active_session_keys)
+        for info in await self._list_sessions_nonblocking():
+            key = info.get("key", "")
+            if not key or self._is_internal_session(key) or key in self._archiving:
+                continue
+            if key in active_keys or not self._is_expired(info.get("updated_at"), now):
+                continue
+            session = await self._get_or_create_nonblocking(key)
+            if not self._session_has_unarchived_messages(session):
+                continue
+            try:
+                runtime = await resolve_runtime(session)
+            except (KeyError, ValueError):
+                continue
+            self._archiving.add(key)
+            schedule_background(self._archive_async(key, runtime=runtime))
+
     async def _archive(self, key: str, *, runtime: LLMRuntime) -> None:
         if self._is_internal_session(key):
             self._archiving.discard(key)
@@ -90,17 +135,37 @@ class AutoCompact:
                 max_suffix=self._RECENT_SUFFIX_MESSAGES,
             )
             if summary and summary != "(nothing)":
-                session = self.sessions.get_or_create(key)
+                self._record_stored_summary(key, self.sessions.get_or_create(key))
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception("Auto-compact: failed for {}", key)
+        finally:
+            self._archiving.discard(key)
+
+    async def _archive_async(self, key: str, *, runtime: LLMRuntime) -> None:
+        if self._is_internal_session(key):
+            self._archiving.discard(key)
+            return
+        try:
+            summary = await self.consolidator.compact_idle_session(
+                key,
+                runtime=runtime,
+                max_suffix=self._RECENT_SUFFIX_MESSAGES,
+            )
+            if summary and summary != "(nothing)":
+                session = await self._get_or_create_nonblocking(key)
+                self._record_stored_summary(key, session)
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception("Auto-compact: failed for {}", key)
+        finally:
+            self._archiving.discard(key)
+
+    def _record_stored_summary(self, key: str, session: Session) -> None:
         stored = session_summary_from_metadata(
             session.metadata,
             fallback_last_active=session.updated_at,
         )
         if stored is not None:
             self._summaries[key] = stored
-        except Exception:
-            logger.exception("Auto-compact: failed for {}", key)
-        finally:
-            self._archiving.discard(key)
 
     def prepare_session(self, session: Session, key: str) -> tuple[Session, SessionSummary | None]:
         if self._is_internal_session(key):
@@ -110,6 +175,28 @@ class AutoCompact:
         if key in self._archiving or self._is_expired(session.updated_at):
             logger.info("Auto-compact: reloading session {} (archiving={})", key, key in self._archiving)
             session = self.sessions.get_or_create(key)
+        return self._prepared_summary(session, key)
+
+    async def prepare_session_async(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        key: str,
+    ) -> tuple[Session, SessionSummary | None]:
+        """Prepare a session without blocking on a reload."""
+        if self._is_internal_session(key):
+            self._archiving.discard(key)
+            self._summaries.pop(key, None)
+            return session, None
+        if key in self._archiving or self._is_expired(session.updated_at):
+            logger.info("Auto-compact: reloading session {} (archiving={})", key, key in self._archiving)
+            session = await self._get_or_create_nonblocking(key)
+        return self._prepared_summary(session, key)
+
+    def _prepared_summary(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        key: str,
+    ) -> tuple[Session, SessionSummary | None]:
         # Hot path: summary from in-memory dict (process hasn't restarted).
         entry = self._summaries.pop(key, None)
         if entry:

nanobot/agent/automation_turns.py

@@ -13,6 +13,19 @@ class AutomationTurnError(RuntimeError):
     """Raised when an automation turn reaches the agent and finishes with an error."""
 
 
+class AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation(asyncio.CancelledError):
+    """Cancellation raised after an automation turn was accepted for processing.
+
+    Callers must not replay the turn: the accepted agent work now has independent
+    ownership and may continue after the submitting task is cancelled.
+    """
+
+
+def _consume_future_exception(future: asyncio.Future[object]) -> None:
+    if not future.cancelled():
+        future.exception()
+
+
 async def publish_next_deferred_turn(
     *,
     deferred_queues: dict[str, list[InboundMessage]],
@@ -70,19 +83,36 @@ class AutomationTurnCoordinator:
         future: asyncio.Future[OutboundMessage | None] = loop.create_future()
         self._waiters[turn_id] = future
         self._pending_messages_by_turn_id[turn_id] = msg
+        accepted = False
         try:
             if self._is_running():
                 await self._publish_inbound(msg)
+                accepted = True
             else:
-                await self._dispatch(msg)
+                # Direct dispatch is given independent task ownership for the
+                # same reason as publishing to the inbound queue: once admitted,
+                # cancelling this submitter must not cancel and then replay the
+                # already-running agent turn.
+                dispatch_future: asyncio.Future[object] = asyncio.ensure_future(
+                    self._dispatch(msg)
+                )
+                dispatch_future.add_done_callback(_consume_future_exception)
+                accepted = True
+                await asyncio.shield(dispatch_future)
             try:
                 return await future
-            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            except asyncio.CancelledError as exc:
+                if accepted:
+                    raise AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation(*exc.args) from None
                 raise
             except AutomationTurnError:
                 raise
             except Exception as exc:
                 raise AutomationTurnError(str(exc) or exc.__class__.__name__) from exc
+        except asyncio.CancelledError as exc:
+            if accepted and not isinstance(exc, AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation):
+                raise AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation(*exc.args) from None
+            raise
         finally:
             self._waiters.pop(turn_id, None)
             self._pending_messages_by_turn_id.pop(turn_id, None)

nanobot/agent/context.py

@@ -112,6 +112,14 @@ class ContextBuilder:
 
         parts.append(render_template("agent/tool_contract.md"))
 
+        project_path = root.expanduser().resolve()
+        if project_path != self.workspace.expanduser().resolve():
+            parts.append(
+                "# Current Project\n\n"
+                f"Working directory: {project_path}\n"
+                "Use it as the default root for project files and relative tool paths."
+            )
+
         if include_memory:
             memory = self.memory.read_memory()
             if memory and not self._is_template_content(memory, "memory/MEMORY.md"):

nanobot/agent/hook.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse, ToolCallRequest
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse, LLMUsage, ToolCallRequest
 
 
 @dataclass(slots=True)
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class AgentHookContext:
     iteration: int
     messages: list[dict[str, Any]]
     response: LLMResponse | None = None
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     tool_calls: list[ToolCallRequest] = field(default_factory=list)
     tool_results: list[Any] = field(default_factory=list)
     tool_events: list[dict[str, str]] = field(default_factory=list)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class AgentRunHookContext:
     messages: list[dict[str, Any]]
     final_content: str | None = None
     tools_used: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     stop_reason: str | None = None
     error: str | None = None
     tool_events: list[dict[str, str]] = field(default_factory=list)
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class SDKCaptureHook(AgentHook):
         super().__init__()
         self.tools_used: list[str] = []
         self.messages: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
-        self.usage: dict[str, int] = {}
+        self.usage: LLMUsage | None = None
         self.stop_reason: str | None = None
         self.error: str | None = None
         self.tool_events: list[dict[str, str]] = []
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ class SDKCaptureHook(AgentHook):
         for call in context.tool_calls:
             self.tools_used.append(call.name)
         self.messages = list(context.messages)
-        self.usage = dict(context.usage)
+        self.usage = context.usage
         self.stop_reason = context.stop_reason
         self.error = context.error
         self.tool_events = list(context.tool_events)
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class SDKCaptureHook(AgentHook):
     async def after_run(self, context: AgentRunHookContext) -> None:
         self.tools_used = list(context.tools_used)
         self.messages = list(context.messages)
-        self.usage = dict(context.usage)
+        self.usage = context.usage
         self.stop_reason = context.stop_reason
         self.error = context.error
         self.tool_events = list(context.tool_events)

nanobot/agent/loop.py

@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.bus.runtime_events import RuntimeEventBus
 from nanobot.command import CommandContext, CommandRouter, register_builtin_commands
 from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults, ModelPresetConfig
-from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, ProviderConversationState
+from nanobot.llm_usage.context import source_from_request
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, LLMUsage, ProviderConversationState
 from nanobot.providers.factory import ProviderSnapshot
 from nanobot.runtime_context import (
     RUNTIME_CONTEXT_HISTORY_META,
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ from nanobot.security.workspace_access import (
     reset_workspace_scope,
 )
 from nanobot.session import turn_continuation
+from nanobot.session.async_compat import call_session_manager
 from nanobot.session.automation_turns import automation_history_overrides
 from nanobot.session.goal_state import (
     goal_state_runtime_lines,
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ class TurnContext:
     turn_wall_started_at: float = field(default_factory=time.time)
     visible_run_started_at: float | None = None
     turn_latency_ms: int | None = None
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
 
     def require_runtime(self) -> LLMRuntime:
         """Return the runtime established by the BUILD stage."""
@@ -203,7 +205,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
         return self.tools.tool_names
 
     @property
-    def last_usage(self) -> Mapping[str, int]:
+    def last_usage(self) -> LLMUsage | None:
         """Latest aggregate usage exposed through the runtime-control snapshot."""
         return self._last_usage
 
@@ -378,7 +380,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
             default_restrict_to_workspace=restrict_to_workspace,
         )
         self._start_time = time.time()
-        self._last_usage: dict[str, int] = {}
+        self._last_usage: LLMUsage | None = None
         self._extra_hooks: list[AgentHook] = hooks or []
         self._hook_factories: list[AgentTurnHookFactory] = hook_factories or []
 
@@ -539,6 +541,33 @@ class AgentLoop:
             **extra,
         )
 
+    async def _get_or_create_session(self, key: str) -> Session:
+        """Use native async session loading, with a compatibility fallback."""
+        return await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "get_or_create_async",
+            self.sessions.get_or_create,
+            key,
+        )
+
+    async def _save_session(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Use native async session saving, with a compatibility fallback."""
+        await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "save_async",
+            self.sessions.save,
+            session,
+        )
+
+    async def _save_runtime_checkpoint(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Use native async checkpoint saving, with a compatibility fallback."""
+        await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "save_runtime_checkpoint_async",
+            self.sessions.save_runtime_checkpoint,
+            session,
+        )
+
     def _sync_subagent_runtime_limits(self) -> None:
         """Keep subagent runtime limits aligned with mutable loop settings."""
         self.subagents.max_iterations = self.max_iterations
@@ -578,6 +607,30 @@ class AgentLoop:
             self.sessions.save(session)
             return self.llm_runtime()
 
+    async def runtime_for_session_async(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        *,
+        recover_removed: bool = True,
+    ) -> LLMRuntime:
+        """Resolve a session runtime without blocking on recovery persistence."""
+        name = model_preset_from_metadata(session.metadata)
+        if name is None:
+            return self.llm_runtime()
+        try:
+            return self.runtime_resolver.resolve_preset(name)
+        except KeyError:
+            if not recover_removed or name in self.runtime_resolver.model_presets:
+                raise
+            logger.warning(
+                "Session '{}' references removed model preset '{}'; falling back to default",
+                session.key,
+                name,
+            )
+            session.metadata.pop(SESSION_MODEL_PRESET_METADATA_KEY, None)
+            await self._save_session(session)
+            return self.llm_runtime()
+
     def set_session_model_preset(
         self,
         session_key: str,
@@ -590,6 +643,18 @@ class AgentLoop:
         self.sessions.save(session)
         return runtime
 
+    async def set_session_model_preset_async(
+        self,
+        session_key: str,
+        name: str,
+    ) -> LLMRuntime:
+        """Validate and persist one session's preset selection without blocking."""
+        runtime = self.runtime_resolver.resolve_preset(name)
+        session = await self._get_or_create_session(session_key)
+        session.metadata[SESSION_MODEL_PRESET_METADATA_KEY] = runtime.model_preset
+        await self._save_session(session)
+        return runtime
+
     def _publish_runtime_selection(
         self,
         runtime: LLMRuntime,
@@ -702,17 +767,14 @@ class AgentLoop:
             session_key=session_key,
         )
 
-    def _persist_user_message_early(
+    def _stage_user_message_early(
         self,
         msg: InboundMessage,
         session: Session,
         runtime_context_blocks: list[RuntimeContextBlock] | None = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> bool:
-        """Persist the triggering user message before the turn starts.
-
-        Returns True if the message was persisted.
-        """
+        """Add the triggering user message and recovery markers in memory."""
         if not turn_continuation.should_persist_user_message(msg.metadata):
             return False
         media_paths = [
@@ -741,10 +803,45 @@ class AgentLoop:
             followup_id = msg.metadata.get(PENDING_FOLLOWUP_ID_KEY)
             if isinstance(followup_id, str) and followup_id:
                 acknowledge_pending_followups(session, [followup_id])
-            self.sessions.save(session)
             return True
         return False
 
+    def _persist_user_message_early(
+        self,
+        msg: InboundMessage,
+        session: Session,
+        runtime_context_blocks: list[RuntimeContextBlock] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Synchronously persist the user message for compatibility callers."""
+        persisted = self._stage_user_message_early(
+            msg,
+            session,
+            runtime_context_blocks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        if persisted:
+            self.sessions.save(session)
+        return persisted
+
+    async def _persist_user_message_early_async(
+        self,
+        msg: InboundMessage,
+        session: Session,
+        runtime_context_blocks: list[RuntimeContextBlock] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Persist the user message without blocking the event loop."""
+        persisted = self._stage_user_message_early(
+            msg,
+            session,
+            runtime_context_blocks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        if persisted:
+            await self._save_session(session)
+        return persisted
+
     def _build_initial_messages(self, ctx: TurnContext) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         """Build the initial message list for the LLM turn."""
         assert ctx.session is not None
@@ -842,7 +939,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
         if tool is None:
             content = "Shell execution is disabled in this nanobot configuration."
         else:
-            session = ctx.session or self.sessions.get_or_create(ctx.key)
+            session = ctx.session or await AgentLoop._get_or_create_session(self, ctx.key)
             scope = self.workspace_scopes.for_turn(
                 channel=ctx.msg.channel,
                 message_metadata=metadata,
@@ -1000,7 +1097,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
                 public_payload[self._PROVIDER_STATE_CHECKPOINT_VERSION_KEY] = (
                     self._PROVIDER_STATE_CHECKPOINT_VERSION
                 )
-            self._set_runtime_checkpoint(session, public_payload)
+            await self._set_runtime_checkpoint_async(session, public_payload)
 
         async def _drain_pending(*, limit: int = _MAX_INJECTIONS_PER_TURN) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
             """Drain follow-up messages from the pending queue.
@@ -1202,6 +1299,11 @@ class AgentLoop:
                     message_metadata=metadata,
                 ),
                 provider_state=provider_state,
+                llm_usage_source=source_from_request(
+                    active_session_key,
+                    channel=channel,
+                    metadata=metadata,
+                ),
             ))
         finally:
             turn_scope_stack.close()
@@ -1233,18 +1335,33 @@ class AgentLoop:
             logger.error("LLM returned error: {}", (result.final_content or "")[:200])
         return result.final_content, result.tools_used, result.messages, result.stop_reason, result.had_injections
 
-    def _check_expired_sessions_if_due(self) -> None:
-        """Scan idle sessions no more often than the configured interval."""
+    def _idle_compact_scan_due(self) -> bool:
         now = time.monotonic()
         if now < self._next_idle_compact_check_at:
-            return
+            return False
         self._next_idle_compact_check_at = now + self._idle_compact_check_interval_s
+        return True
+
+    def _check_expired_sessions_if_due(self) -> None:
+        """Synchronously scan idle sessions for compatibility with direct callers."""
+        if not self._idle_compact_scan_due():
+            return
         self.auto_compact.check_expired(
             self.schedule_background,
             self.runtime_for_session,
             active_session_keys=self._pending_queues.keys(),
         )
 
+    async def _check_expired_sessions_if_due_async(self) -> None:
+        """Scan idle sessions without blocking the event loop."""
+        if not self._idle_compact_scan_due():
+            return
+        await self.auto_compact.check_expired_async(
+            self.schedule_background,
+            self.runtime_for_session_async,
+            active_session_keys=self._pending_queues.keys(),
+        )
+
     async def run(self) -> None:
         """Run the agent loop, dispatching messages as tasks to stay responsive to /stop."""
         self._running = True
@@ -1255,7 +1372,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
                 try:
                     msg = await asyncio.wait_for(self.bus.consume_inbound(), timeout=1.0)
                 except asyncio.TimeoutError:
-                    self._check_expired_sessions_if_due()
+                    await self._check_expired_sessions_if_due_async()
                     continue
                 except asyncio.CancelledError:
                     # Preserve real task cancellation so shutdown can complete cleanly.
@@ -1333,7 +1450,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
                         )
                         continue
                     pending_msg = routed_msg
-                    session = self.sessions.get_or_create(effective_key)
+                    session = await self._get_or_create_session(effective_key)
                     followup_id = record_pending_followup(session, pending_msg)
                     if followup_id is not None:
                         pending_msg = dataclasses.replace(
@@ -1343,7 +1460,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
                                 PENDING_FOLLOWUP_ID_KEY: followup_id,
                             },
                         )
-                        self.sessions.save(session)
+                        await self._save_session(session)
                     try:
                         self._pending_queues[effective_key].put_nowait(pending_msg)
                     except asyncio.QueueFull:
@@ -1454,10 +1571,10 @@ class AgentLoop:
                         raise
                     try:
                         key = self._effective_session_key(msg)
-                        session = self.sessions.get_or_create(key)
+                        session = await self._get_or_create_session(key)
                         if self._restore_runtime_checkpoint(session):
                             self._clear_pending_user_turn(session)
-                            self.sessions.save(session)
+                            await self._save_session(session)
                             logger.info(
                                 "Restored partial context for cancelled session {}",
                                 key,
@@ -1782,7 +1899,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
                 if ctx.session is None:
                     raise RuntimeError("required session is not active")
             else:
-                ctx.session = self.sessions.get_or_create(ctx.session_key)
+                ctx.session = await self._get_or_create_session(ctx.session_key)
         session = ctx.session
         ctx.ephemeral = ctx.ephemeral or not session.policy.persist
         tools = ctx.tools or self.tools
@@ -1813,16 +1930,16 @@ class AgentLoop:
             self.workspace_scopes.persist_message_scope(session, msg)
 
         if self._restore_runtime_checkpoint(session):
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
         if (
             RECOVERY_INBOUND_METADATA_KEY not in msg.metadata
             and restore_pending_interruption(session)
         ):
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
 
     async def _compact_session(self, ctx: TurnContext) -> None:
         session = ctx.require_session()
-        ctx.session, pending = self.auto_compact.prepare_session(
+        ctx.session, pending = await self.auto_compact.prepare_session_async(
             session,
             ctx.session_key,
         )
@@ -1859,14 +1976,14 @@ class AgentLoop:
             # them out of LLM context.  /new is excluded because it
             # intentionally clears the session.
             if cmd_ctx.raw.lower() != "/new":
-                ctx.input_persisted_early = self._persist_user_message_early(
+                ctx.input_persisted_early = await self._persist_user_message_early_async(
                     ctx.msg, session, _command=True
                 )
                 session.add_message(
                     "assistant", result.content, _command=True
                 )
                 self._clear_pending_user_turn(session)
-                self.sessions.save(session)
+                await self._save_session(session)
                 if not ctx.ephemeral:
                     await self.runtime_event_publisher.session_turn_persisted(
                         ctx.msg,
@@ -1881,7 +1998,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
         session = ctx.require_session()
         runtime = ctx.runtime
         if runtime is None:
-            runtime = self.runtime_for_session(session)
+            runtime = await self.runtime_for_session_async(session)
             ctx.runtime = runtime
         if ctx.session_key.startswith("dream:"):
             logger.info(
@@ -1925,7 +2042,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
                 # provider compatibility or prompt assembly work. A compatible
                 # staged state replaces this in a second atomic save below.
                 session.provider_state = None
-                self.sessions.save(session)
+                await self._save_session(session)
             ctx.input_persisted_early = True
         await ctx.delivery.runtime_admitted(runtime)
 
@@ -1979,7 +2096,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
         elif stored_state is not None:
             session.provider_state = None
         if ctx.kind is TurnKind.USER:
-            ctx.input_persisted_early = self._persist_user_message_early(
+            ctx.input_persisted_early = await self._persist_user_message_early_async(
                 ctx.msg,
                 session,
                 runtime_context_blocks=ctx.runtime_context_blocks,
@@ -1989,7 +2106,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
         elif subagent_followup_persisted and staged_provider_state:
             # Upgrade the replay-safe baseline to the resumable state before
             # prompt assembly and the first model checkpoint.
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
         ctx.initial_messages = self._build_initial_messages(ctx)
 
         if ctx.on_progress is None:
@@ -2031,7 +2148,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
         ctx.all_messages = all_msgs
         ctx.stop_reason = stop_reason
         ctx.had_injections = had_injections
-        ctx.usage = dict(self._last_usage)
+        ctx.usage = self._last_usage
         ctx.delivery.record_usage(ctx.usage)
         if ctx.kind is TurnKind.USER:
             await turn_continuation.maybe_continue_turn(ctx)
@@ -2058,13 +2175,16 @@ class AgentLoop:
             else ctx.turn_wall_started_at
         )
         ctx.turn_latency_ms = max(0, int((time.time() - latency_started_at) * 1000))
-        if ctx.usage and not ctx.ephemeral:
-            session.metadata["_last_usage"] = dict(ctx.usage)
+        if ctx.usage is not None and not ctx.ephemeral:
+            session.metadata["_last_usage"] = ctx.usage.to_dict()
         self._save_turn(
             session, ctx.all_messages, ctx.save_skip,
             turn_latency_ms=ctx.turn_latency_ms,
         )
         ctx.delivery.record_latency(ctx.turn_latency_ms)
+        self._clear_pending_user_turn(session)
+        self._clear_runtime_checkpoint(session)
+        await self._save_session(session)
         if not ctx.ephemeral:
             self.schedule_background(
                 self.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens(
@@ -2072,10 +2192,6 @@ class AgentLoop:
                     runtime=runtime,
                 )
             )
-        self._clear_pending_user_turn(session)
-        self._clear_runtime_checkpoint(session)
-        self.sessions.save(session)
-        if not ctx.ephemeral:
             await self.runtime_event_publisher.session_turn_persisted(
                 ctx.msg,
                 ctx.session_key,
@@ -2288,11 +2404,24 @@ class AgentLoop:
         )
         return True
 
-    def _set_runtime_checkpoint(self, session: Session, payload: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-        """Persist the latest in-flight turn state into session metadata."""
+    def _set_runtime_checkpoint(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        payload: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Synchronously persist a checkpoint for compatibility callers."""
         session.metadata[self._RUNTIME_CHECKPOINT_KEY] = payload
         self.sessions.save_runtime_checkpoint(session)
 
+    async def _set_runtime_checkpoint_async(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        payload: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Persist the latest in-flight turn state without blocking the event loop."""
+        session.metadata[self._RUNTIME_CHECKPOINT_KEY] = payload
+        await self._save_runtime_checkpoint(session)
+
     def _mark_pending_user_turn(self, session: Session) -> None:
         session.metadata[self._PENDING_USER_TURN_KEY] = True
 

nanobot/agent/memory.py

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Iterator, cast
 
 from loguru import logger
 
+from nanobot.llm_usage.context import llm_usage_source
 from nanobot.runtime_context import public_history_messages
+from nanobot.session.async_compat import call_session_manager
 from nanobot.session.manager import (
     MIN_COMPACTED_REPLAY_MESSAGES,
     Session,
@@ -823,6 +825,22 @@ class Consolidator:
             weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
         )
 
+    async def _get_or_create_session(self, key: str) -> Session:
+        return await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "get_or_create_async",
+            self.sessions.get_or_create,
+            key,
+        )
+
+    async def _save_session(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "save_async",
+            self.sessions.save,
+            session,
+        )
+
     def get_lock(self, session_key: str) -> asyncio.Lock:
         """Return the shared consolidation lock for one session."""
         return self._locks.setdefault(session_key, asyncio.Lock())
@@ -858,13 +876,13 @@ class Consolidator:
             return []
         return session.get_history()
 
-    def _persist_last_summary(self, session: Session, summary: str | None) -> None:
+    async def _persist_last_summary(self, session: Session, summary: str | None) -> None:
         if summary and summary != "(nothing)":
             session.metadata["_last_summary"] = {
                 "text": summary,
                 "last_active": session.updated_at.isoformat(),
             }
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
 
     def estimate_session_prompt_tokens(
         self,
@@ -915,6 +933,7 @@ class Consolidator:
         if not messages:
             return None
         try:
+            with llm_usage_source("dream"):
                 response = await runtime.provider.chat_with_retry(
                     model=runtime.model,
                     messages=request_messages,
@@ -1055,7 +1074,7 @@ class Consolidator:
         lock = self.get_lock(session.key)
         async with lock:
             # Refresh session reference: AutoCompact may have replaced it.
-            fresh = self.sessions.get_or_create(session.key)
+            fresh = await self._get_or_create_session(session.key)
             if fresh is not session:
                 session = fresh
             if not session.messages:
@@ -1069,7 +1088,7 @@ class Consolidator:
                 runtime=runtime,
             )
             if estimated <= 0:
-                self._persist_last_summary(session, last_summary)
+                await self._persist_last_summary(session, last_summary)
                 return
             if estimated < budget:
                 unconsolidated_count = len(session.messages) - session.last_consolidated
@@ -1081,7 +1100,7 @@ class Consolidator:
                     source,
                     unconsolidated_count,
                 )
-                self._persist_last_summary(session, last_summary)
+                await self._persist_last_summary(session, last_summary)
                 return
 
             for round_num in range(self._MAX_CONSOLIDATION_ROUNDS):
@@ -1125,7 +1144,7 @@ class Consolidator:
                     last_summary = summary
                 session.last_consolidated = end_idx
                 session.provider_state = None
-                self.sessions.save(session)
+                await self._save_session(session)
                 if not summary:
                     # LLM is degraded — stop hammering it this call;
                     # the next invocation can retry a fresh chunk.
@@ -1141,7 +1160,7 @@ class Consolidator:
             # Persist the last summary to session metadata so it can be injected
             # into the runtime context on the next prepare_session() call, aligning
             # the summary injection strategy with AutoCompact._archive().
-            self._persist_last_summary(session, last_summary)
+            await self._persist_last_summary(session, last_summary)
 
     async def compact_idle_session(
         self,
@@ -1166,7 +1185,7 @@ class Consolidator:
         lock = self.get_lock(session_key)
         async with lock:
             self.sessions.invalidate(session_key)
-            session = self.sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
+            session = await self._get_or_create_session(session_key)
 
             archive_start = session.last_consolidated
             messages_to_archive = list(session.messages[archive_start:])
@@ -1191,7 +1210,7 @@ class Consolidator:
             # through the captured batch so new messages remain eligible next time.
             session.last_consolidated = archive_end
             session.provider_state = None
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
 
             visible = session.get_history(
                 max_messages=MIN_COMPACTED_REPLAY_MESSAGES,

nanobot/agent/progress_hook.py

@@ -210,12 +210,14 @@ class AgentProgressHook(AgentHook):
                     tool_hint=False,
                     tool_events=tool_events,
                 )
-        u = context.usage or {}
+        u = context.usage
         logger.debug(
-            "LLM usage: prompt={} completion={} cached={}",
-            u.get("prompt_tokens", 0),
-            u.get("completion_tokens", 0),
-            u.get("cached_tokens", 0),
+            "LLM usage: input={} output={} cache_read={} cache_write={} source={}",
+            u.input_tokens if u else 0,
+            u.output_tokens if u else 0,
+            u.cache_read_tokens if u else None,
+            u.cache_write_tokens if u else None,
+            u.source if u else "missing",
         )
 
     def finalize_content(self, context: AgentHookContext, content: str | None) -> str | None:

nanobot/agent/runner.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import asyncio
 import inspect
 import os
 import time
-from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Iterable
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Iterable, Sized
 from copy import deepcopy
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -20,9 +20,16 @@ from nanobot.agent.context_governance import (
 )
 from nanobot.agent.hook import AgentHook, AgentHookContext, AgentRunHookContext
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry, is_tool_error_result
+from nanobot.llm_usage.context import (
+    LLMUsageSource,
+    bind_llm_usage_source,
+    reset_llm_usage_source,
+    source_from_session_key,
+)
 from nanobot.providers.base import (
     LLMProvider,
     LLMResponse,
+    LLMUsage,
     ProviderCallContext,
     ProviderConversationState,
     ToolCallRequest,
@@ -76,6 +83,22 @@ _MAX_EMPTY_RETRIES = 2
 _MAX_LENGTH_RECOVERIES = 3
 _MAX_INJECTIONS_PER_TURN = 3
 _MAX_INJECTION_CYCLES = 5
+_SLOW_TOOL_LOG_MS = 1_000
+
+
+def _tool_input_scale(params: object) -> tuple[int, int]:
+    """Return bounded structural counts without logging argument content."""
+    if not isinstance(params, dict):
+        return 0, len(params) if isinstance(params, str | bytes) else 0
+    params_dict = cast(dict[object, object], params)
+    items = len(params_dict)
+    chars = 0
+    for value in params_dict.values():
+        if isinstance(value, str | bytes):
+            chars += len(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, list | tuple | set | dict):
+            items += len(cast(Sized, value))
+    return items, chars
 
 
 def _restore_outer_whitespace(content: str, original: str | None) -> str:
@@ -117,6 +140,7 @@ class AgentRunSpec:
     goal_continue_message: GoalContinueMessage | None = None
     finalize_on_max_iterations: bool = True
     provider_state: ProviderConversationState | None = None
+    llm_usage_source: LLMUsageSource | None = None
 
 
 @dataclass(slots=True)
@@ -126,7 +150,7 @@ class AgentRunResult:
     final_content: str | None
     messages: list[dict[str, Any]]
     tools_used: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     stop_reason: str = "completed"
     error: str | None = None
     tool_events: list[dict[str, str]] = field(default_factory=list)
@@ -391,6 +415,9 @@ class AgentRunner:
         hook = spec.hook or AgentHook()
         messages = list(spec.initial_messages)
         context = AgentRunHookContext(messages=deepcopy(messages))
+        llm_usage_source_token = bind_llm_usage_source(
+            spec.llm_usage_source or source_from_session_key(spec.session_key)
+        )
 
         try:
             await hook.before_run(context)
@@ -412,7 +439,7 @@ class AgentRunner:
             context.messages = deepcopy(result.messages)
             context.final_content = result.final_content
             context.tools_used = list(result.tools_used)
-            context.usage = dict(result.usage)
+            context.usage = result.usage
             context.stop_reason = result.stop_reason
             context.error = result.error
             context.tool_events = deepcopy(result.tool_events)
@@ -423,6 +450,7 @@ class AgentRunner:
             await hook.after_run(context)
             return result
         finally:
+            try:
                 context.messages = deepcopy(messages)
                 if context.exception is None:
                     await hook.on_finally(context)
@@ -434,6 +462,8 @@ class AgentRunner:
                             "AgentHook.on_finally error after {}",
                             context.stop_reason or "run exception",
                         )
+            finally:
+                reset_llm_usage_source(llm_usage_source_token)
 
     async def _run_core(
         self,
@@ -443,7 +473,7 @@ class AgentRunner:
     ) -> AgentRunResult:
         final_content: str | None = None
         tools_used: list[str] = []
-        usage = {"prompt_tokens": 0, "completion_tokens": 0}
+        usage: LLMUsage | None = None
         error: str | None = None
         stop_reason = "completed"
         tool_events: list[dict[str, str]] = []
@@ -519,8 +549,8 @@ class AgentRunner:
             )
             response.content = cleaned_content
             raw_usage = self._usage_or_estimate(spec, messages_for_model, response)
-            context.usage = dict(raw_usage)
-            self._accumulate_usage(usage, raw_usage)
+            context.usage = raw_usage
+            usage = self._merge_usage(usage, raw_usage)
             if reasoning_text and not context.streamed_reasoning:
                 await hook.emit_reasoning(reasoning_text)
                 await hook.emit_reasoning_end()
@@ -683,10 +713,10 @@ class AgentRunner:
                     conversation_state=conversation_state,
                 )
                 retry_usage = self._usage_or_estimate(spec, retry_messages, response)
-                self._accumulate_usage(usage, retry_usage)
+                usage = self._merge_usage(usage, retry_usage)
                 raw_usage = self._merge_usage(raw_usage, retry_usage)
                 context.response = response
-                context.usage = dict(raw_usage)
+                context.usage = raw_usage
                 context.tool_calls = list(response.tool_calls)
                 original_content = response.content
                 clean = hook.finalize_content(context, response.content)
@@ -859,7 +889,7 @@ class AgentRunner:
                 had_injections = True
             terminal_content = None
             if spec.finalize_on_max_iterations:
-                terminal_content = await self._try_finalize_after_max_iterations(
+                terminal_content, usage = await self._try_finalize_after_max_iterations(
                     spec,
                     hook,
                     messages,
@@ -922,18 +952,7 @@ class AgentRunner:
         conversation_state: ProviderConversationStateController,
         provider_context: ProviderCallContext | None = None,
     ) -> LLMResponse:
-        timeout_s: float | None = spec.llm_timeout_s
-        if timeout_s is None:
-            # Default to a finite timeout to avoid per-session lock starvation when an LLM
-            # request hangs indefinitely (e.g. gateway/network stall).
-            # Set NANOBOT_LLM_TIMEOUT_S=0 to disable.
-            raw = os.environ.get("NANOBOT_LLM_TIMEOUT_S", "300").strip()
-            try:
-                timeout_s = float(raw)
-            except (TypeError, ValueError):
-                timeout_s = 300.0
-        if timeout_s <= 0:
-            timeout_s = None
+        timeout_s = self._resolve_llm_timeout_s(spec)
 
         kwargs = self._build_request_kwargs(
             spec,
@@ -1247,9 +1266,9 @@ class AgentRunner:
         spec: AgentRunSpec,
         hook: AgentHook,
         messages: list[dict[str, Any]],
-        usage: dict[str, int],
+        usage: LLMUsage | None,
         conversation_state: ProviderConversationStateController,
-    ) -> str | None:
+    ) -> tuple[str | None, LLMUsage | None]:
         retry_messages = self._budget_exhausted_finalization_messages(messages)
         try:
             response = await self._request_no_tools(
@@ -1264,10 +1283,10 @@ class AgentRunner:
                 "Budget-exhausted finalization failed for {}; using fallback",
                 spec.session_key or "default",
             )
-            return None
+            return None, usage
 
         raw_usage = self._usage_or_estimate(spec, retry_messages, response)
-        self._accumulate_usage(usage, raw_usage)
+        usage = self._merge_usage(usage, raw_usage)
         if response.finish_reason == "error" or response.has_tool_calls:
             logger.warning(
                 "Budget-exhausted finalization returned finish_reason='{}' "
@@ -1276,19 +1295,19 @@ class AgentRunner:
                 len(response.tool_calls),
                 spec.session_key or "default",
             )
-            return None
+            return None, usage
 
         context = AgentHookContext(
             iteration=spec.max_iterations,
             messages=messages,
             response=response,
-            usage=dict(raw_usage),
+            usage=raw_usage,
             session_key=spec.session_key,
         )
         clean = hook.finalize_content(context, response.content)
         if is_blank_text(clean):
-            return None
-        return clean
+            return None, usage
+        return clean, usage
 
     async def _request_no_tools(
         self,
@@ -1302,10 +1321,38 @@ class AgentRunner:
             messages,
             tools=None,
         )
-        return await spec.runtime.provider.chat_with_retry(
+        coro = spec.runtime.provider.chat_with_retry(
             **kwargs,
             provider_context=provider_context,
         )
+        timeout_s = self._resolve_llm_timeout_s(spec)
+        try:
+            return (
+                await coro
+                if timeout_s is None
+                else await asyncio.wait_for(coro, timeout=timeout_s)
+            )
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            return LLMResponse(
+                content=f"Error calling LLM: timed out after {timeout_s:g}s",
+                finish_reason="error",
+                error_kind="timeout",
+            )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _resolve_llm_timeout_s(spec: AgentRunSpec) -> float | None:
+        """Resolve the wall-clock limit shared by every model request path."""
+        timeout_s = spec.llm_timeout_s
+        if timeout_s is None:
+            # Default to a finite timeout to avoid per-session lock starvation when an LLM
+            # request hangs indefinitely (e.g. gateway/network stall).
+            # Set NANOBOT_LLM_TIMEOUT_S=0 to disable.
+            raw = os.environ.get("NANOBOT_LLM_TIMEOUT_S", "300").strip()
+            try:
+                timeout_s = float(raw)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                timeout_s = 300.0
+        return timeout_s if timeout_s > 0 else None
 
     @staticmethod
     def _budget_exhausted_finalization_messages(
@@ -1332,31 +1379,24 @@ class AgentRunner:
         spec: AgentRunSpec,
         messages: list[dict[str, Any]],
         response: LLMResponse,
-    ) -> dict[str, int]:
-        usage = self._usage_dict(response.usage)
-        total = self._usage_total(usage)
-        if total > 0:
-            usage["total_tokens"] = total
-            usage.setdefault("provider_tokens", total)
-        elif response.finish_reason == "error":
-            return {}
-        else:
+    ) -> LLMUsage | None:
+        usage = response.usage
+        if response.finish_reason == "error":
+            if usage is None or usage.total_tokens == 0:
+                usage = LLMUsage.empty_request()
+        elif usage is None or usage.total_tokens == 0:
             usage = self._estimate_response_usage(spec, messages, response)
-        completion = usage.get("completion_tokens", 0)
-        if response.generation_ms is not None and completion > 0:
-            usage["generation_ms"] = response.generation_ms
-            usage["measured_completion_tokens"] = completion
-        if response.ttft_ms is not None:
-            usage["ttft_ms"] = response.ttft_ms
-            usage["timed_requests"] = 1
-        return usage
+        return usage.with_timing(
+            generation_ms=response.generation_ms,
+            ttft_ms=response.ttft_ms,
+        )
 
     def _estimate_response_usage(
         self,
         spec: AgentRunSpec,
         messages: list[dict[str, Any]],
         response: LLMResponse,
-    ) -> dict[str, int]:
+    ) -> LLMUsage:
         try:
             tools = spec.tools.get_definitions()
         except Exception:
@@ -1374,52 +1414,21 @@ class AgentRunner:
             thinking_blocks=response.thinking_blocks,
         )
         completion_tokens = estimate_message_tokens(assistant_message)
-        total_tokens = max(0, prompt_tokens) + max(0, completion_tokens)
-        if total_tokens <= 0:
-            return {}
-        return {
-            "prompt_tokens": max(0, prompt_tokens),
-            "completion_tokens": max(0, completion_tokens),
-            "total_tokens": total_tokens,
-            "estimated_tokens": total_tokens,
-        }
+        return LLMUsage.estimated(
+            input_tokens=max(0, prompt_tokens),
+            output_tokens=max(0, completion_tokens),
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _usage_dict(usage: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, int]:
-        if not usage:
-            return {}
-        result: dict[str, int] = {}
-        for key, value in usage.items():
-            try:
-                result[key] = int(value or 0)
-            except (TypeError, ValueError):
-                continue
-        return result
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _usage_total(usage: dict[str, int]) -> int:
-        return max(0, usage.get("total_tokens", 0) or (
-            usage.get("prompt_tokens", 0) + usage.get("completion_tokens", 0)
-        ))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _merge_usage(left: dict[str, int], right: dict[str, int]) -> dict[str, int]:
-        merged = dict(left)
-        for key, value in right.items():
-            merged[key] = merged.get(key, 0) + value
-        return merged
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _accumulate_usage(total: dict[str, int], request: dict[str, int]) -> None:
-        """Fold one model request into the current turn's usage."""
-        total["request_count"] = total.get("request_count", 0) + 1
-        prompt_tokens = request.get("prompt_tokens")
-        if prompt_tokens is not None and prompt_tokens >= 0:
-            total["context_tokens"] = prompt_tokens
-        for key, value in request.items():
-            if key in {"context_tokens", "request_count"} or value < 0:
-                continue
-            total[key] = total.get(key, 0) + value
+    def _merge_usage(
+        left: LLMUsage | None,
+        right: LLMUsage | None,
+    ) -> LLMUsage | None:
+        if left is None:
+            return right
+        if right is None:
+            return left
+        return left + right
 
     async def _execute_tools(
         self,
@@ -1528,6 +1537,7 @@ class AgentRunner:
                 RuntimeError(prep_error) if spec.fail_on_tool_error else None
             )
         await hook.before_execute_tool(context, tool_call, tool, params)
+        tool_started_at = time.perf_counter()
         try:
             if tool is not None:
                 result = await tool.execute(**params)
@@ -1556,6 +1566,17 @@ class AgentRunner:
             if spec.fail_on_tool_error:
                 return payload, event, exc
             return payload, event, None
+        finally:
+            duration_ms = int((time.perf_counter() - tool_started_at) * 1000)
+            if duration_ms >= _SLOW_TOOL_LOG_MS:
+                input_items, input_chars = _tool_input_scale(params)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "slow tool operation={} input_items={} input_chars={} duration_ms={}",
+                    tool_call.name,
+                    input_items,
+                    input_chars,
+                    duration_ms,
+                )
 
         if is_tool_error_result(result):
             await hook.on_execute_tool_error(context, tool_call, tool, params, result)

nanobot/agent/subagent.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import warnings
 from collections.abc import Mapping
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable, TypedDict
+from typing import Any, Callable, NotRequired, TypedDict
 
 from loguru import logger
 
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults, ToolsConfig
-from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider
+from nanobot.llm_usage.context import LLMUsageSource, current_llm_usage_source
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, LLMUsage
 from nanobot.security.workspace_access import (
     WorkspaceScope,
     bind_workspace_scope,
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ class _SubagentOrigin(TypedDict):
     channel: str
     chat_id: str
     session_key: str | None
+    llm_usage_source: NotRequired[LLMUsageSource]
 
 
 @dataclass(slots=True)
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ class SubagentStatus:
     phase: str = "initializing"  # initializing | awaiting_tools | tools_completed | final_response | done | error
     iteration: int = 0
     tool_events: list[dict[str, str]] = field(default_factory=list)
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     stop_reason: str | None = None
     error: str | None = None
 
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ class _SubagentHook(AgentHook):
             return
         self._status.iteration = context.iteration
         self._status.tool_events = list(context.tool_events)
-        self._status.usage = dict(context.usage)
+        self._status.usage = context.usage
         if context.error:
             self._status.error = str(context.error)
 
@@ -252,6 +254,7 @@ class SubagentManager:
             "channel": origin_channel,
             "chat_id": origin_chat_id,
             "session_key": session_key,
+            "llm_usage_source": current_llm_usage_source(),
         }
 
         status = SubagentStatus(
@@ -315,6 +318,7 @@ class SubagentManager:
             "channel": origin_channel,
             "chat_id": origin_chat_id,
             "session_key": session_key,
+            "llm_usage_source": current_llm_usage_source(),
         }
         status = SubagentStatus(
             task_id=task_id,
@@ -417,6 +421,10 @@ class SubagentManager:
                     session_key=sess_key,
                     workspace=root,
                     llm_timeout_s=llm_timeout,
+                    llm_usage_source=origin.get(
+                        "llm_usage_source",
+                        current_llm_usage_source(),
+                    ),
                 ))
             finally:
                 if token is not None:

nanobot/agent/tools/cli_apps.py

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
+import inspect
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TypedDict
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
@@ -24,6 +27,14 @@ from nanobot.runtime_context import RuntimeContextBlock, wrap_runtime_context_li
 from nanobot.security.workspace_access import current_tool_workspace
 
 
+class _CliAppRunKwargs(TypedDict):
+    args: list[str]
+    json_output: bool
+    working_dir: str | None
+    timeout: int | None
+    restrict_to_workspace: bool
+
+
 class CliAppsToolConfig(Base):
     """CLI Apps tool configuration."""
 
@@ -147,14 +158,17 @@ class CliAppsTool(Tool):
         )
         workspace = access.project_path or self.workspace
         manager = CliAppManager(workspace=workspace, runtime=self.runtime)
+        run_kwargs: _CliAppRunKwargs = {
+            "args": args or [],
+            "json_output": bool(json),
+            "working_dir": working_dir,
+            "timeout": timeout,
+            "restrict_to_workspace": access.restrict_to_workspace,
+        }
         try:
-            return manager.run(
-                name,
-                args=args or [],
-                json_output=bool(json),
-                working_dir=working_dir,
-                timeout=timeout,
-                restrict_to_workspace=access.restrict_to_workspace,
-            )
+            run_async = inspect.getattr_static(type(manager), "run_async", None)
+            if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(run_async):
+                return await manager.run_async(name, **run_kwargs)
+            return await asyncio.to_thread(manager.run, name, **run_kwargs)
         except CliAppError as exc:
             return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {exc.message}")

nanobot/agent/tools/cron.py

@@ -143,14 +143,41 @@ class CronTool(Tool):
         tz: str | None = None,
         at: str | None = None,
         job_id: str | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        if action == "add" and self._in_cron_context.get():
+            return ToolResult.error(
+                "Error: cannot schedule new jobs from within a cron job execution"
+            )
+        return await self._cron.run_sync(
+            self._execute_sync,
+            action,
+            name,
+            message,
+            every_seconds,
+            cron_expr,
+            tz,
+            at,
+            job_id,
+        )
+
+    def _execute_sync(
+        self,
+        action: str,
+        name: str | None,
+        message: str,
+        every_seconds: int | None,
+        cron_expr: str | None,
+        tz: str | None,
+        at: str | None,
+        job_id: str | None,
     ) -> str:
         if action == "add":
             if self._in_cron_context.get():
                 return ToolResult.error("Error: cannot schedule new jobs from within a cron job execution")
             return self._add_job(name, message, every_seconds, cron_expr, tz, at)
-        elif action == "list":
+        if action == "list":
             return self._list_jobs()
-        elif action == "remove":
+        if action == "remove":
             return self._remove_job(job_id)
         return f"Unknown action: {action}"
 

nanobot/agent/tools/filesystem.py

@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@
 
 # pyright: reportPrivateUsage=false, reportUnusedFunction=false
 
+import asyncio
 import difflib
 import mimetypes
 import os
+import threading
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import (
 )
 from nanobot.config_base import Base
 from nanobot.security.workspace_access import current_tool_workspace
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import build_image_content_blocks, detect_image_mime
 
 
@@ -664,22 +667,31 @@ def _match_covers_line(match: _MatchSpan, line: int) -> bool:
     return match.line <= line <= _match_end_line(match)
 
 
-def _find_exact_matches(content: str, old_text: str) -> list[_MatchSpan]:
+def _find_exact_matches(
+    content: str,
+    old_text: str,
+    *,
+    max_matches: int | None = None,
+) -> list[_MatchSpan]:
     matches: list[_MatchSpan] = []
-    start = 0
-    while True:
-        idx = content.find(old_text, start)
+    search_start = 0
+    line_start = 0
+    line = 1
+    while max_matches is None or len(matches) < max_matches:
+        idx = content.find(old_text, search_start)
         if idx == -1:
             break
+        line += content.count("\n", line_start, idx)
         matches.append(
             _MatchSpan(
                 start=idx,
                 end=idx + len(old_text),
                 text=content[idx : idx + len(old_text)],
-                line=content.count("\n", 0, idx) + 1,
+                line=line,
             )
         )
-        start = idx + max(1, len(old_text))
+        line_start = idx
+        search_start = idx + max(1, len(old_text))
     return matches
 
 
@@ -735,27 +747,36 @@ def _find_quote_matches(content: str, old_text: str) -> list[_MatchSpan]:
     norm_content = _normalize_quotes(content)
     norm_old = _normalize_quotes(old_text)
     matches: list[_MatchSpan] = []
-    start = 0
+    search_start = 0
+    line_start = 0
+    line = 1
     while True:
-        idx = norm_content.find(norm_old, start)
+        idx = norm_content.find(norm_old, search_start)
         if idx == -1:
             break
+        line += content.count("\n", line_start, idx)
         matches.append(
             _MatchSpan(
                 start=idx,
                 end=idx + len(old_text),
                 text=content[idx : idx + len(old_text)],
-                line=content.count("\n", 0, idx) + 1,
+                line=line,
             )
         )
-        start = idx + max(1, len(norm_old))
+        line_start = idx
+        search_start = idx + max(1, len(norm_old))
     return matches
 
 
-def _find_matches(content: str, old_text: str) -> list[_MatchSpan]:
-    """Locate all matches using progressively looser strategies."""
+def _find_matches(
+    content: str,
+    old_text: str,
+    *,
+    max_exact_matches: int | None = None,
+) -> list[_MatchSpan]:
+    """Locate matches using progressively looser strategies."""
     for matcher in (
-        lambda: _find_exact_matches(content, old_text),
+        lambda: _find_exact_matches(content, old_text, max_matches=max_exact_matches),
         lambda: _find_trim_matches(content, old_text),
         lambda: _find_trim_matches(content, old_text, normalize_quotes=True),
         lambda: _find_quote_matches(content, old_text),
@@ -869,6 +890,43 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
         new_text: str | None = None,
         replace_all: bool = False, occurrence: int | None = None,
         line_hint: int | None = None, expected_replacements: int | None = None, **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        cancelled = threading.Event()
+        commit_lock = threading.Lock()
+        try:
+            return await asyncio.to_thread(
+                self._execute_sync,
+                path=path,
+                old_text=old_text,
+                new_text=new_text,
+                replace_all=replace_all,
+                occurrence=occurrence,
+                line_hint=line_hint,
+                expected_replacements=expected_replacements,
+                cancelled=cancelled,
+                commit_lock=commit_lock,
+            )
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            cancelled.set()
+            # If a commit already started, do not report cancellation until the
+            # file bytes and FileStates record are settled. Otherwise, taking
+            # the lock first guarantees the worker observes ``cancelled`` before
+            # it can mutate the target.
+            await shield_and_drain(
+                asyncio.to_thread(self._wait_for_commit, commit_lock)
+            )
+            raise
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _wait_for_commit(commit_lock: threading.Lock) -> None:
+        with commit_lock:
+            pass
+
+    def _execute_sync(
+        self, *, path: str | None, old_text: str | None,
+        new_text: str | None, replace_all: bool, occurrence: int | None,
+        line_hint: int | None, expected_replacements: int | None,
+        cancelled: threading.Event, commit_lock: threading.Lock,
     ) -> str:
         try:
             if not path:
@@ -892,6 +950,9 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
             # Create-file semantics: old_text='' + file doesn't exist → create
             if not file_exists:
                 if old_text == "":
+                    with commit_lock:
+                        if cancelled.is_set():
+                            return ToolResult.error("Error: edit_file cancelled.")
                         fp.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
                         fp.write_text(new_text, encoding="utf-8")
                         self._file_states.record_write(fp)
@@ -912,6 +973,9 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
                 content = raw.decode("utf-8")
                 if content.strip():
                     return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Cannot create file — {path} already exists and is not empty.")
+                with commit_lock:
+                    if cancelled.is_set():
+                        return ToolResult.error("Error: edit_file cancelled.")
                     fp.write_text(new_text, encoding="utf-8")
                     self._file_states.record_write(fp)
                 return f"Successfully edited {fp}"
@@ -923,7 +987,11 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
             uses_crlf = b"\r\n" in raw
             content = raw.decode("utf-8").replace("\r\n", "\n")
             norm_old = old_text.replace("\r\n", "\n")
-            matches = _find_matches(content, norm_old)
+            matches = _find_matches(
+                content,
+                norm_old,
+                max_exact_matches=occurrence,
+            )
 
             if not matches:
                 return self._not_found_msg(old_text, content, path)
@@ -1000,6 +1068,9 @@ class EditFileTool(_FsTool):
             if uses_crlf:
                 new_content = new_content.replace("\n", "\r\n")
 
+            with commit_lock:
+                if cancelled.is_set():
+                    return ToolResult.error("Error: edit_file cancelled.")
                 fp.write_bytes(new_content.encode("utf-8"))
                 self._file_states.record_write(fp)
             msg = f"Successfully edited {fp}"

nanobot/agent/tools/long_task.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.context import RequestContext, ToolContext, current_req
 from nanobot.agent.tools.schema import StringSchema, tool_parameters_schema
 from nanobot.bus.runtime_events import GoalStateChanged, RuntimeEventBus, RuntimeEventContext
 from nanobot.runtime_context import RuntimeContextBlock, wrap_runtime_context_lines
+from nanobot.session.async_compat import call_session_manager
 from nanobot.session.goal_state import (
     GOAL_STATE_KEY,
     MAX_GOAL_OBJECTIVE_CHARS,
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ from nanobot.session.goal_state import (
     sustained_goal_active,
 )
 from nanobot.session.turn_continuation import reset_goal_continuation_rounds
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.utils.prompt_templates import render_template
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -60,36 +62,68 @@ class _GoalToolsMixin:
         self._sessions = sessions
         self._runtime_events = runtime_events
 
-    def _session(self):
+    async def _get_or_create_session(self, key: str):
+        return await call_session_manager(
+            self._sessions,
+            "get_or_create_async",
+            self._sessions.get_or_create,
+            key,
+        )
+
+    async def _save_session(self, session: Any) -> None:
+        await call_session_manager(
+            self._sessions,
+            "save_async",
+            self._sessions.save,
+            session,
+        )
+
+    async def _session(self):
         request_ctx = current_request_context()
         if request_ctx is None:
             return None
         key = request_ctx.session_key
         if not key:
             return None
-        return self._sessions.get_or_create(key)
+        return await self._get_or_create_session(key)
 
     def _goal_mutation_allowed(self) -> bool:
         return current_request_context() is not None and goal_mutation_allowed()
 
-    def _save_goal_state(
+    async def _save_goal_state(
         self,
         sess: Any,
         blob: dict[str, Any],
         *,
         reset_continuation: bool = False,
+        revoke_permission: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         previous_metadata = deepcopy(sess.metadata)
+        saved = False
+
+        async def save_and_publish() -> None:
+            nonlocal saved
             sess.metadata[GOAL_STATE_KEY] = blob
             discard_legacy_goal_state_key(sess.metadata)
             if reset_continuation:
                 reset_goal_continuation_rounds(sess.metadata)
             try:
-            self._sessions.save(sess)
+                await self._save_session(sess)
             except BaseException:
                 sess.metadata.clear()
                 sess.metadata.update(previous_metadata)
                 raise
+            saved = True
+            await self._publish_goal_state_changed(sess.metadata)
+
+        try:
+            await shield_and_drain(save_and_publish())
+        finally:
+            # This ContextVar belongs to the caller task, not the settlement task.
+            # Apply the post-save permission effect here even when cancellation was
+            # delayed until the durable save and runtime notification completed.
+            if revoke_permission and saved:
+                revoke_goal_mutation_permission()
 
     async def _publish_goal_state_changed(self, metadata: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         runtime_events = self._runtime_events
@@ -175,7 +209,7 @@ class CreateGoalTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
     ) -> RuntimeContextBlock | None:
         if not request.session_key:
             return None
-        session = self._sessions.get_or_create(request.session_key)
+        session = await self._get_or_create_session(request.session_key)
         goal_start_requested = explicit_goal_requested(request.metadata)
         goal_active = sustained_goal_active(session.metadata)
         if not goal_start_requested and not goal_active:
@@ -197,7 +231,7 @@ class CreateGoalTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
         ui_summary: str | None = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> str:
-        sess = self._session()
+        sess = await self._session()
         if sess is None:
             return ToolResult.error(
                 "Error: create_goal requires an active chat session (missing routing context)."
@@ -225,8 +259,7 @@ class CreateGoalTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
             "ui_summary": summary,
             "started_at": _iso_now(),
         }
-        self._save_goal_state(sess, blob, reset_continuation=True)
-        await self._publish_goal_state_changed(sess.metadata)
+        await self._save_goal_state(sess, blob, reset_continuation=True)
         extra = f"\nSummary line: {summary}" if summary else ""
         return (
             "Goal recorded. Keep working toward the objective using ordinary tools. "
@@ -305,7 +338,7 @@ class UpdateGoalTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
         ui_summary: str | None = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> str:
-        sess = self._session()
+        sess = await self._session()
         if sess is None:
             return ToolResult.error("Error: update_goal requires an active chat session.")
         prior = parse_goal_state(goal_state_raw(sess.metadata))
@@ -340,8 +373,7 @@ class UpdateGoalTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
                 "previous_objective": str(prior.get("objective") or ""),
                 "recap": (recap or "").strip(),
             }
-            self._save_goal_state(sess, blob, reset_continuation=True)
-            await self._publish_goal_state_changed(sess.metadata)
+            await self._save_goal_state(sess, blob, reset_continuation=True)
             extra = f"\nSummary line: {summary}" if summary else ""
             return "Goal replaced. Continue toward the new objective using ordinary tools." + extra
 
@@ -359,9 +391,7 @@ class UpdateGoalTool(Tool, _GoalToolsMixin):
         }
         if normalized == "complete":
             blob["completed_at"] = ended
-        self._save_goal_state(sess, blob)
-        revoke_goal_mutation_permission()
-        await self._publish_goal_state_changed(sess.metadata)
+        await self._save_goal_state(sess, blob, revoke_permission=True)
 
         tail = (recap or "").strip()
         label = {

nanobot/agent/tools/mcp.py

@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.base import Tool, ToolResult
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.security.network import (
     PinnedDNSAsyncTransport,
+    async_resolve_url_target,
+    async_validate_url_target,
     env_proxy_applies_to_url,
     httpx_env_proxy_mounts,
-    resolve_url_target,
-    validate_url_target,
 )
 from nanobot.utils.cancellation import task_is_cancelling
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ async def _probe_http_url(url: str, timeout: float = 3.0) -> bool:
     port = parsed.port
     if not port:
         port = 443 if parsed.scheme == "https" else 80
-    ok, _, resolved_ips = resolve_url_target(url)
+    ok, _, resolved_ips = await async_resolve_url_target(url)
     if not ok:
         return False
     if env_proxy_applies_to_url(url):
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ def _pinned_transport_kwargs() -> dict[str, Any]:
 
 async def _validate_mcp_request_url(request: httpx.Request) -> None:
     """Validate each outgoing MCP HTTP request, including redirect targets."""
-    ok, error = validate_url_target(str(request.url))
+    ok, error = await async_validate_url_target(str(request.url))
     if not ok:
         raise httpx.RequestError(
             f"Blocked unsafe MCP URL {_redact_url(str(request.url))} ({error})",
@@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@ async def connect_mcp_servers(
                     return False
 
             if transport_type in {"sse", "streamableHttp"}:
-                ok, error = validate_url_target(cfg.url)
+                ok, error = await async_validate_url_target(cfg.url)
                 if not ok:
                     logger.warning(
                         "MCP server '{}': blocked unsafe URL {} ({})",

nanobot/agent/tools/runtime_control.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from nanobot.agent.tools.shell import ExecToolConfig
     from nanobot.agent.tools.web import WebToolsConfig
     from nanobot.config.schema import ModelPresetConfig
+    from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
     from nanobot.utils.llm_runtime import LLMRuntime
 
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ class RuntimeSnapshot:
     web_config: dict[str, object]
     exec_config: dict[str, object]
     subagent_statuses: dict[str, dict[str, object]]
-    last_usage: dict[str, int]
+    last_usage: Mapping[str, JsonScalar]
     scratchpad: dict[str, JsonValue]
 
     def as_mapping(self) -> Mapping[str, object]:
@@ -106,6 +107,13 @@ class RuntimeControl(Protocol):
         session_key: str | None,
     ) -> LLMRuntime: ...
 
+    async def set_model_preset_async(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        session_key: str | None,
+    ) -> LLMRuntime: ...
+
     def set_max_iterations(self, value: int) -> None: ...
 
     def set_context_window_tokens(self, value: int) -> LLMRuntime: ...
@@ -151,7 +159,7 @@ class _RuntimeControlTarget(Protocol):
     def tool_names(self) -> list[str]: ...
 
     @property
-    def last_usage(self) -> Mapping[str, int]: ...
+    def last_usage(self) -> LLMUsage | None: ...
 
     def set_runtime_model(self, model: str) -> LLMRuntime: ...
 
@@ -161,6 +169,12 @@ class _RuntimeControlTarget(Protocol):
 
     def set_session_model_preset(self, session_key: str, name: str) -> LLMRuntime: ...
 
+    async def set_session_model_preset_async(
+        self,
+        session_key: str,
+        name: str,
+    ) -> LLMRuntime: ...
+
 
 class AgentRuntimeControl:
     """Allowlisted adapter from agent-loop state to ``RuntimeControl``."""
@@ -190,7 +204,7 @@ class AgentRuntimeControl:
             web_config=_snapshot_web_config(target.web_config),
             exec_config=_snapshot_exec_config(target.exec_config),
             subagent_statuses=_snapshot_subagent_statuses(target.subagents),
-            last_usage=dict(target.last_usage),
+            last_usage=target.last_usage.to_dict() if target.last_usage is not None else {},
             scratchpad=_snapshot_json_mapping(self.__scratchpad),
         )
 
@@ -207,6 +221,16 @@ class AgentRuntimeControl:
             return self.__target.set_session_model_preset(session_key, name)
         return self.__target.set_model_preset(name)
 
+    async def set_model_preset_async(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        session_key: str | None,
+    ) -> LLMRuntime:
+        if session_key is not None:
+            return await self.__target.set_session_model_preset_async(session_key, name)
+        return self.__target.set_model_preset(name)
+
     def set_max_iterations(self, value: int) -> None:
         self.__target.max_iterations = value
         self.__target.subagents.max_iterations = value
@@ -297,7 +321,7 @@ def _snapshot_subagent_status(status: SubagentStatus) -> dict[str, object]:
         "phase": status.phase,
         "iteration": status.iteration,
         "tool_events": [dict(event) for event in status.tool_events],
-        "usage": dict(status.usage),
+        "usage": status.usage.to_dict() if status.usage is not None else None,
         "stop_reason": status.stop_reason,
         "error": status.error,
     }

nanobot/agent/tools/search.py

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import fnmatch
 import os
 import re
+import threading
+import time
 from contextlib import suppress
 from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
 from typing import Any, Iterable, TypeVar
@@ -125,6 +128,8 @@ class _SearchTool(_FsTool):
 class FindFilesTool(_SearchTool):
     """Find files by path fragment, glob, or type."""
     _scopes = {"core", "subagent"}
+    _MAX_SCAN_PATHS = 500_000
+    _MAX_SCAN_SECONDS = 30.0
 
     @property
     def name(self) -> str:
@@ -218,7 +223,41 @@ class FindFilesTool(_SearchTool):
         offset: int = 0,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> str:
+        cancelled = threading.Event()
         try:
+            return await asyncio.to_thread(
+                self._execute_sync,
+                path=path,
+                query=query,
+                glob=glob,
+                file_type=type,
+                include_dirs=include_dirs,
+                sort=sort,
+                head_limit=head_limit,
+                offset=offset,
+                cancelled=cancelled,
+            )
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            cancelled.set()
+            raise
+        except PermissionError as e:
+            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
+        except Exception as e:
+            return ToolResult.error(f"Error finding files: {e}")
+
+    def _execute_sync(
+        self,
+        *,
+        path: str,
+        query: str | None,
+        glob: str | None,
+        file_type: str | None,
+        include_dirs: bool,
+        sort: str,
+        head_limit: int | None,
+        offset: int,
+        cancelled: threading.Event,
+    ) -> str:
         target = self._resolve(path or ".")
         if not target.exists():
             return ToolResult.error(f"Error: Path not found: {path}")
@@ -235,8 +274,23 @@ class FindFilesTool(_SearchTool):
         )
         root = target if target.is_dir() else target.parent
         matches: list[tuple[str, float]] = []
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + self._MAX_SCAN_SECONDS
+        scanned = 0
 
         for candidate in self._iter_paths(target, include_dirs=include_dirs):
+            if cancelled.is_set():
+                raise RuntimeError("find_files scan cancelled")
+            scanned += 1
+            if scanned > self._MAX_SCAN_PATHS:
+                return ToolResult.error(
+                    f"Error: find_files scan exceeded {self._MAX_SCAN_PATHS} paths; "
+                    "narrow path, query, glob, or type and retry."
+                )
+            if time.monotonic() > deadline:
+                return ToolResult.error(
+                    f"Error: find_files scan exceeded {self._MAX_SCAN_SECONDS:g} seconds; "
+                    "narrow path, query, glob, or type and retry."
+                )
             if candidate.is_dir() and not include_dirs:
                 continue
             rel_path = candidate.relative_to(root).as_posix()
@@ -245,9 +299,9 @@ class FindFilesTool(_SearchTool):
 
             if glob and not _match_glob(rel_path, name, glob):
                 continue
-                if candidate.is_file() and not _matches_type(name, type):
+            if candidate.is_file() and not _matches_type(name, file_type):
                 continue
-                if candidate.is_dir() and type:
+            if candidate.is_dir() and file_type:
                 continue
             if not _matches_query(display_path, query):
                 continue
@@ -273,10 +327,6 @@ class FindFilesTool(_SearchTool):
         if note:
             result += "\n\n" + note
         return result
-        except PermissionError as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {e}")
-        except Exception as e:
-            return ToolResult.error(f"Error finding files: {e}")
 
 
 class GrepTool(_SearchTool):

nanobot/agent/tools/self.py

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class MyTool(Tool):
             "Actions: check, set.\n"
             "- check (no key): full config overview — start here.\n"
             "- check (key): drill into a value. Dot-paths allowed "
-            "(e.g. '_last_usage.prompt_tokens', 'web_config.enable').\n"
+            "(e.g. '_last_usage.input_tokens', 'web_config.enable').\n"
             "- set (key, value): change config or store notes in your scratchpad. "
             "Scratchpad keys persist across turns but not restarts.\n"
             "Key values: _current_iteration (current progress), "
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ class MyTool(Tool):
         if not self._modify_allowed:
             return ToolResult.error("Error: set is disabled (tools.my.allow_set is false)")
         if action in ("modify", "set"):
-            return self._modify(key, value)
+            return await self._modify_async(key, value)
         return f"Unknown action: {action}"
 
     # -- inspect --
@@ -492,6 +492,11 @@ class MyTool(Tool):
             return ToolResult.error(f"Error: '{key}' is read-only and cannot be modified")
         return self._modify_scratchpad(key, value)
 
+    async def _modify_async(self, key: str | None, value: Any) -> str:
+        if key == "model_preset":
+            return await self._modify_model_preset_async(value)
+        return self._modify(key, value)
+
     def _modify_model_preset(self, value: Any) -> str:
         if not isinstance(value, str) or not value.strip():
             return ToolResult.error("Error: 'model_preset' must be a non-empty string")
@@ -520,6 +525,34 @@ class MyTool(Tool):
             f"context_window_tokens is now {runtime.context_window_tokens!r}"
         )
 
+    async def _modify_model_preset_async(self, value: Any) -> str:
+        if not isinstance(value, str) or not value.strip():
+            return ToolResult.error("Error: 'model_preset' must be a non-empty string")
+        name = value.strip()
+        session_key = current_request_session_key()
+        old = self._runtime_control.snapshot().model_preset
+        try:
+            runtime = await self._runtime_control.set_model_preset_async(
+                name,
+                session_key=session_key,
+            )
+        except (KeyError, ValueError) as exc:
+            message = str(exc.args[0]) if exc.args else str(exc)
+            punctuation = "" if message.endswith((".", "!", "?")) else "."
+            return ToolResult.error(f"Error: {message}{punctuation}")
+        if session_key:
+            self._audit("modify", f"model_preset = {name!r}")
+            return (
+                f"Set model_preset = {name!r} for the next turn; "
+                f"model will be {runtime.model!r}; "
+                f"context_window_tokens will be {runtime.context_window_tokens!r}"
+            )
+        self._audit("modify", f"model_preset: {old!r} -> {name!r}")
+        return (
+            f"Set model_preset = {name!r} (was {old!r}); model is now {runtime.model!r}; "
+            f"context_window_tokens is now {runtime.context_window_tokens!r}"
+        )
+
     def _modify_restricted(self, key: str, value: Any) -> str:
         spec = self.RESTRICTED[key]
         expected = cast(type[Any], spec["type"])

nanobot/agent/tools/shell.py

@@ -267,6 +267,7 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
 
     _MAX_TIMEOUT = 600
     _MAX_OUTPUT = 10_000
+    _PREPARE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 6.0
 
     # Kernel device files safe as stdio redirect targets (#3599).
     _BENIGN_DEVICE_PATHS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({
@@ -324,7 +325,20 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
         if max_output_chars is None:
             max_output_chars = max_output_tokens
 
-        prepared = self._prepare_command(command, working_dir, timeout, shell, login)
+        try:
+            prepared = await asyncio.wait_for(
+                asyncio.to_thread(
+                    self._prepare_command,
+                    command,
+                    working_dir,
+                    timeout,
+                    shell,
+                    login,
+                ),
+                timeout=self._PREPARE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+            )
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            return ToolResult.error("Error: command validation timed out")
         if isinstance(prepared, str):
             return prepared
 
@@ -470,10 +484,14 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
                     + _WORKSPACE_BOUNDARY_NOTE
                 )
 
+        # Full access is an explicit trust decision. Keep the application-level
+        # command guard aligned with the selected access mode instead of
+        # continuing to block commands after workspace restriction is disabled.
+        if access.restrict_to_workspace:
             guard_error = self._guard_command(
                 command,
                 cwd,
-            restrict_to_workspace=access.restrict_to_workspace,
+                restrict_to_workspace=True,
                 workspace_root=workspace_root,
             )
             if guard_error:
@@ -912,6 +930,15 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
                     if self._is_benign_device_path(expanded):
                         continue
                 except Exception:
+                    # ``Path.expanduser()`` raises when a named user's home
+                    # cannot be resolved (notably on Windows).  An extracted
+                    # home path must fail closed rather than bypass the guard.
+                    if raw.strip().startswith("~"):
+                        return ToolResult.error(
+                            "Error: Command blocked by safety guard "
+                            "(path outside working dir)"
+                            + _WORKSPACE_BOUNDARY_NOTE
+                        )
                     continue
 
                 if self._is_benign_device_path(str(p)):

nanobot/agent/tools/web.py

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def _normalize(text: str) -> str:
 
 
 def _validate_url(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
-    """Validate URL scheme/domain. Does NOT check resolved IPs (use _validate_url_safe for that)."""
+    """Validate URL scheme/domain. Does not resolve IPs; use the async safe helper for that."""
     try:
         p = urlparse(url)
         if p.scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
@@ -108,18 +108,16 @@ def _validate_url(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
         return False, str(e)
 
 
-def _validate_url_safe(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
-    """Validate URL with SSRF protection: scheme, domain, and resolved IP check."""
-    from nanobot.security.network import validate_url_target
+async def _async_validate_url_safe(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+    from nanobot.security.network import async_validate_url_target
 
-    return validate_url_target(url)
+    return await async_validate_url_target(url)
 
 
-def _resolve_url_safe(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str, tuple[str, ...]]:
-    """Validate URL and return the resolved IPs to pin during the request."""
-    from nanobot.security.network import resolve_url_target
+async def _async_resolve_url_safe(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str, tuple[str, ...]]:
+    from nanobot.security.network import async_resolve_url_target
 
-    return resolve_url_target(url)
+    return await async_resolve_url_target(url)
 
 
 def _pinned_dns_transport() -> httpx.AsyncBaseTransport:
@@ -209,7 +207,7 @@ async def _get_with_safe_redirects(
     """GET a URL while validating every redirect target before requesting it."""
     current_url = url
     for _ in range(MAX_REDIRECTS + 1):
-        is_valid, error_msg, _ = _resolve_url_safe(current_url)
+        is_valid, error_msg, _ = await _async_resolve_url_safe(current_url)
         if not is_valid:
             return None, f"Redirect blocked: {error_msg}"
 
@@ -229,7 +227,7 @@ async def _get_with_safe_redirects(
             return response, None
 
         next_url = urljoin(str(response.url), location)
-        is_valid, error_msg = _validate_url_safe(next_url)
+        is_valid, error_msg = await _async_validate_url_safe(next_url)
         if not is_valid:
             await response.aclose()
             return None, f"Redirect blocked: {error_msg}"
@@ -249,7 +247,7 @@ async def _stream_with_safe_redirects(
     current_url = url
     chain_carries_credentials = _url_carries_credentials(url)
     for _ in range(MAX_REDIRECTS + 1):
-        is_valid, error_msg, _ = _resolve_url_safe(current_url)
+        is_valid, error_msg, _ = await _async_resolve_url_safe(current_url)
         if not is_valid:
             return None, None, f"Redirect blocked: {error_msg}", chain_carries_credentials
 
@@ -283,7 +281,7 @@ async def _stream_with_safe_redirects(
         chain_carries_credentials = (
             chain_carries_credentials or _url_carries_credentials(next_url)
         )
-        is_valid, error_msg = _validate_url_safe(next_url)
+        is_valid, error_msg = await _async_validate_url_safe(next_url)
         if not is_valid:
             await stream.__aexit__(None, None, None)
             return None, None, f"Redirect blocked: {error_msg}", chain_carries_credentials
@@ -1106,7 +1104,7 @@ class WebFetchTool(Tool):
         url = url.strip(" \t\r\n`\"'")
         extract_mode = kwargs.pop("extractMode", extract_mode)
         max_chars = cast(int, kwargs.pop("maxChars", max_chars) or self.max_chars)
-        is_valid, error_msg = _validate_url_safe(url)
+        is_valid, error_msg = await _async_validate_url_safe(url)
         if not is_valid:
             return json.dumps({"error": f"URL validation failed: {error_msg}", "url": url}, ensure_ascii=False)
 

nanobot/agent/turn_delivery.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import dataclasses
 import time
-from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Mapping
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
 
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
 from nanobot.bus.progress import build_bus_progress_callback
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.bus.runtime_events import RuntimeEventBus, RuntimeEventPublisher
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from nanobot.utils.llm_runtime import LLMRuntime
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ class TurnDelivery:
     def record_latency(self, latency_ms: int | None) -> None:
         self.runtime_event_publisher.record_turn_latency(self.session_key, latency_ms)
 
-    def record_usage(self, usage: Mapping[str, int]) -> None:
+    def record_usage(self, usage: LLMUsage | None) -> None:
         self.runtime_event_publisher.record_turn_usage(self.session_key, usage)
 
     def background_response(

nanobot/api/server.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from aiohttp import web
 from loguru import logger
 
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import safe_filename
 from nanobot.utils.media_decode import (
     MAX_FILE_SIZE,
@@ -93,11 +94,11 @@ def _error_json(status: int, message: str, err_type: str = "invalid_request_erro
 def _chat_completion_response(
     content: str,
     model: str,
-    usage: dict[str, int] | None = None,
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None,
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    prompt = (usage or {}).get("prompt_tokens", 0)
-    completion = (usage or {}).get("completion_tokens", 0)
-    total = (usage or {}).get("total_tokens", 0) or prompt + completion
+    prompt = usage.input_tokens if usage else 0
+    completion = usage.output_tokens if usage else 0
+    total = usage.total_tokens if usage else 0
     return {
         "id": f"chatcmpl-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}",
         "object": "chat.completion",

nanobot/apps/cli/service.py

@@ -2,15 +2,20 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
+import ctypes
 import json
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
 import shutil
+import signal
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
 from collections.abc import Iterable
+from contextlib import suppress
+from ctypes import wintypes
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from importlib import metadata as importlib_metadata
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -97,6 +102,141 @@ class CliAppsRuntimeConfig:
     catalog_ttl_seconds: int = 3600
 
 
+@dataclass(slots=True)
+class _PreparedCliRun:
+    name: str
+    entry: str
+    resolved: str
+    args: list[str]
+    cwd: Path
+    timeout: int
+    env: dict[str, str]
+    artifact_snapshot: dict[Path, tuple[int, int]]
+
+
+class _JobObjectBasicLimitInformation(ctypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("PerProcessUserTimeLimit", ctypes.c_int64),
+        ("PerJobUserTimeLimit", ctypes.c_int64),
+        ("LimitFlags", wintypes.DWORD),
+        ("MinimumWorkingSetSize", ctypes.c_size_t),
+        ("MaximumWorkingSetSize", ctypes.c_size_t),
+        ("ActiveProcessLimit", wintypes.DWORD),
+        ("Affinity", ctypes.c_size_t),
+        ("PriorityClass", wintypes.DWORD),
+        ("SchedulingClass", wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+
+
+class _IoCounters(ctypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("ReadOperationCount", ctypes.c_uint64),
+        ("WriteOperationCount", ctypes.c_uint64),
+        ("OtherOperationCount", ctypes.c_uint64),
+        ("ReadTransferCount", ctypes.c_uint64),
+        ("WriteTransferCount", ctypes.c_uint64),
+        ("OtherTransferCount", ctypes.c_uint64),
+    ]
+
+
+class _JobObjectExtendedLimitInformation(ctypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("BasicLimitInformation", _JobObjectBasicLimitInformation),
+        ("IoInfo", _IoCounters),
+        ("ProcessMemoryLimit", ctypes.c_size_t),
+        ("JobMemoryLimit", ctypes.c_size_t),
+        ("PeakProcessMemoryUsed", ctypes.c_size_t),
+        ("PeakJobMemoryUsed", ctypes.c_size_t),
+    ]
+
+
+class _WindowsJob:
+    """Best-effort Windows process tree ownership for timeout/cancellation."""
+
+    _KILL_ON_JOB_CLOSE = 0x00002000
+    _EXTENDED_LIMIT_INFORMATION = 9
+    _PROCESS_TERMINATE = 0x0001
+    _PROCESS_SET_QUOTA = 0x0100
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        win_dll = getattr(ctypes, "WinDLL")
+        self._kernel32 = win_dll("kernel32", use_last_error=True)
+        self._kernel32.CreateJobObjectW.argtypes = [wintypes.LPVOID, wintypes.LPCWSTR]
+        self._kernel32.CreateJobObjectW.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+        self._kernel32.OpenProcess.argtypes = [wintypes.DWORD, wintypes.BOOL, wintypes.DWORD]
+        self._kernel32.OpenProcess.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+        self._kernel32.AssignProcessToJobObject.argtypes = [wintypes.HANDLE, wintypes.HANDLE]
+        self._kernel32.AssignProcessToJobObject.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+        self._kernel32.SetInformationJobObject.argtypes = [
+            wintypes.HANDLE,
+            ctypes.c_int,
+            wintypes.LPVOID,
+            wintypes.DWORD,
+        ]
+        self._kernel32.SetInformationJobObject.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+        self._kernel32.TerminateJobObject.argtypes = [wintypes.HANDLE, wintypes.UINT]
+        self._kernel32.TerminateJobObject.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+        self._kernel32.CloseHandle.argtypes = [wintypes.HANDLE]
+        self._kernel32.CloseHandle.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+        self._handle: Any = self._kernel32.CreateJobObjectW(None, None)
+        if not self._handle:
+            raise OSError(ctypes.get_last_error(), "CreateJobObjectW failed")
+        try:
+            self._set_kill_on_close(True)
+        except OSError:
+            self._kernel32.CloseHandle(self._handle)
+            self._handle = None
+            raise
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(cls) -> _WindowsJob | None:
+        if os.name != "nt":
+            return None
+        try:
+            return cls()
+        except OSError as exc:
+            logger.debug("CLI Apps: Windows job object unavailable: {}", exc)
+            return None
+
+    def _set_kill_on_close(self, enabled: bool) -> None:
+        info = _JobObjectExtendedLimitInformation()
+        info.BasicLimitInformation.LimitFlags = self._KILL_ON_JOB_CLOSE if enabled else 0
+        ok = self._kernel32.SetInformationJobObject(
+            self._handle,
+            self._EXTENDED_LIMIT_INFORMATION,
+            ctypes.byref(info),
+            ctypes.sizeof(info),
+        )
+        if not ok:
+            raise OSError(ctypes.get_last_error(), "SetInformationJobObject failed")
+
+    def assign(self, pid: int) -> bool:
+        process_handle = self._kernel32.OpenProcess(
+            self._PROCESS_TERMINATE | self._PROCESS_SET_QUOTA,
+            False,
+            pid,
+        )
+        if not process_handle:
+            return False
+        try:
+            return bool(self._kernel32.AssignProcessToJobObject(self._handle, process_handle))
+        finally:
+            self._kernel32.CloseHandle(process_handle)
+
+    def terminate(self) -> None:
+        if self._handle and not self._kernel32.TerminateJobObject(self._handle, 1):
+            raise OSError(ctypes.get_last_error(), "TerminateJobObject failed")
+
+    def close(self, *, kill_descendants: bool) -> None:
+        if not self._handle:
+            return
+        if not kill_descendants:
+            with suppress(OSError):
+                self._set_kill_on_close(False)
+        self._kernel32.CloseHandle(self._handle)
+        self._handle = None
+
+
 _BRANDS: dict[str, tuple[str, str]] = {
     "1password-cli": ("1password", "#3B66BC"),
     "arcgis": ("arcgis", "#2C7AC3"),
@@ -1428,6 +1568,197 @@ Use the `run_cli_app` tool with `name="{name}"` for command execution. Do not in
             lines.append(f"- {rel} ({kind}, {self._format_artifact_size(path)})")
         return lines
 
+    def _prepare_run(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        args: list[str] | None,
+        *,
+        json_output: bool,
+        working_dir: str | None,
+        timeout: int | None,
+        restrict_to_workspace: bool,
+    ) -> _PreparedCliRun:
+        app = self.get_app(name)
+        installed = self._load_installed()
+        app_name = str(app["name"])
+        if app_name not in installed:
+            raise CliAppError(f"CLI app '{name}' is not installed")
+        cwd = self._resolve_cwd(working_dir, restrict_to_workspace=restrict_to_workspace)
+        entry = str(installed[app_name].get("entry_point") or app.get("entry_point") or "")
+        resolved = shutil.which(entry)
+        if not entry or not resolved:
+            raise CliAppError(f"{entry or name} is not available on PATH")
+        clean_args = [str(arg) for arg in (args or [])]
+        if json_output and "--json" not in clean_args:
+            clean_args = ["--json", *clean_args]
+        effective_timeout = max(1, min(timeout or self.runtime.run_timeout, 600))
+        return _PreparedCliRun(
+            name=name,
+            entry=entry,
+            resolved=resolved,
+            args=clean_args,
+            cwd=cwd,
+            timeout=effective_timeout,
+            env=self._subprocess_env(),
+            artifact_snapshot=self._artifact_snapshot(cwd),
+        )
+
+    def _format_run_result(
+        self,
+        prepared: _PreparedCliRun,
+        *,
+        returncode: int,
+        stdout: str,
+        stderr: str,
+    ) -> str:
+        command = " ".join([prepared.entry, *(shlex.quote(arg) for arg in prepared.args)])
+        output = [
+            f"CLI app '{prepared.name}' exited {returncode}.",
+            f"Command: {command}",
+        ]
+        if stdout:
+            output.append("\nSTDOUT:\n" + stdout.rstrip())
+        if stderr:
+            output.append("\nSTDERR:\n" + stderr.rstrip())
+        artifacts = self._changed_artifacts(prepared.cwd, prepared.artifact_snapshot)
+        if artifacts:
+            output.append(
+                "\nArtifacts created or updated:\n"
+                + "\n".join(self._format_artifact_lines(prepared.cwd, artifacts))
+            )
+            if any(path.suffix.lower() in _INLINE_ARTIFACT_EXTENSIONS for path in artifacts):
+                output.append(
+                    "\nTo show a preview in WebUI, reference a raster artifact with Markdown "
+                    "using its workspace-relative path, for example `![diagram](diagram.png)`."
+                )
+        return _truncate("\n".join(output))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _terminate_run_process_sync(
+        process: subprocess.Popen[str],
+        job: _WindowsJob | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if job is not None:
+            with suppress(OSError):
+                job.terminate()
+            job.close(kill_descendants=True)
+        elif os.name == "nt":
+            with suppress(OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
+                subprocess.run(
+                    ["taskkill", "/PID", str(process.pid), "/T", "/F"],
+                    check=False,
+                    stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                    stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                    timeout=5,
+                )
+        else:
+            with suppress(ProcessLookupError, PermissionError):
+                os.killpg(process.pid, signal.SIGKILL)
+        if process.poll() is None:
+            with suppress(ProcessLookupError):
+                process.kill()
+        with suppress(subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
+            process.wait(timeout=5)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def _terminate_run_process(
+        process: asyncio.subprocess.Process,
+        job: _WindowsJob | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if job is not None:
+            with suppress(OSError):
+                await asyncio.to_thread(job.terminate)
+            job.close(kill_descendants=True)
+        elif os.name == "nt":
+            with suppress(OSError, asyncio.TimeoutError):
+                await asyncio.wait_for(
+                    asyncio.to_thread(
+                        subprocess.run,
+                        ["taskkill", "/PID", str(process.pid), "/T", "/F"],
+                        check=False,
+                        stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                        stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                        timeout=5,
+                    ),
+                    timeout=6.0,
+                )
+        else:
+            with suppress(ProcessLookupError, PermissionError):
+                os.killpg(process.pid, signal.SIGKILL)
+        if process.returncode is None:
+            with suppress(ProcessLookupError):
+                process.kill()
+        with suppress(asyncio.TimeoutError, ProcessLookupError):
+            await asyncio.wait_for(process.wait(), timeout=5.0)
+
+    async def run_async(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        args: list[str] | None = None,
+        *,
+        json_output: bool = False,
+        working_dir: str | None = None,
+        timeout: int | None = None,
+        restrict_to_workspace: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        prepared = await asyncio.to_thread(
+            self._prepare_run,
+            name,
+            args,
+            json_output=json_output,
+            working_dir=working_dir,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            restrict_to_workspace=restrict_to_workspace,
+        )
+        process_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            process_kwargs["creationflags"] = subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
+        else:
+            process_kwargs["start_new_session"] = True
+        job = _WindowsJob.create()
+        try:
+            process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+                prepared.resolved,
+                *prepared.args,
+                cwd=str(prepared.cwd),
+                stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+                stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+                env=prepared.env,
+                **process_kwargs,
+            )
+        except BaseException:
+            if job is not None:
+                job.close(kill_descendants=False)
+            raise
+        if job is not None and not job.assign(process.pid):
+            job.close(kill_descendants=False)
+            job = None
+        try:
+            stdout_raw, stderr_raw = await asyncio.wait_for(
+                process.communicate(),
+                timeout=prepared.timeout,
+            )
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            await self._terminate_run_process(process, job)
+            return f"CLI app '{prepared.name}' timed out after {prepared.timeout}s"
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            await self._terminate_run_process(process, job)
+            raise
+        except BaseException:
+            await self._terminate_run_process(process, job)
+            raise
+        if job is not None:
+            job.close(kill_descendants=False)
+        stdout = stdout_raw.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+        stderr = stderr_raw.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(
+            self._format_run_result,
+            prepared,
+            returncode=process.returncode or 0,
+            stdout=stdout,
+            stderr=stderr,
+        )
+
     def run(
         self,
         name: str,
@@ -1438,50 +1769,52 @@ Use the `run_cli_app` tool with `name="{name}"` for command execution. Do not in
         timeout: int | None = None,
         restrict_to_workspace: bool = False,
     ) -> str:
-        app = self.get_app(name)
-        installed = self._load_installed()
-        if str(app["name"]) not in installed:
-            raise CliAppError(f"CLI app '{name}' is not installed")
-        cwd = self._resolve_cwd(working_dir, restrict_to_workspace=restrict_to_workspace)
-        entry = str(installed[str(app["name"])].get("entry_point") or app.get("entry_point") or "")
-        resolved = shutil.which(entry)
-        if not entry or not resolved:
-            raise CliAppError(f"{entry or name} is not available on PATH")
-        clean_args = [str(arg) for arg in (args or [])]
-        if json_output and "--json" not in clean_args:
-            clean_args = ["--json", *clean_args]
-        effective_timeout = max(1, min(timeout or self.runtime.run_timeout, 600))
-        artifact_snapshot = self._artifact_snapshot(cwd)
+        prepared = self._prepare_run(
+            name,
+            args,
+            json_output=json_output,
+            working_dir=working_dir,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            restrict_to_workspace=restrict_to_workspace,
+        )
+        process_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            process_kwargs["creationflags"] = subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
+        else:
+            process_kwargs["start_new_session"] = True
+        job = _WindowsJob.create()
         try:
-            result = subprocess.run(
-                [resolved, *clean_args],
-                cwd=str(cwd),
-                capture_output=True,
+            process = subprocess.Popen(
+                [prepared.resolved, *prepared.args],
+                cwd=str(prepared.cwd),
+                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                 text=True,
                 encoding="utf-8",
                 errors="replace",
-                timeout=effective_timeout,
-                env=self._subprocess_env(),
+                env=prepared.env,
+                **process_kwargs,
             )
+        except BaseException:
+            if job is not None:
+                job.close(kill_descendants=False)
+            raise
+        if job is not None and not job.assign(process.pid):
+            job.close(kill_descendants=False)
+            job = None
+        try:
+            stdout, stderr = process.communicate(timeout=prepared.timeout)
         except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
-            return f"CLI app '{name}' timed out after {effective_timeout}s"
-        output = [
-            f"CLI app '{name}' exited {result.returncode}.",
-            f"Command: {entry} {' '.join(shlex.quote(arg) for arg in clean_args)}".rstrip(),
-        ]
-        if result.stdout:
-            output.append("\nSTDOUT:\n" + result.stdout.rstrip())
-        if result.stderr:
-            output.append("\nSTDERR:\n" + result.stderr.rstrip())
-        artifacts = self._changed_artifacts(cwd, artifact_snapshot)
-        if artifacts:
-            output.append(
-                "\nArtifacts created or updated:\n"
-                + "\n".join(self._format_artifact_lines(cwd, artifacts))
+            self._terminate_run_process_sync(process, job)
+            return f"CLI app '{prepared.name}' timed out after {prepared.timeout}s"
+        except BaseException:
+            self._terminate_run_process_sync(process, job)
+            raise
+        if job is not None:
+            job.close(kill_descendants=False)
+        return self._format_run_result(
+            prepared,
+            returncode=process.returncode,
+            stdout=stdout,
+            stderr=stderr,
         )
-            if any(path.suffix.lower() in _INLINE_ARTIFACT_EXTENSIONS for path in artifacts):
-                output.append(
-                    "\nTo show a preview in WebUI, reference a raster artifact with Markdown "
-                    "using its workspace-relative path, for example `![diagram](diagram.png)`."
-                )
-        return _truncate("\n".join(output))

nanobot/bus/outbound_events.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass, replace
 from typing import Any, cast
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 
 
 class OutboundEvent:
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ class StreamedResponseEvent(OutboundEvent):
 class TurnEndEvent(OutboundEvent):
     latency_ms: int | None = None
     goal_state: dict[str, Any] | None = None
-    usage: dict[str, int] | None = None
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     context_window_tokens: int | None = None
 
 
@@ -197,11 +198,6 @@ def _legacy_event_from_metadata(msg: OutboundMessage) -> OutboundEvent | None:
         return TurnEndEvent(
             latency_ms=_metadata_int(meta, "latency_ms"),
             goal_state=cast(dict[str, Any], goal_state) if isinstance(goal_state, dict) else None,
-            usage=(
-                cast(dict[str, int], meta.get("usage"))
-                if isinstance(meta.get("usage"), dict)
-                else None
-            ),
             context_window_tokens=_metadata_int(meta, "context_window_tokens"),
         )
     if meta.get("_session_updated"):

nanobot/bus/runtime_events.py

@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import asyncio
 import contextlib
 import inspect
-from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Mapping
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from loguru import logger
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from nanobot.utils.llm_runtime import LLMRuntime
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ class TurnCompleted:
     context: RuntimeEventContext
     latency_ms: int | None = None
     runtime: LLMRuntime | None = None
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ class RuntimeEventPublisher:
         self.bus = bus or RuntimeEventBus()
         self._turn_latency_ms: dict[str, int] = {}
         self._turn_runtime: dict[str, LLMRuntime] = {}
-        self._turn_usage: dict[str, dict[str, int]] = {}
+        self._turn_usage: dict[str, LLMUsage] = {}
 
     @staticmethod
     def _context(
@@ -206,12 +207,9 @@ class RuntimeEventPublisher:
         if latency_ms is not None:
             self._turn_latency_ms[session_key] = int(latency_ms)
 
-    def record_turn_usage(self, session_key: str, usage: Mapping[str, int]) -> None:
-        self._turn_usage[session_key] = {
-            key: int(value)
-            for key, value in usage.items()
-            if type(value) is int and value >= 0
-        }
+    def record_turn_usage(self, session_key: str, usage: LLMUsage | None) -> None:
+        if usage is not None:
+            self._turn_usage[session_key] = usage
 
     def clear_turn(self, session_key: str) -> None:
         self._turn_latency_ms.pop(session_key, None)
@@ -332,7 +330,7 @@ class RuntimeEventPublisher:
                 ),
                 latency_ms=self._turn_latency_ms.pop(session_key, None),
                 runtime=self._turn_runtime.pop(session_key, None),
-                usage=self._turn_usage.pop(session_key, {}),
+                usage=self._turn_usage.pop(session_key, None),
             )
         )
 

nanobot/channels/dingtalk/runtime.py

@@ -21,7 +21,10 @@ from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.schema import Base
-from nanobot.security.network import validate_resolved_url, validate_url_target
+from nanobot.security.network import (
+    async_validate_resolved_url,
+    async_validate_url_target,
+)
 
 DINGTALK_MAX_REMOTE_MEDIA_BYTES = 20 * 1024 * 1024
 DINGTALK_MAX_REMOTE_MEDIA_REDIRECTS = 3
@@ -417,8 +420,8 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
             return self._zip_bytes(filename, data)
         return data, filename, content_type
 
-    def _validate_remote_media_url(self, media_ref: str) -> bool:
-        ok, err = validate_url_target(media_ref)
+    async def _validate_remote_media_url(self, media_ref: str) -> bool:
+        ok, err = await async_validate_url_target(media_ref)
         if not ok:
             self.logger.warning("remote media URL blocked ref={} reason={}", media_ref, err)
             return False
@@ -434,7 +437,11 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
         allowed_hosts = {host.lower() for host in self.config.remote_media_redirect_allowed_hosts}
         return next_host in allowed_hosts
 
-    def _next_remote_media_url(self, current_url: str, location: str | None) -> str | None:
+    async def _next_remote_media_url(
+        self,
+        current_url: str,
+        location: str | None,
+    ) -> str | None:
         if not self.config.allow_remote_media_redirects:
             self.logger.warning("media download redirect refused ref={}", current_url)
             return None
@@ -449,7 +456,7 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
                 next_url,
             )
             return None
-        if not self._validate_remote_media_url(next_url):
+        if not await self._validate_remote_media_url(next_url):
             return None
         return next_url
 
@@ -461,7 +468,7 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
         if not self._http:
             return None, None
 
-        if not self._validate_remote_media_url(media_ref):
+        if not await self._validate_remote_media_url(media_ref):
             return None, None
 
         try:
@@ -473,7 +480,7 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
                 current_url = media_ref
                 for _ in range(DINGTALK_MAX_REMOTE_MEDIA_REDIRECTS + 1):
                     async with stream("GET", current_url, follow_redirects=False) as resp:
-                        final_ok, final_err = validate_resolved_url(str(resp.url))
+                        final_ok, final_err = await async_validate_resolved_url(str(resp.url))
                         if not final_ok:
                             self.logger.warning(
                                 "remote media redirect blocked ref={} final={} reason={}",
@@ -483,7 +490,7 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
                             )
                             return None, None
                         if 300 <= resp.status_code < 400:
-                            next_url = self._next_remote_media_url(
+                            next_url = await self._next_remote_media_url(
                                 str(resp.url), resp.headers.get("location")
                             )
                             if not next_url:
@@ -516,7 +523,9 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
             current_url = media_ref
             for _ in range(DINGTALK_MAX_REMOTE_MEDIA_REDIRECTS + 1):
                 resp = await self._http.get(current_url, follow_redirects=False)
-                final_ok, final_err = validate_resolved_url(str(getattr(resp, "url", current_url)))
+                final_ok, final_err = await async_validate_resolved_url(
+                    str(getattr(resp, "url", current_url))
+                )
                 if not final_ok:
                     self.logger.warning(
                         "remote media redirect blocked ref={} final={} reason={}",
@@ -526,7 +535,7 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
                     )
                     return None, None
                 if 300 <= resp.status_code < 400:
-                    next_url = self._next_remote_media_url(
+                    next_url = await self._next_remote_media_url(
                         str(getattr(resp, "url", current_url)), resp.headers.get("location")
                     )
                     if not next_url:

nanobot/channels/napcat/runtime.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
 from nanobot.config.schema import Base
-from nanobot.security.network import validate_url_target
+from nanobot.security.network import async_validate_url_target
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import safe_filename
 
 _DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT = aiohttp.ClientTimeout(total=60)
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class NapcatChannel(BaseChannel):
         if not ref:
             return None
         if ref.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
-            ok, err = validate_url_target(ref)
+            ok, err = await async_validate_url_target(ref)
             if not ok:
                 logger.warning("napcat: rejected remote image '{}': {}", ref, err)
                 return None
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ class NapcatChannel(BaseChannel):
         # logger.debug("napcat: downloading image from {}", url)
         if self._http is None:
             return None
-        ok, err = validate_url_target(url)
+        ok, err = await async_validate_url_target(url)
         if not ok:
             logger.warning("napcat: skip image '{}': {}", url, err)
             return None

nanobot/channels/napcat/tests/test_napcat_channel.py

@@ -149,9 +149,13 @@ async def test_download_image_rejects_redirects(tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
     channel = _channel()
     channel._media_root = tmp_path
     channel._http = _FakeHttp(_FakeResponse(status=302))
+
+    async def allow_url(_url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+        return True, ""
+
     monkeypatch.setattr(
-        "nanobot.channels.napcat.runtime.validate_url_target",
-        lambda _url: (True, ""),
+        "nanobot.channels.napcat.runtime.async_validate_url_target",
+        allow_url,
     )
 
     result = await channel._download_image({"url": "https://example.com/a.png", "file": "a.png"})

nanobot/channels/qq/runtime.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ from nanobot.bus.events import OutboundMessage
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.config.schema import Base
-from nanobot.security.network import validate_url_target
+from nanobot.security.network import async_validate_url_target
 from nanobot.utils.logging_bridge import redirect_lib_logging
 
 try:
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ class QQChannel(BaseChannel):
                 return None, None
 
         # Remote URL
-        ok, err = validate_url_target(media_ref)
+        ok, err = await async_validate_url_target(media_ref)
         if not ok:
             self.logger.warning("outbound media URL validation failed url={} err={}", media_ref, err)
             return None, None

nanobot/channels/slack/runtime.py

@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ from nanobot.config.schema import Base
 from nanobot.pairing import is_approved
 from nanobot.security.network import (
     PinnedDNSAsyncTransport,
+    async_validate_url_target,
     httpx_env_proxy_mounts,
-    validate_url_target,
 )
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import safe_filename, split_message
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ _HTML_DOWNLOAD_PREFIXES = (b"<!doctype html", b"<html")
 
 async def _validate_slack_download_request(request: httpx.Request) -> None:
     """Validate every Slack file request, including redirects, before transport."""
-    ok, error = validate_url_target(str(request.url))
+    ok, error = await async_validate_url_target(str(request.url))
     if not ok:
         raise httpx.RequestError(f"unsafe Slack file URL: {error}", request=request)
 

nanobot/channels/slack/tests/test_slack_channel.py

@@ -859,13 +859,13 @@ def _patch_download_validation(
     monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
     validated: list[str],
 ) -> None:
-    def validate(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+    async def validate(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
         validated.append(url)
         if "169.254.169.254" in url:
             return False, "blocked metadata address"
         return True, ""
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr("nanobot.channels.slack.runtime.validate_url_target", validate)
+    monkeypatch.setattr("nanobot.channels.slack.runtime.async_validate_url_target", validate)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

nanobot/channels/telegram/runtime.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.command.builtin import build_help_text
 from nanobot.config.paths import get_media_dir
 from nanobot.config.schema import Base
-from nanobot.security.network import validate_url_target
+from nanobot.security.network import async_validate_url_target
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import split_message
 from nanobot.utils.logging_bridge import redirect_lib_logging
 
@@ -956,7 +956,7 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
 
                 # Telegram Bot API accepts HTTP(S) URLs directly for media params.
                 if self._is_remote_media_url(media_path):
-                    ok, error = validate_url_target(media_path)
+                    ok, error = await async_validate_url_target(media_path)
                     if not ok:
                         raise ValueError(f"unsafe media URL: {error}")
                     await self._call_with_retry(

nanobot/channels/telegram/tests/test_telegram_channel.py

@@ -1488,7 +1488,14 @@ async def test_send_remote_media_url_after_security_validation(monkeypatch) -> N
         MessageBus(),
     )
     _install_ready_app(channel)
-    monkeypatch.setattr("nanobot.channels.telegram.runtime.validate_url_target", lambda url: (True, ""))
+
+    async def allow_url(_url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+        return True, ""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "nanobot.channels.telegram.runtime.async_validate_url_target",
+        allow_url,
+    )
 
     await channel.send(
         OutboundMessage(
@@ -1546,9 +1553,13 @@ async def test_send_blocks_unsafe_remote_media_url(monkeypatch) -> None:
         MessageBus(),
     )
     _install_ready_app(channel)
+
+    async def deny_url(_url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+        return False, "Blocked: example.com resolves to private/internal address 127.0.0.1"
+
     monkeypatch.setattr(
-        "nanobot.channels.telegram.runtime.validate_url_target",
-        lambda url: (False, "Blocked: example.com resolves to private/internal address 127.0.0.1"),
+        "nanobot.channels.telegram.runtime.async_validate_url_target",
+        deny_url,
     )
 
     await channel.send(

nanobot/channels/websocket/runtime.py

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.base import BaseChannel
 from nanobot.command.builtin import USER_SHELL_COMMAND, builtin_command_starts_agent_turn
 from nanobot.config.schema import Base
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 from nanobot.runtime_context import (
     RUNTIME_CONTEXT_INPUT_META,
     WEBUI_QUOTE_METADATA,
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ from nanobot.security.workspace_access import (
     WORKSPACE_SCOPE_METADATA_KEY,
     WorkspaceScopeError,
 )
+from nanobot.session.async_compat import call_session_manager
 from nanobot.session.goal_state import goal_state_ws_blob
 from nanobot.session.model_selection import model_preset_from_metadata
 from nanobot.session.recovery import recovery_state_from_metadata
@@ -446,6 +448,26 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
         if sessions is None:
             return {}
         snapshot = sessions.read_session_metadata(f"websocket:{chat_id}")
+        return self._attached_model_fields_from_snapshot(chat_id, snapshot)
+
+    async def _attached_model_fields_async(self, chat_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Build attach fields without blocking the gateway event loop."""
+        sessions = self.gateway.session_manager
+        if sessions is None:
+            return {}
+        snapshot = await call_session_manager(
+            sessions,
+            "read_session_metadata_async",
+            sessions.read_session_metadata,
+            f"websocket:{chat_id}",
+        )
+        return self._attached_model_fields_from_snapshot(chat_id, snapshot)
+
+    def _attached_model_fields_from_snapshot(
+        self,
+        chat_id: str,
+        snapshot: dict[str, Any] | None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         raw_metadata = snapshot.get("metadata") if snapshot is not None else None
         metadata = cast(dict[str, object], raw_metadata) if isinstance(raw_metadata, dict) else None
         fields: dict[str, Any] = {}
@@ -458,18 +480,9 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
             recovery_state = recovery_state_from_metadata(metadata)
             if recovery_state is not None:
                 fields["recovery_state"] = recovery_state
-            usage = metadata.get("_last_usage")
-            if isinstance(usage, dict):
-                sanitized_usage: dict[str, int | float] = {}
-                for key, value in cast(dict[object, object], usage).items():
-                    if (
-                        isinstance(key, str)
-                        and isinstance(value, (int, float))
-                        and not isinstance(value, bool)
-                        and value >= 0
-                    ):
-                        sanitized_usage[key] = value
-                fields["usage"] = sanitized_usage
+            usage = LLMUsage.from_dict(metadata.get("_last_usage"))
+            if usage is not None:
+                fields["usage"] = usage.to_turn_dict()
         return fields
 
     def _detach(self, connection: ServerConnection, chat_id: str) -> None:
@@ -518,13 +531,16 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
         fork_key: str,
     ) -> None:
         """Attach and hydrate a newly created WebUI chat fork."""
-        scope = self._workspaces.scope_for_session_key(fork_key)
+        scope = await asyncio.to_thread(
+            self._workspaces.scope_for_session_key,
+            fork_key,
+        )
         self._attach(connection, fork_id)
         await self._send_event(
             connection,
             "attached",
             chat_id=fork_id,
-            **self._attached_model_fields(fork_id),
+            **await self._attached_model_fields_async(fork_id),
         )
         await self._send_event(
             connection,
@@ -906,13 +922,13 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
             )
             if scope is None:
                 return
-            self._workspaces.persist_scope(new_id, scope)
+            self._workspaces.stage_scope(new_id, scope)
             self._attach(connection, new_id)
             await self._send_event(
                 connection,
                 "attached",
                 chat_id=new_id,
-                **self._attached_model_fields(new_id),
+                **await self._attached_model_fields_async(new_id),
             )
             await self._send_event(
                 connection,
@@ -968,7 +984,7 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
                 connection,
                 "attached",
                 chat_id=cid,
-                **self._attached_model_fields(cid),
+                **await self._attached_model_fields_async(cid),
             )
             await self._hydrate_after_subscribe(cid)
             return
@@ -1023,7 +1039,7 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
             )
             if scope is None:
                 return
-            self._workspaces.persist_scope(cid, scope)
+            self._workspaces.stage_scope(cid, scope)
             # Other clients on the same gateway only need an invalidation; they
             # can reload the authoritative session row without receiving a
             # local project path that belongs to another connection.
@@ -1217,7 +1233,6 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
                 if session_mentions:
                     metadata["session_mentions"] = session_mentions
             metadata[WORKSPACE_SCOPE_METADATA_KEY] = scope.metadata()
-            self._workspaces.persist_scope(cid, scope)
             is_webui = metadata.get("webui") is True
             queued_owner = None
             if is_webui and not is_user_shell and builtin_command_starts_agent_turn(content):
@@ -1272,6 +1287,7 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
                         else False
                     ),
                 )
+                await asyncio.to_thread(self._workspaces.persist_scope, cid, scope)
                 accepted = True
             finally:
                 if not accepted and queued_owner is not None:
@@ -1561,7 +1577,7 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
         turn_id: str | None = None,
     ) -> Any | None:
         try:
-            return resolver()
+            return await asyncio.to_thread(resolver)
         except WorkspaceScopeError as exc:
             await self._send_event(
                 connection,
@@ -2019,7 +2035,7 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
         latency_ms: int | None = None,
         *,
         goal_state: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
-        usage: dict[str, int] | None = None,
+        usage: LLMUsage | None = None,
         context_window_tokens: int | None = None,
         metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         turn_owner: str | None = None,
@@ -2034,8 +2050,8 @@ class WebSocketChannel(BaseChannel):
             body["latency_ms"] = int(latency_ms)
         if goal_state is not None:
             body["goal_state"] = goal_state
-        if usage:
-            body["usage"] = usage
+        if usage is not None:
+            body["usage"] = usage.to_turn_dict()
         if context_window_tokens is not None:
             body["context_window_tokens"] = int(context_window_tokens)
         canonical_webui_turn = (metadata or {}).get("webui") is True

nanobot/channels/websocket/tests/test_websocket_channel.py

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from nanobot.channels.websocket.runtime import (
 )
 from nanobot.config.loader import load_config, save_config
 from nanobot.config.schema import Config, ModelPresetConfig
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 from nanobot.runtime_context import RUNTIME_CONTEXT_INPUT_META, WEBUI_QUOTE_SOURCE
 from nanobot.security.workspace_access import WORKSPACE_SCOPE_METADATA_KEY
 from nanobot.session import webui_turns as wth
@@ -1511,6 +1512,7 @@ async def test_webui_message_scope_inherits_persisted_session_scope(
             },
         },
     )
+    assert sessions.list_sessions() == []
     await channel._dispatch_envelope(
         conn,
         "webui-client",
@@ -1524,6 +1526,87 @@ async def test_webui_message_scope_inherits_persisted_session_scope(
     }
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_new_chat_without_message_does_not_create_session(
+    bus: MagicMock,
+    tmp_path,
+) -> None:
+    sessions = SessionManager(tmp_path / "sessions")
+    channel = WebSocketChannel(
+        {"enabled": True, "allowFrom": ["*"], "host": "127.0.0.1"},
+        bus,
+        gateway=_basic_handler(bus, session_manager=sessions, workspace_path=tmp_path),
+    )
+    conn = AsyncMock()
+    conn.remote_address = ("127.0.0.1", 50123)
+
+    await channel._dispatch_envelope(
+        conn,
+        "tui-client",
+        {
+            "type": "new_chat",
+            "workspace_scope": {
+                "project_path": str(tmp_path),
+                "access_mode": "full",
+            },
+        },
+    )
+
+    attached = json.loads(conn.send.await_args_list[0].args[0])
+    assert attached["event"] == "attached"
+    assert sessions.list_sessions() == []
+    assert channel._workspaces.scope_for_session_key(
+        f"websocket:{attached['chat_id']}"
+    ).access_mode == "full"
+
+    await channel._cleanup_connection(conn)
+
+    assert sessions.list_sessions() == []
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_failed_first_message_does_not_persist_draft_session(
+    bus: MagicMock,
+    tmp_path,
+) -> None:
+    sessions = SessionManager(tmp_path / "sessions")
+    channel = WebSocketChannel(
+        {"enabled": True, "allowFrom": ["*"], "host": "127.0.0.1"},
+        bus,
+        gateway=_basic_handler(bus, session_manager=sessions, workspace_path=tmp_path),
+    )
+    conn = AsyncMock()
+    conn.remote_address = ("127.0.0.1", 50123)
+
+    await channel._dispatch_envelope(
+        conn,
+        "tui-client",
+        {
+            "type": "new_chat",
+            "workspace_scope": {
+                "project_path": str(tmp_path),
+                "access_mode": "full",
+            },
+        },
+    )
+    chat_id = json.loads(conn.send.await_args_list[0].args[0])["chat_id"]
+    bus.publish_inbound.side_effect = RuntimeError("queue unavailable")
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="queue unavailable"):
+        await channel._dispatch_envelope(
+            conn,
+            "tui-client",
+            {
+                "type": "message",
+                "chat_id": chat_id,
+                "content": "hello",
+                "webui": True,
+            },
+        )
+
+    assert sessions.list_sessions() == []
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_workspace_scope_change_invalidates_other_attached_clients(
     bus: MagicMock,
@@ -1730,6 +1813,10 @@ async def test_webui_set_workspace_scope_rejects_running_chat(bus: MagicMock, tm
             },
         },
     )
+    channel._workspaces.persist_scope(
+        "chat-running",
+        channel._workspaces.scope_for_session_key("websocket:chat-running"),
+    )
     conn.send.reset_mock()
 
     wth._WEBSOCKET_TURN_WALL_STARTED_AT["chat-running"] = 123.0
@@ -1796,6 +1883,13 @@ async def test_remote_webui_scope_allows_access_reduction(
     payload = json.loads(conn.send.await_args.args[0])
     assert payload["event"] == "session_updated"
     assert payload["workspace_scope"]["access_mode"] == "restricted"
+    assert sessions.list_sessions() == []
+
+    await channel._dispatch_envelope(
+        conn,
+        "webui-client",
+        {"type": "message", "chat_id": "chat-remote", "content": "hello", "webui": True},
+    )
     saved = sessions.read_session_file("websocket:chat-remote")
     assert saved["metadata"]["workspace_scope"] == {
         "project_path": str(default_workspace.resolve()),
@@ -1865,8 +1959,10 @@ async def test_remote_access_reduction_rejects_stale_in_flight_message_scope(
     release_hydrate.set()
     await message_task
 
-    saved = sessions.read_session_file(f"websocket:{chat_id}")
-    assert saved["metadata"]["workspace_scope"]["access_mode"] == "restricted"
+    assert sessions.read_session_file(f"websocket:{chat_id}") is None
+    assert channel._workspaces.scope_for_session_key(
+        f"websocket:{chat_id}"
+    ).access_mode == "restricted"
     payload = json.loads(message_conn.send.await_args.args[0])
     assert payload["event"] == "error"
     assert payload["detail"] == "workspace_scope_rejected"
@@ -1954,8 +2050,10 @@ async def test_native_webui_scope_allows_custom_scope_without_loopback(
     assert payload["workspace_scope"]["restrict_to_workspace"] is False
     assert payload["workspace_scope"]["sandbox_status"]["restrict_to_workspace"] is False
     assert payload["workspace_scope"]["sandbox_status"]["workspace_root"] == str(project.resolve())
-    saved = sessions.read_session_file("websocket:chat-native")
-    assert saved["metadata"]["workspace_scope"] == {
+    assert sessions.read_session_file("websocket:chat-native") is None
+    assert channel._workspaces.scope_for_session_key(
+        "websocket:chat-native"
+    ).metadata() == {
         "project_path": str(project.resolve()),
         "access_mode": "full",
     }
@@ -2093,16 +2191,12 @@ async def test_send_scopes_turn_model_updates_to_the_subscribed_chat() -> None:
 
 
 def test_attach_fields_restore_the_session_model_and_latest_usage() -> None:
+    usage = LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=120, output_tokens=8, total_tokens=175)
     manager = MagicMock()
     manager.read_session_metadata.return_value = {
         "metadata": {
             SESSION_MODEL_PRESET_METADATA_KEY: "Deep Research",
-            "_last_usage": {
-                "prompt_tokens": 120,
-                "completion_tokens": 8,
-                "negative": -1,
-                "boolean": True,
-            },
+            "_last_usage": usage.to_dict(),
         }
     }
     bus = MagicMock()
@@ -2114,7 +2208,7 @@ def test_attach_fields_restore_the_session_model_and_latest_usage() -> None:
 
     assert channel._attached_model_fields("chat-1") == {
         "model_preset": "Deep Research",
-        "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 120, "completion_tokens": 8},
+        "usage": usage.to_turn_dict(),
     }
 
 
@@ -3225,6 +3319,11 @@ async def test_send_turn_end_includes_latency_ms_when_present() -> None:
     channel = WebSocketChannel({"enabled": True, "allowFrom": ["*"]}, bus, gateway=_basic_handler(bus))
     mock_ws = AsyncMock()
     channel._attach(mock_ws, "chat-1")
+    usage = LLMUsage.reported(
+        input_tokens=80,
+        output_tokens=20,
+        cache_read_tokens=40,
+    ).with_timing(generation_ms=500, ttft_ms=125)
 
     await channel.send(OutboundMessage(
         channel="websocket",
@@ -3232,7 +3331,7 @@ async def test_send_turn_end_includes_latency_ms_when_present() -> None:
         content="",
         event=TurnEndEvent(
             latency_ms=1500,
-            usage={"prompt_tokens": 80, "completion_tokens": 20, "cached_tokens": 40},
+            usage=usage,
             context_window_tokens=128_000,
         ),
     ))
@@ -3242,7 +3341,19 @@ async def test_send_turn_end_includes_latency_ms_when_present() -> None:
             "event": "turn_end",
             "chat_id": "chat-1",
             "latency_ms": 1500,
-            "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 80, "completion_tokens": 20, "cached_tokens": 40},
+            "usage": {
+                "prompt_tokens": 80,
+                "completion_tokens": 20,
+                "total_tokens": 100,
+                "context_tokens": 80,
+                "cached_tokens": 40,
+                "request_count": 1,
+                "estimated_tokens": 0,
+                "generation_ms": 500,
+                "measured_completion_tokens": 20,
+                "ttft_ms": 125,
+                "timed_requests": 1,
+            },
             "context_window_tokens": 128_000,
         },
         {"event": "session_updated", "chat_id": "chat-1", "scope": "thread"},
@@ -5209,10 +5320,16 @@ async def test_handle_session_context_get_reads_detached_session() -> None:
 
     from nanobot.session import Session
 
+    usage = LLMUsage.reported(
+        input_tokens=12,
+        output_tokens=3,
+        total_tokens=175,
+        cache_read_tokens=6,
+    ).with_timing(generation_ms=300, ttft_ms=45)
     session = Session(
         key="websocket:context-route",
         messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "hello"}],
-        metadata={"_last_usage": {"prompt_tokens": 12, "completion_tokens": 3}},
+        metadata={"_last_usage": usage.to_dict()},
     )
     manager = MagicMock()
     manager.read_session_snapshot.return_value = session
@@ -5229,7 +5346,19 @@ async def test_handle_session_context_get_reads_detached_session() -> None:
     assert response.status_code == 200
     body = json.loads(response.body.decode())
     assert body["replay_messages"] == 1
-    assert body["last_usage"] == {"prompt_tokens": 12, "completion_tokens": 3}
+    assert body["last_usage"] == {
+        "prompt_tokens": 12,
+        "completion_tokens": 3,
+        "total_tokens": 175,
+        "context_tokens": 12,
+        "cached_tokens": 6,
+        "request_count": 1,
+        "estimated_tokens": 0,
+        "generation_ms": 300,
+        "measured_completion_tokens": 3,
+        "ttft_ms": 45,
+        "timed_requests": 1,
+    }
     manager.read_session_snapshot.assert_called_once_with(session.key)
 
 

nanobot/channels/websocket/tests/test_websocket_http_routes.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import asyncio
 import json
 import random
 import socket
+import threading
 import time
 from contextlib import suppress
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -2576,6 +2577,69 @@ async def test_webui_automations_route_lists_all_jobs_and_allows_user_actions(
         await server_task
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_webui_cron_update_rearms_started_service_on_owner_loop(
+    bus: MagicMock,
+    tmp_path: Path,
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    store_path = tmp_path / "cron" / "jobs.json"
+    cron = CronService(store_path, max_sleep_ms=60_000)
+    job = cron.add_job(
+        name="Before update",
+        schedule=CronSchedule(kind="every", every_ms=86_400_000),
+        message="Check the repo status",
+        session_key="websocket:abc",
+        origin_channel="websocket",
+        origin_chat_id="abc",
+    )
+    await cron.start()
+
+    owner_thread_id = threading.get_ident()
+    initial_timer = cron._timer_task
+    request_thread_ids: list[int] = []
+    arm_thread_ids: list[int] = []
+    timer_rearmed = asyncio.Event()
+    original_request_timer_rearm = cron._request_timer_rearm
+    original_arm_timer = cron._arm_timer
+
+    def tracked_request_timer_rearm() -> None:
+        request_thread_ids.append(threading.get_ident())
+        original_request_timer_rearm()
+
+    def tracked_arm_timer() -> None:
+        arm_thread_ids.append(threading.get_ident())
+        original_arm_timer()
+        timer_rearmed.set()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(cron, "_request_timer_rearm", tracked_request_timer_rearm)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(cron, "_arm_timer", tracked_arm_timer)
+    channel = _ch(bus, cron_service=cron, port=_free_port())
+
+    try:
+        response = await _webui_mutate(
+            channel,
+            "automation.update",
+            {"id": job.id, "values": {"name": "After update"}},
+        )
+        await asyncio.wait_for(timer_rearmed.wait(), timeout=1)
+
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        assert request_thread_ids
+        assert all(thread_id != owner_thread_id for thread_id in request_thread_ids)
+        assert arm_thread_ids and set(arm_thread_ids) == {owner_thread_id}
+        assert cron._timer_task is not None
+        assert cron._timer_task is not initial_timer
+        assert not cron._timer_task.done()
+
+        stored = json.loads(store_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+        assert len(stored["jobs"]) == 1
+        assert stored["jobs"][0]["name"] == "After update"
+    finally:
+        cron.stop()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_webui_automations_route_manages_local_triggers(
     bus: MagicMock, tmp_path: Path
@@ -3769,3 +3833,77 @@ def test_bootstrap_secret_also_enforced_on_localhost(bus: MagicMock) -> None:
     channel = _ch(bus, host="0.0.0.0", tokenIssueSecret="s3cret")
     resp = channel.gateway.http._handle_bootstrap(_LOCAL, _NO_HEADERS)
     assert resp.status_code == 401
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_webui_skill_update_cancellation_waits_for_config_and_runtime_state(
+    bus: MagicMock,
+    tmp_path: Path,
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    from nanobot.webui import ws_http
+
+    skill_dir = tmp_path / "skills" / "cancel-safe-skill"
+    skill_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+    (skill_dir / "SKILL.md").write_text(
+        "---\nname: cancel-safe-skill\ndescription: Cancellation test skill.\n---\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    mutation_started = threading.Event()
+    release_mutation = threading.Event()
+    original_update = ws_http.set_webui_skill_enabled
+    update_calls = 0
+
+    def blocked_update(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        nonlocal update_calls
+        update_calls += 1
+        mutation_started.set()
+        assert release_mutation.wait(timeout=1)
+        return original_update(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(ws_http, "set_webui_skill_enabled", blocked_update)
+    channel = _ch(
+        bus,
+        session_manager=_seed_session(tmp_path),
+        workspace_path=tmp_path,
+        port=_free_port(),
+    )
+    runtime_states: list[set[str]] = []
+    channel.gateway.http.skill_state_action = runtime_states.append
+    task = asyncio.create_task(
+        _webui_mutate(
+            channel,
+            "skill.update",
+            {"name": "cancel-safe-skill", "enabled": False},
+        )
+    )
+
+    assert await asyncio.to_thread(mutation_started.wait, 1)
+    try:
+        task.cancel()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)
+        assert not task.done()
+        assert runtime_states == []
+    finally:
+        release_mutation.set()
+
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await asyncio.wait_for(task, timeout=1)
+
+    assert update_calls == 1
+    assert "cancel-safe-skill" in channel.gateway.http.disabled_skills
+    assert runtime_states == [{"cancel-safe-skill"}]
+    saved = load_config(channel.gateway.settings.config.path)
+    assert "cancel-safe-skill" in saved.agents.defaults.disabled_skills
+
+    settled_state = (
+        update_calls,
+        set(channel.gateway.http.disabled_skills),
+        list(runtime_states),
+    )
+    await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+    assert (
+        update_calls,
+        set(channel.gateway.http.disabled_skills),
+        runtime_states,
+    ) == settled_state

nanobot/cli/gateway_runtime.py

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from nanobot.config.paths import is_default_workspace
 from nanobot.config.schema import Config
 from nanobot.gateway.runtime import GatewayInstance
 from nanobot.security.network import is_loopback_host
+from nanobot.session.async_compat import call_session_manager as _call_session_manager
 from nanobot.session.keys import UNIFIED_SESSION_KEY, last_channel_from_metadata
 from nanobot.utils.evaluator import evaluate_response, resolve_evaluator_prompt
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import sync_workspace_templates
@@ -45,6 +46,30 @@ __all__ = ["_run_gateway"]
 
 console = Console()
 
+_EVENT_LOOP_LAG_INTERVAL_S = 0.5
+_EVENT_LOOP_LAG_WARNING_S = 0.25
+
+
+async def _monitor_event_loop_lag(
+    *,
+    interval_s: float = _EVENT_LOOP_LAG_INTERVAL_S,
+    warning_threshold_s: float = _EVENT_LOOP_LAG_WARNING_S,
+    log: Any | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Log scheduler drift so gateway-wide stalls have direct evidence."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    lag_log = log or logger
+    while True:
+        expected = loop.time() + interval_s
+        await asyncio.sleep(interval_s)
+        lag_s = max(0.0, loop.time() - expected)
+        if lag_s >= warning_threshold_s:
+            lag_log.warning(
+                "event loop lag operation=gateway duration_ms={} interval_ms={}",
+                int(lag_s * 1000),
+                int(interval_s * 1000),
+            )
+
 
 def _http_endpoint_responding(url: str, *, timeout_s: float = 0.25) -> bool:
     """Return whether an HTTP endpoint responds, including with an auth error."""
@@ -313,6 +338,8 @@ def _run_gateway(
     from nanobot.cron.service import CronJobSkippedError, CronService
     from nanobot.cron.session_turns import is_bound_cron_job
     from nanobot.cron.types import CronJob
+    from nanobot.llm_usage import record_llm_call
+    from nanobot.llm_usage.context import llm_usage_source
     from nanobot.providers.factory import (
         ProviderSnapshot,
         build_provider_snapshot,
@@ -330,7 +357,6 @@ def _run_gateway(
     )
     from nanobot.triggers.local_runner import run_local_trigger_queue
     from nanobot.triggers.local_store import LocalTriggerStore
-    from nanobot.webui.token_usage import TokenUsageHook
 
     port = port if port is not None else config.gateway.port
     webui_url = _webui_browser_url(config)
@@ -361,7 +387,8 @@ def _run_gateway(
     runtime_events = RuntimeEventBus()
     fallback_model_observer = build_webui_fallback_model_observer(bus)
 
-    def _observe_fallback_models(snapshot: ProviderSnapshot) -> ProviderSnapshot:
+    def _observe_provider(snapshot: ProviderSnapshot) -> ProviderSnapshot:
+        snapshot.provider.set_llm_call_observer(record_llm_call)
         if isinstance(snapshot.provider, FallbackProvider):
             snapshot.provider.set_fallback_model_observer(fallback_model_observer)
         return snapshot
@@ -371,20 +398,19 @@ def _run_gateway(
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> ProviderSnapshot:
         try:
-            return _observe_fallback_models(load_provider_snapshot(*args, **kwargs))
+            return _observe_provider(load_provider_snapshot(*args, **kwargs))
         except ValueError as exc:
             if unconfigured_provider_error is None:
                 raise
-            return build_unconfigured_provider_snapshot(config, str(exc))
+            return _observe_provider(build_unconfigured_provider_snapshot(config, str(exc)))
 
     if unconfigured_provider_error is not None:
-        provider_snapshot = build_unconfigured_provider_snapshot(
-            config,
-            unconfigured_provider_error,
+        provider_snapshot = _observe_provider(
+            build_unconfigured_provider_snapshot(config, unconfigured_provider_error)
         )
     else:
         try:
-            provider_snapshot = _observe_fallback_models(build_provider_snapshot(config))
+            provider_snapshot = _observe_provider(build_provider_snapshot(config))
         except ValueError as exc:
             console.print(f"[red]Error: {exc}[/red]")
             raise typer.Exit(1) from exc
@@ -443,7 +469,6 @@ def _run_gateway(
         runtime_events=runtime_events,
         turn_delivery_factory=turn_delivery_factory,
         provider_signature=provider_snapshot.signature,
-        hooks=[TokenUsageHook(timezone_name=config.agents.defaults.timezone)],
         local_trigger_store=trigger_store,
         hook_factories=[create_file_edit_activity_hook],
         tool_registry=tools,
@@ -493,12 +518,22 @@ def _run_gateway(
             and hasattr(session_manager, "save")
         ):
             key = session_key or _channel_session_key(msg.channel, msg.chat_id)
-            session = session_manager.get_or_create(key)
+            session = await _call_session_manager(
+                session_manager,
+                "get_or_create_async",
+                session_manager.get_or_create,
+                key,
+            )
             extra: dict[str, Any] = {"_channel_delivery": True}
             if msg.media:
                 extra["media"] = list(msg.media)
             session.add_message("assistant", msg.content, **extra)
-            session_manager.save(session)
+            await _call_session_manager(
+                session_manager,
+                "save_async",
+                session_manager.save,
+                session,
+            )
         await bus.publish_outbound(msg)
 
     message_tool = agent.tools.get("message")
@@ -564,25 +599,18 @@ def _run_gateway(
             except Exception:
                 logger.exception("Dream cron job failed")
             finally:
-                from nanobot.webui.token_usage import record_response_token_usage
-
-                record_response_token_usage(
-                    resp,
-                    source="dream",
-                    timezone_name=config.agents.defaults.timezone,
-                )
                 sha = _commit_dream_changes(store)
                 if sha:
                     logger.info("Dream commit: {}", sha)
                 store.compact_history()
-                prune_dream_sessions(agent.sessions)
+                await asyncio.to_thread(prune_dream_sessions, agent.sessions)
             return None
 
         # Heartbeat is a system job that checks HEARTBEAT.md for active tasks.
         if job.name == "heartbeat":
             heartbeat_file = config.workspace_path / "HEARTBEAT.md"
             try:
-                content = heartbeat_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+                content = await asyncio.to_thread(heartbeat_file.read_text, encoding="utf-8")
             except OSError:
                 logger.debug("Heartbeat: HEARTBEAT.md missing")
                 return None
@@ -590,7 +618,7 @@ def _run_gateway(
                 logger.debug("Heartbeat: HEARTBEAT.md has no active tasks")
                 return None
 
-            channel, chat_id = _pick_heartbeat_target()
+            channel, chat_id = await _pick_heartbeat_target()
             if channel == "cli":
                 return None
 
@@ -618,9 +646,19 @@ def _run_gateway(
                     message_tool.reset_suppress_delivery(suppress_token)
 
             # Keep a small tail of heartbeat history so the loop stays bounded.
-            session = agent.sessions.get_or_create("heartbeat")
+            session = await _call_session_manager(
+                agent.sessions,
+                "get_or_create_async",
+                agent.sessions.get_or_create,
+                "heartbeat",
+            )
             session.retain_recent_legal_suffix(hb_cfg.keep_recent_messages)
-            agent.sessions.save(session)
+            await _call_session_manager(
+                agent.sessions,
+                "save_async",
+                agent.sessions.save,
+                session,
+            )
 
             if not resp or not resp.content:
                 return
@@ -630,6 +668,7 @@ def _run_gateway(
             evaluator_prompt = resolve_evaluator_prompt(config.workspace_path)
 
             # Fail closed: stay silent on evaluator failure instead of notifying.
+            with llm_usage_source("cron"):
                 should_notify = await evaluate_response(
                     response=response,
                     task_context=prompt,
@@ -696,17 +735,27 @@ def _run_gateway(
         config_path=Path(config_path),
     )
 
-    def _pick_heartbeat_target() -> tuple[str, str]:
+    async def _pick_heartbeat_target() -> tuple[str, str]:
         """Pick a routable channel/chat target for heartbeat-triggered messages."""
-        sidebar_state = read_webui_sidebar_state()
+        sidebar_state = await asyncio.to_thread(read_webui_sidebar_state)
         unified_metadata = None
         if config.agents.defaults.unified_session:
-            record = session_manager.read_session_metadata(UNIFIED_SESSION_KEY)
+            record = await _call_session_manager(
+                session_manager,
+                "read_session_metadata_async",
+                session_manager.read_session_metadata,
+                UNIFIED_SESSION_KEY,
+            )
             if isinstance(record, dict) and isinstance(record.get("metadata"), dict):
                 unified_metadata = record["metadata"]
+        sessions = await _call_session_manager(
+            session_manager,
+            "list_sessions_async",
+            session_manager.list_sessions,
+        )
         return _pick_heartbeat_target_from_sessions(
             enabled_channels=channels.enabled_channels,
-            sessions=session_manager.list_sessions(),
+            sessions=sessions,
             archived_keys=sidebar_state.get("archived_keys", []),
             unified_session_metadata=unified_metadata,
         )
@@ -913,6 +962,10 @@ def _run_gateway(
                     _monitor_local_clients(),
                     name="nanobot-gateway-client-monitor",
                 ),
+                asyncio.create_task(
+                    _monitor_event_loop_lag(),
+                    name="nanobot-event-loop-lag-monitor",
+                ),
             ]
             if health_server_enabled:
                 tasks.append(asyncio.create_task(
@@ -980,7 +1033,11 @@ def _run_gateway(
                 # Flush all cached sessions to durable storage before exit.
                 # This prevents data loss on filesystems with write-back
                 # caching (rclone VFS, NFS, FUSE mounts, etc.).
-                flushed = agent.sessions.flush_all()
+                flushed = await _call_session_manager(
+                    agent.sessions,
+                    "flush_all_async",
+                    agent.sessions.flush_all,
+                )
                 if flushed:
                     logger.info("Shutdown: flushed {} session(s) to disk", flushed)
             finally:

nanobot/command/builtin.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
+import inspect
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -14,6 +15,8 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, cast
 from nanobot import __version__
 from nanobot.bus.events import INBOUND_META_USER_SHELL, OutboundMessage
 from nanobot.command.router import CommandContext, CommandRouter, normalize_command_text
+from nanobot.session.async_compat import call_session_manager
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import build_status_content
 from nanobot.utils.restart import set_restart_notice_to_env
 from nanobot.utils.workspace_prompts import initialize_workspace_prompt
@@ -22,6 +25,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from nanobot.agent.loop import AgentLoop
     from nanobot.session.manager import Session
     from nanobot.utils.gitstore import CommitInfo
+    from nanobot.utils.llm_runtime import LLMRuntime
 
 # WebUI protocol contract for how a slash command participates in turn state:
 # - side_channel: returns control text without starting or ending an agent turn.
@@ -201,6 +205,52 @@ def builtin_command_starts_agent_turn(text: str) -> bool:
     return spec.lifecycle == "agent_turn_with_args" and bool(args.strip())
 
 
+def _has_native_coroutine_method(target: object, name: str) -> bool:
+    """Check the real target class without trusting dynamic mock attributes."""
+    method = inspect.getattr_static(type(target), name, None)
+    return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(method)
+
+
+async def _get_or_create_session(loop: AgentLoop, key: str) -> Session:
+    sessions = loop.sessions
+    return await call_session_manager(
+        sessions,
+        "get_or_create_async",
+        sessions.get_or_create,
+        key,
+    )
+
+
+async def _save_session(loop: AgentLoop, session: Session) -> None:
+    sessions = loop.sessions
+    await call_session_manager(
+        sessions,
+        "save_async",
+        sessions.save,
+        session,
+    )
+
+
+async def _runtime_for_session(loop: AgentLoop, session: Session) -> LLMRuntime:
+    if _has_native_coroutine_method(loop, "runtime_for_session_async"):
+        return await loop.runtime_for_session_async(session)
+    return await shield_and_drain(
+        asyncio.to_thread(loop.runtime_for_session, session)
+    )
+
+
+async def _set_session_model_preset(
+    loop: AgentLoop,
+    session_key: str,
+    name: str,
+) -> LLMRuntime:
+    if _has_native_coroutine_method(loop, "set_session_model_preset_async"):
+        return await loop.set_session_model_preset_async(session_key, name)
+    return await shield_and_drain(
+        asyncio.to_thread(loop.set_session_model_preset, session_key, name)
+    )
+
+
 async def cmd_stop(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
     """Cancel all active tasks and subagents for the session."""
     loop = ctx.loop
@@ -257,8 +307,8 @@ async def cmd_restart(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
 async def cmd_status(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
     """Build an outbound status message for a session."""
     loop = ctx.loop
-    session = ctx.session or loop.sessions.get_or_create(ctx.key)
-    runtime = ctx.runtime or loop.runtime_for_session(session)
+    session = ctx.session or await _get_or_create_session(loop, ctx.key)
+    runtime = ctx.runtime or await _runtime_for_session(loop, session)
     ctx_est = 0
     with suppress(Exception):
         ctx_est, _ = loop.consolidator.estimate_session_prompt_tokens(
@@ -266,7 +316,8 @@ async def cmd_status(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
             runtime=runtime,
         )
     if ctx_est <= 0:
-        ctx_est = loop._last_usage.get("prompt_tokens", 0)  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
+        last_usage = loop._last_usage  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
+        ctx_est = last_usage.input_tokens if last_usage is not None else 0
 
     # Fetch web search provider usage (best-effort, never blocks the response)
     search_usage_text: str | None = None
@@ -305,20 +356,21 @@ async def cmd_new(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
     loop = ctx.loop
     await loop._cancel_active_tasks(ctx.key)  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
     loop.discard_session_file_state(ctx.key)
-    session = ctx.session or loop.sessions.get_or_create(ctx.key)
+    session = ctx.session or await _get_or_create_session(loop, ctx.key)
     snapshot = list(session.messages)
     archive_snapshot = None
     runtime = None
     if session.last_consolidated < len(snapshot):
-        runtime = ctx.runtime or loop.runtime_for_session(session)
+        runtime = ctx.runtime or await _runtime_for_session(loop, session)
         archive_snapshot = replace(
             session,
             messages=snapshot,
             metadata=dict(session.metadata),
             provider_state=None,
         )
+    async def reset_and_schedule_archive() -> None:
         session.clear()
-    loop.sessions.save(session)
+        await _save_session(loop, session)
         loop.sessions.invalidate(session.key)
         if archive_snapshot is not None and runtime is not None:
             loop.schedule_background(
@@ -328,6 +380,8 @@ async def cmd_new(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
                     runtime=runtime,
                 )
             )
+
+    await shield_and_drain(reset_and_schedule_archive())
     return OutboundMessage(
         channel=ctx.msg.channel, chat_id=ctx.msg.chat_id,
         content="New session started.",
@@ -376,7 +430,7 @@ async def cmd_model(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
     metadata = {**dict(ctx.msg.metadata or {}), "render_as": "text"}
 
     if not args:
-        session = ctx.session or loop.sessions.get_or_create(ctx.key)
+        session = ctx.session or await _get_or_create_session(loop, ctx.key)
         return OutboundMessage(
             channel=ctx.msg.channel,
             chat_id=ctx.msg.chat_id,
@@ -386,7 +440,7 @@ async def cmd_model(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
 
     name = args
     try:
-        runtime = loop.set_session_model_preset(ctx.key, name)
+        runtime = await _set_session_model_preset(loop, ctx.key, name)
     except (KeyError, ValueError) as exc:
         names = _model_preset_names(loop)
         return OutboundMessage(
@@ -478,13 +532,6 @@ async def cmd_dream(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
             elapsed = time.monotonic() - t0
             content = f"Dream failed after {elapsed:.1f}s: {e}"
         finally:
-            from nanobot.webui.token_usage import record_response_token_usage
-
-            record_response_token_usage(
-                resp,
-                source="dream",
-                timezone_name=getattr(loop.context, "timezone", None),
-            )
             if store.git.is_initialized():
                 commit_msg = build_dream_commit_message("dream: manual run", diff_body)
                 sha = store.git.auto_commit(commit_msg)
@@ -854,7 +901,7 @@ async def cmd_history(ctx: CommandContext) -> OutboundMessage:
                 metadata=dict(ctx.msg.metadata or {}),
             )
 
-    session = ctx.session or ctx.loop.sessions.get_or_create(ctx.key)
+    session = ctx.session or await _get_or_create_session(ctx.loop, ctx.key)
     history = session.get_history(max_messages=0, include_runtime_context=False)
     visible = [_format_history_message(m) for m in history]
     visible = [m for m in visible if m is not None]

nanobot/cron/bound_runner.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import time
 import uuid
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Protocol
 
+from nanobot.agent.automation_turns import AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation
 from nanobot.agent.tools.cron import CronTool
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
 from nanobot.cron.session_delivery import origin_delivery_context
@@ -127,6 +128,15 @@ async def run_bound_cron_job(
                 session_key_override=session_key,
             )
         )
+    except AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation:
+        cron.write_run_record(
+            run_id,
+            {
+                **run_record_base,
+                "status": "accepted",
+            },
+        )
+        raise
     except (Exception, asyncio.CancelledError) as exc:
         error_text = str(exc) or exc.__class__.__name__
         cron.write_run_record(

nanobot/cron/service.py

@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ from dataclasses import asdict
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import EllipsisType
-from typing import Any, Callable, Coroutine, Literal
+from typing import Any, Callable, Coroutine, Literal, TypeVar
 
 from filelock import FileLock
 from loguru import logger
 
+from nanobot.agent.automation_turns import AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation
 from nanobot.cron.session_turns import is_bound_cron_job
 from nanobot.cron.types import (
     CronJob,
@@ -25,10 +26,14 @@ from nanobot.cron.types import (
     CronSchedule,
     CronStore,
 )
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.utils.run_records import (
     write_run_record as write_automation_run_record,
 )
 
+_FILE_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 5
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
 
 class CronJobSkippedError(Exception):
     """Raised by cron callbacks when a job was intentionally skipped."""
@@ -164,10 +169,16 @@ class CronService:
         self.store_path = store_path
         self._action_path = store_path.parent / "action.jsonl"
         self._run_records_dir = store_path.parent / "runs"
-        self._lock = FileLock(str(self._action_path.parent) + ".lock")
+        self._lock = FileLock(
+            str(self._action_path.parent) + ".lock",
+            timeout=_FILE_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+        )
         self.on_job = on_job
         self._store: CronStore | None = None
         self._timer_task: asyncio.Task[None] | None = None
+        self._operation_lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._claimed_job_ids: set[str] = set()
+        self._event_loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop | None = None
         self._running = False
         self._active_executions = 0
         self._store_dirty = False
@@ -451,25 +462,58 @@ class CronService:
         """Write an internal audit record for one cron execution."""
         write_automation_run_record(self._run_records_dir, run_id, record)
 
+    async def run_sync(
+        self,
+        operation: Callable[..., _T],
+        /,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Serialize a complete cron transaction in a worker thread.
+
+        A running thread cannot be cancelled safely.  Keep the transaction lock
+        until it exits so cancellation is never reported while that worker can
+        still mutate cron state behind a later operation.
+        """
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            return await shield_and_drain(
+                asyncio.to_thread(operation, *args, **kwargs)
+            )
+
     async def start(self) -> None:
-        """Start the cron service."""
+        """Start the cron service and settle accepted work before cancellation."""
+
+        async def settle_start() -> None:
+            self._event_loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
             self._running = True
-        loaded = self._load_store()
+            try:
+                async with self._operation_lock:
+                    loaded = await asyncio.to_thread(self._load_store)
                     if loaded is None:
                         # Store file existed but was corrupt and has been preserved with
                         # a ``.corrupt-<ts>`` suffix.  Bail out instead of starting with
                         # an empty store; that would call ``_save_store`` and overwrite
                         # the now-renamed (but still recoverable) data with [].
-            self._running = False
                         raise RuntimeError(
                             f"cron store at {self.store_path} is corrupt and was preserved; "
                             "refusing to start with an empty job list. "
                             "Inspect the .corrupt-<ts> backup and restore manually."
                         )
                     self._recompute_next_runs()
-        self._save_store()
+                    await asyncio.to_thread(self._save_store)
                 self._arm_timer()
-        logger.info("Cron service started with {} jobs", len(self._store.jobs if self._store else []))
+                logger.info(
+                    "Cron service started with {} jobs",
+                    len(self._store.jobs if self._store else []),
+                )
+            except BaseException:
+                # A failed start must not retain ownership without a timer.  Caller
+                # cancellation is shielded until this composite either reaches the
+                # fully started state above or rolls back here.
+                self.stop()
+                raise
+
+        await shield_and_drain(settle_start())
 
     def stop(self) -> None:
         """Stop the cron service."""
@@ -497,8 +541,22 @@ class CronService:
                  if j.enabled and j.state.next_run_at_ms]
         return min(times) if times else None
 
+    def _request_timer_rearm(self) -> None:
+        """Re-arm on the owning event loop, including from persistence workers."""
+        if not self._running:
+            return
+        loop = self._event_loop
+        try:
+            current_loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        except RuntimeError:
+            current_loop = None
+        if current_loop is loop:
+            self._arm_timer()
+        elif loop is not None and loop.is_running():
+            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self._arm_timer)
+
     def _arm_timer(self) -> None:
-        """Schedule the next timer tick."""
+        """Schedule the next timer tick on the owning event loop."""
         if self._timer_task:
             self._timer_task.cancel()
 
@@ -520,7 +578,7 @@ class CronService:
         self._timer_task = asyncio.create_task(tick())
 
     async def _on_timer(self) -> None:
-        """Handle timer tick - run due jobs."""
+        """Run due jobs while keeping persistence transactions serialized."""
         reload_store = self._active_executions == 0
         self._active_executions += 1
         try:
@@ -528,11 +586,17 @@ class CronService:
             # to persist their advanced schedule.  Persist that exact snapshot
             # before reloading or executing anything else; otherwise the older
             # disk state can replay the same job.
+            async with self._operation_lock:
                 if self._store_dirty:
-                self._save_store()
+                    await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(self._save_store))
                     return
 
-            store = self._load_store(reload_during_execution=reload_store)
+                store = await shield_and_drain(
+                    asyncio.to_thread(
+                        self._load_store,
+                        reload_during_execution=reload_store,
+                    )
+                )
             # If a hot reload found a corrupt store on disk, ``self._store``
             # may still hold the previous, known-good in-memory snapshot.
             if store is None:
@@ -547,7 +611,8 @@ class CronService:
             for job in due_jobs:
                 await self._execute_job(job)
 
-            self._save_store()
+            async with self._operation_lock:
+                await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(self._save_store))
         except Exception:
             # A load/persist failure must not kill the scheduler: keep the
             # in-memory store and retry on the next tick.  This mirrors the
@@ -564,59 +629,125 @@ class CronService:
             # single bad tick cannot silently stop all future jobs.
             self._arm_timer()
 
-    async def _execute_job(self, job: CronJob) -> None:
-        """Execute a single job."""
-        start_ms = _now_ms()
-        logger.info("Cron: executing job '{}' ({})", job.name, job.id)
+    async def _claim_job(self, job_id: str) -> bool:
+        """Claim one job without serializing callbacks for different jobs."""
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            if job_id in self._claimed_job_ids:
+                return False
+            self._claimed_job_ids.add(job_id)
+            return True
 
-        try:
-            if self.on_job:
-                await self.on_job(job)
-
-            job.state.last_status = "ok"
-            job.state.last_error = None
-            logger.info("Cron: job '{}' completed", job.name)
-
-        except CronJobSkippedError as e:
-            job.state.last_status = "skipped"
-            job.state.last_error = str(e) or None
-            logger.warning("Cron: job '{}' skipped: {}", job.name, job.state.last_error or "")
-        except asyncio.CancelledError as e:
-            current = asyncio.current_task()
-            if current is not None and current.cancelling():
-                raise
-            job.state.last_status = "error"
-            job.state.last_error = str(e) or e.__class__.__name__
-            logger.exception("Cron: job '{}' was cancelled", job.name)
-        except Exception as e:
-            job.state.last_status = "error"
-            job.state.last_error = str(e)
-            logger.exception("Cron: job '{}' failed", job.name)
+    async def _release_job_claim(self, job_id: str) -> None:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._claimed_job_ids.discard(job_id)
 
+    async def _settle_job_execution(
+        self,
+        job: CronJob,
+        *,
+        start_ms: int,
+        status: Literal["ok", "error", "skipped"],
+        error: str | None,
+        persist: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
         end_ms = _now_ms()
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            job.state.last_status = status
+            job.state.last_error = error
             job.state.last_run_at_ms = start_ms
             job.updated_at_ms = end_ms
-
             job.state.run_history.append(CronRunRecord(
                 run_at_ms=start_ms,
-            status=job.state.last_status,
+                status=status,
                 duration_ms=end_ms - start_ms,
-            error=job.state.last_error,
+                error=error,
             ))
             job.state.run_history = job.state.run_history[-self._MAX_RUN_HISTORY:]
 
-        # Handle one-shot jobs
             if job.schedule.kind == "at":
                 if job.delete_after_run:
-                store = self._require_store()
+                    store = await shield_and_drain(
+                        asyncio.to_thread(self._require_store)
+                    )
                     store.jobs = [item for item in store.jobs if item.id != job.id]
                 else:
                     job.enabled = False
                     job.state.next_run_at_ms = None
             else:
-            # Compute next run
                 job.state.next_run_at_ms = _compute_next_run(job.schedule, _now_ms())
 
+            if persist:
+                await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(self._save_store))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def _drain_settlement_on_cancellation(settlement: asyncio.Task[None]) -> None:
+        """Finish a short durable settlement despite repeated cancellation."""
+        while not settlement.done():
+            try:
+                await asyncio.shield(settlement)
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                continue
+        settlement.result()
+
+    async def _execute_job(self, job: CronJob) -> bool:
+        """Execute a claimed job and serialize its in-memory settlement."""
+        if not await self._claim_job(job.id):
+            logger.info("Cron: job '{}' ({}) is already running", job.name, job.id)
+            return False
+
+        start_ms = _now_ms()
+        logger.info("Cron: executing job '{}' ({})", job.name, job.id)
+        status: Literal["ok", "error", "skipped"]
+        error: str | None
+        accepted_cancellation: AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation | None = None
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                if self.on_job:
+                    await self.on_job(job)
+                status = "ok"
+                error = None
+                logger.info("Cron: job '{}' completed", job.name)
+            except AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation as exc:
+                # The agent owns this turn now.  Advance and persist the schedule
+                # before allowing shutdown cancellation to unwind the timer.
+                status = "ok"
+                error = None
+                accepted_cancellation = exc
+                logger.info("Cron: job '{}' was accepted before cancellation", job.name)
+            except CronJobSkippedError as exc:
+                status = "skipped"
+                error = str(exc) or None
+                logger.warning("Cron: job '{}' skipped: {}", job.name, error or "")
+            except asyncio.CancelledError as exc:
+                current = asyncio.current_task()
+                if current is not None and current.cancelling():
+                    raise
+                status = "error"
+                error = str(exc) or exc.__class__.__name__
+                logger.exception("Cron: job '{}' was cancelled", job.name)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                status = "error"
+                error = str(exc)
+                logger.exception("Cron: job '{}' failed", job.name)
+
+            settlement = asyncio.create_task(
+                self._settle_job_execution(
+                    job,
+                    start_ms=start_ms,
+                    status=status,
+                    error=error,
+                    persist=accepted_cancellation is not None,
+                )
+            )
+            if accepted_cancellation is not None:
+                await self._drain_settlement_on_cancellation(settlement)
+                raise accepted_cancellation
+            await settlement
+            return True
+        finally:
+            await self._release_job_claim(job.id)
+
     def _append_action(
         self,
         action: Literal["add", "del", "update"],
@@ -697,7 +828,7 @@ class CronService:
             store = self._require_store()
             store.jobs.append(job)
             self._save_store()
-            self._arm_timer()
+            self._request_timer_rearm()
         else:
             self._append_action("add", asdict(job))
 
@@ -714,7 +845,7 @@ class CronService:
         store.jobs = [j for j in store.jobs if j.id != job.id]
         store.jobs.append(job)
         self._save_store()
-        self._arm_timer()
+        self._request_timer_rearm()
         logger.info("Cron: registered system job '{}' ({})", job.name, job.id)
         return job
 
@@ -726,7 +857,7 @@ class CronService:
         removed = len(store.jobs) < before
         if removed:
             self._save_store()
-            self._arm_timer()
+            self._request_timer_rearm()
             logger.info("Cron: removed system job {}", job_id)
         return removed
 
@@ -747,7 +878,7 @@ class CronService:
         if removed:
             if self._should_persist_store():
                 self._save_store()
-                self._arm_timer()
+                self._request_timer_rearm()
             else:
                 self._append_action("del", {"job_id": job_id})
             logger.info("Cron: removed job {}", job_id)
@@ -769,7 +900,7 @@ class CronService:
                     job.state.next_run_at_ms = None
                 if self._should_persist_store():
                     self._save_store()
-                    self._arm_timer()
+                    self._request_timer_rearm()
                 else:
                     self._append_action("update", asdict(job))
                 return job
@@ -825,7 +956,7 @@ class CronService:
 
         if self._should_persist_store():
             self._save_store()
-            self._arm_timer()
+            self._request_timer_rearm()
         else:
             self._append_action("update", asdict(job))
 
@@ -840,19 +971,31 @@ class CronService:
             # A manual run is another side-effecting entrypoint.  Do not start
             # it while the result of a previous timer execution is still only
             # in memory.
+            async with self._operation_lock:
                 if self._store_dirty:
-                self._save_store()
-            store = self._require_store(reload_during_execution=reload_store)
+                    await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(self._save_store))
+                store = await shield_and_drain(
+                    asyncio.to_thread(
+                        self._require_store,
+                        reload_during_execution=reload_store,
+                    )
+                )
             for job in store.jobs:
                 if job.id == job_id:
                     if self._is_unbound_agent_job(job):
+                        async with self._operation_lock:
                             self._enforce_agent_binding(job)
-                        self._save_store()
+                            await shield_and_drain(
+                                asyncio.to_thread(self._save_store)
+                            )
                         return False
                     if not force and not job.enabled:
                         return False
-                    await self._execute_job(job)
-                    self._save_store()
+                    executed = await self._execute_job(job)
+                    if not executed:
+                        return False
+                    async with self._operation_lock:
+                        await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(self._save_store))
                     return True
             return False
         finally:

nanobot/llm_usage/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+"""Unified, content-free LLM usage backend."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import threading
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from loguru import logger
+
+from nanobot.config.paths import get_data_dir
+from nanobot.llm_usage.models import LLMCallRecord
+from nanobot.llm_usage.store import LLMUsageStore
+
+_STORES_LOCK = threading.Lock()
+_STORES: dict[Path, LLMUsageStore] = {}
+
+
+def empty_usage_payload() -> dict[str, Any]:
+    return {
+        "days": [],
+        "total_tokens": 0,
+        "total_tokens_30d": 0,
+        "total_tokens_365d": 0,
+        "reported_tokens_30d": 0,
+        "estimated_tokens_30d": 0,
+        "cache_read_tokens_30d": 0,
+        "cache_read_observed_input_tokens_30d": 0,
+        "cache_read_rate_30d": None,
+        "peak_day_tokens": 0,
+        "current_streak_days": 0,
+        "longest_streak_days": 0,
+        "active_days_30d": 0,
+        "requests_30d": 0,
+        "failed_requests_30d": 0,
+        "providers_30d": [],
+        "updated_at": None,
+    }
+
+
+def llm_usage_store_path() -> Path:
+    return get_data_dir() / "llm_usage.sqlite3"
+
+
+def get_llm_usage_store(path: Path | None = None) -> LLMUsageStore:
+    resolved = (path or llm_usage_store_path()).resolve(strict=False)
+    with _STORES_LOCK:
+        store = _STORES.get(resolved)
+        if store is None:
+            store = LLMUsageStore(resolved)
+            _STORES[resolved] = store
+        return store
+
+
+def record_llm_call(call: LLMCallRecord) -> None:
+    """Default fail-open callback attached to gateway provider snapshots."""
+    try:
+        get_llm_usage_store().record(call)
+    except Exception:
+        logger.exception("failed to record LLM usage")
+
+
+def llm_usage_payload(
+    *,
+    days: int = 371,
+    timezone_name: str | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    try:
+        return get_llm_usage_store().usage_payload(
+            days=days,
+            timezone_name=timezone_name,
+        )
+    except Exception:
+        logger.exception("failed to query LLM usage")
+        return empty_usage_payload()
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LLMCallRecord",
+    "LLMUsageStore",
+    "empty_usage_payload",
+    "get_llm_usage_store",
+    "record_llm_call",
+    "llm_usage_store_path",
+    "llm_usage_payload",
+]

nanobot/llm_usage/context.py

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+"""Request-local metadata for LLM usage records."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Generator, Mapping
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from contextvars import ContextVar, Token
+from typing import Literal
+
+LLMUsageSource = Literal["user", "api", "cron", "dream", "system"]
+
+_CURRENT_SOURCE: ContextVar[LLMUsageSource] = ContextVar(
+    "nanobot_llm_usage_source",
+    default="system",
+)
+
+
+def source_from_session_key(session_key: str | None) -> LLMUsageSource:
+    """Classify a private session key without persisting that key."""
+    key = session_key or ""
+    if key.startswith("dream:"):
+        return "dream"
+    if key == "heartbeat" or key.startswith("cron:"):
+        return "cron"
+    if key.startswith("api:"):
+        return "api"
+    if key.startswith("system:"):
+        return "system"
+    return "user"
+
+
+def source_from_request(
+    session_key: str | None,
+    *,
+    channel: str | None,
+    metadata: Mapping[str, object] | None,
+) -> LLMUsageSource:
+    """Classify a turn from trusted ingress metadata without retaining identifiers."""
+    values = metadata or {}
+    if isinstance(values.get("_cron_trigger"), Mapping):
+        return "cron"
+    if isinstance(values.get("_local_trigger"), Mapping):
+        return "cron"
+    if channel == "api":
+        return "api"
+    if channel == "system":
+        return "system"
+    return source_from_session_key(session_key)
+
+
+def current_llm_usage_source() -> LLMUsageSource:
+    return _CURRENT_SOURCE.get()
+
+
+def bind_llm_usage_source(source: LLMUsageSource) -> Token[LLMUsageSource]:
+    return _CURRENT_SOURCE.set(source)
+
+
+def reset_llm_usage_source(token: Token[LLMUsageSource]) -> None:
+    _CURRENT_SOURCE.reset(token)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def llm_usage_source(source: LLMUsageSource) -> Generator[None]:
+    """Bind a coarse usage source for nested provider calls."""
+    token = bind_llm_usage_source(source)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        reset_llm_usage_source(token)

nanobot/llm_usage/models.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Content-free records emitted for physical LLM provider calls."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from nanobot.llm_usage.context import LLMUsageSource
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class LLMCallRecord:
+    """The small, chart-oriented result of one provider call attempt.
+
+    Request messages, response text, reasoning, and tool payloads deliberately do
+    not belong to this contract. Sessions already own that content.
+    """
+
+    started_at_ms: int
+    duration_ms: int
+    provider: str
+    model: str
+    source: LLMUsageSource
+    stream: bool
+    finish_reason: str
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
+    error_status_code: int | None = None
+    error_kind: str | None = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if self.started_at_ms < 0 or self.duration_ms < 0:
+            raise ValueError("LLM usage timestamps must be non-negative")
+        if not self.provider.strip() or not self.model.strip():
+            raise ValueError("LLM usage provider and model must be non-empty")
+        if self.source not in {"user", "api", "cron", "dream", "system"}:
+            raise ValueError("invalid LLM usage source")
+        if not self.finish_reason.strip():
+            raise ValueError("LLM usage finish_reason must be non-empty")

nanobot/llm_usage/store.py

@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+"""SQLite persistence and chart queries for LLM usage records."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sqlite3
+import threading
+import time
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from copy import deepcopy
+from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, cast
+from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo, ZoneInfoNotFoundError
+
+from nanobot.llm_usage.models import LLMCallRecord
+
+SCHEMA_VERSION = 1
+MAX_DAYS_RETAINED = 400
+MAX_CALLS_RETAINED = 100_000
+
+_ERROR_KINDS = frozenset({
+    "authentication",
+    "cancelled",
+    "configuration",
+    "connection",
+    "content_filter",
+    "context_length",
+    "empty",
+    "http",
+    "invalid_request",
+    "overloaded",
+    "permission",
+    "rate_limit",
+    "refusal",
+    "server_error",
+    "timeout",
+})
+_FINISH_REASONS = frozenset({
+    "cancelled",
+    "content_filter",
+    "error",
+    "function_call",
+    "length",
+    "refusal",
+    "stop",
+    "tool_calls",
+})
+
+_USAGE_COLUMNS = (
+    "input_tokens",
+    "output_tokens",
+    "cache_read_tokens",
+    "cache_write_tokens",
+    "cache_read_observed_input_tokens",
+    "cache_write_observed_input_tokens",
+    "total_tokens",
+    "reported_tokens",
+    "estimated_tokens",
+    "generation_ms",
+    "measured_output_tokens",
+    "ttft_ms",
+    "timed_requests",
+)
+_REQUEST_COLUMNS = (
+    "requests",
+    "successful_requests",
+    "failed_requests",
+    "reported_requests",
+    "estimated_requests",
+)
+_AGGREGATE_SQL = """
+    COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) AS input_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) AS output_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(cache_read_tokens), 0) AS cache_read_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(cache_write_tokens), 0) AS cache_write_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(
+        CASE WHEN cache_read_tokens IS NOT NULL THEN input_tokens ELSE 0 END
+    ), 0) AS cache_read_observed_input_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(
+        CASE WHEN cache_write_tokens IS NOT NULL THEN input_tokens ELSE 0 END
+    ), 0) AS cache_write_observed_input_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(total_tokens), 0) AS total_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(reported_tokens), 0) AS reported_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(estimated_tokens), 0) AS estimated_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(generation_ms), 0) AS generation_ms,
+    COALESCE(SUM(measured_output_tokens), 0) AS measured_output_tokens,
+    COALESCE(SUM(ttft_ms), 0) AS ttft_ms,
+    COALESCE(SUM(timed_requests), 0) AS timed_requests,
+    COUNT(*) AS requests,
+    COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN finish_reason IN ('error', 'cancelled') THEN 0 ELSE 1 END), 0)
+        AS successful_requests,
+    COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN finish_reason IN ('error', 'cancelled') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END), 0)
+        AS failed_requests,
+    COALESCE(SUM(
+        CASE WHEN total_tokens IS NOT NULL AND NOT (
+            estimated_tokens > 0 AND reported_tokens = 0
+        ) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
+    ), 0) AS reported_requests,
+    COALESCE(SUM(
+        CASE WHEN estimated_tokens > 0 AND reported_tokens = 0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
+    ), 0) AS estimated_requests,
+    COALESCE(SUM(duration_ms), 0) AS duration_ms
+"""
+
+
+def _zone(timezone_name: str | None) -> timezone | ZoneInfo:
+    if not timezone_name:
+        return timezone.utc
+    try:
+        return ZoneInfo(timezone_name)
+    except ZoneInfoNotFoundError:
+        return timezone.utc
+
+
+def _clean_error_kind(value: str | None) -> str | None:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    cleaned = value.strip().lower()
+    if not cleaned:
+        return None
+    return cleaned if cleaned in _ERROR_KINDS else "other"
+
+
+def _clean_finish_reason(value: str) -> str:
+    cleaned = value.strip().lower()
+    return cleaned if cleaned in _FINISH_REASONS else "other"
+
+
+def _clean_status_code(value: int | None) -> int | None:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        status = int(value)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+    return status if 100 <= status <= 599 else None
+
+
+def _as_int_row(row: sqlite3.Row) -> dict[str, int]:
+    return {
+        key: max(0, int(row[key] or 0))
+        for key in (*_USAGE_COLUMNS, *_REQUEST_COLUMNS, "duration_ms")
+    }
+
+
+def _empty_totals() -> dict[str, int]:
+    return {key: 0 for key in (*_USAGE_COLUMNS, *_REQUEST_COLUMNS, "duration_ms")}
+
+
+def _sum_rows(rows: Iterable[dict[str, Any]]) -> dict[str, int]:
+    totals = _empty_totals()
+    for row in rows:
+        for key in totals:
+            totals[key] += max(0, int(row.get(key) or 0))
+    return totals
+
+
+class LLMUsageStore:
+    """A small synchronous WAL database shared by gateway threads/processes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path: Path) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
+        self._connection: sqlite3.Connection | None = None
+        self._connection_pid: int | None = None
+        self._last_prune_utc_day: int | None = None
+        self._writes_since_size_prune = 0
+        self._write_version = 0
+        self._cached_payload_key: tuple[int, str, str, int, int] | None = None
+        self._cached_payload: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+
+    def _connect(self) -> sqlite3.Connection:
+        pid = os.getpid()
+        if self._connection is not None and self._connection_pid == pid:
+            return self._connection
+        if self._connection is not None:
+            self._connection.close()
+            self._cached_payload_key = None
+            self._cached_payload = None
+        self.path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        connection = sqlite3.connect(
+            self.path,
+            timeout=0.25,
+            isolation_level=None,
+            check_same_thread=False,
+        )
+        connection.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
+        connection.execute("PRAGMA busy_timeout = 250")
+        connection.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL")
+        connection.execute("PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL")
+        connection.execute("PRAGMA temp_store = MEMORY")
+        connection.create_function("llm_usage_local_day", 2, self._local_day, deterministic=True)
+        connection.executescript(
+            """
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS llm_calls (
+                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+                started_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                duration_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                provider TEXT NOT NULL,
+                model TEXT NOT NULL,
+                source TEXT NOT NULL,
+                stream INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                finish_reason TEXT NOT NULL,
+                input_tokens INTEGER,
+                output_tokens INTEGER,
+                total_tokens INTEGER,
+                cache_read_tokens INTEGER,
+                cache_write_tokens INTEGER,
+                reported_tokens INTEGER,
+                estimated_tokens INTEGER,
+                generation_ms INTEGER,
+                measured_output_tokens INTEGER,
+                ttft_ms INTEGER,
+                timed_requests INTEGER,
+                error_status_code INTEGER,
+                error_kind TEXT
+            );
+            CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS llm_calls_started_at_idx
+                ON llm_calls(started_at_ms);
+            CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS llm_calls_provider_model_time_idx
+                ON llm_calls(provider, model, started_at_ms);
+            """
+        )
+        connection.execute(f"PRAGMA user_version = {SCHEMA_VERSION}")
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._connection_pid = pid
+        return connection
+
+    def _read_connection(self) -> sqlite3.Connection:
+        connection = sqlite3.connect(
+            self.path,
+            timeout=0.25,
+            isolation_level=None,
+        )
+        connection.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
+        connection.execute("PRAGMA busy_timeout = 250")
+        connection.execute("PRAGMA query_only = ON")
+        connection.execute("PRAGMA temp_store = MEMORY")
+        connection.create_function("llm_usage_local_day", 2, self._local_day, deterministic=True)
+        return connection
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _local_day(started_at_ms: object, timezone_name: object) -> str | None:
+        if not isinstance(started_at_ms, int) or not isinstance(timezone_name, str):
+            return None
+        dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(started_at_ms / 1000, timezone.utc)
+        return dt.astimezone(_zone(timezone_name)).date().isoformat()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._connection is not None:
+                self._connection.close()
+            self._connection = None
+            self._connection_pid = None
+            self._cached_payload_key = None
+            self._cached_payload = None
+
+    def record(self, call: LLMCallRecord) -> None:
+        usage = call.usage
+        usage_data = usage.to_dict() if usage is not None else {}
+        values: tuple[object, ...] = (
+            call.started_at_ms,
+            call.duration_ms,
+            call.provider[:120],
+            call.model[:240],
+            call.source,
+            int(call.stream),
+            _clean_finish_reason(call.finish_reason),
+            *(
+                usage_data.get(key)
+                for key in (
+                    "input_tokens",
+                    "output_tokens",
+                    "total_tokens",
+                    "cache_read_tokens",
+                    "cache_write_tokens",
+                    "reported_tokens",
+                    "estimated_tokens",
+                    "generation_ms",
+                    "measured_output_tokens",
+                    "ttft_ms",
+                    "timed_requests",
+                )
+            ),
+            _clean_status_code(call.error_status_code),
+            _clean_error_kind(call.error_kind),
+        )
+        with self._lock:
+            connection = self._connect()
+            connection.execute(
+                """
+                INSERT INTO llm_calls (
+                    started_at_ms, duration_ms, provider, model, source, stream,
+                    finish_reason, input_tokens, output_tokens, total_tokens,
+                    cache_read_tokens, cache_write_tokens, reported_tokens,
+                    estimated_tokens, generation_ms, measured_output_tokens,
+                    ttft_ms, timed_requests, error_status_code, error_kind
+                ) VALUES (
+                    ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?
+                )
+                """,
+                values,
+            )
+            self._write_version += 1
+            self._cached_payload_key = None
+            self._cached_payload = None
+            self._prune_if_due(connection)
+
+    def _prune_if_due(self, connection: sqlite3.Connection) -> None:
+        utc_day = int(time.time() // 86_400)
+        self._writes_since_size_prune += 1
+        prune_age = self._last_prune_utc_day != utc_day
+        prune_size = self._writes_since_size_prune >= 1_024
+        if not prune_age and not prune_size:
+            return
+        if prune_age:
+            cutoff_ms = int(
+                (datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(days=MAX_DAYS_RETAINED)).timestamp()
+                * 1000
+            )
+            connection.execute("DELETE FROM llm_calls WHERE started_at_ms < ?", (cutoff_ms,))
+        connection.execute(
+            """
+            DELETE FROM llm_calls
+            WHERE id <= COALESCE((
+                SELECT id FROM llm_calls ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1 OFFSET ?
+            ), -1)
+            """,
+            (MAX_CALLS_RETAINED,),
+        )
+        self._last_prune_utc_day = utc_day
+        self._writes_since_size_prune = 0
+
+    def count(self) -> int:
+        with self._lock:
+            row = self._connect().execute("SELECT COUNT(*) AS count FROM llm_calls").fetchone()
+        return int(row["count"] if row is not None else 0)
+
+    def _aggregate(
+        self,
+        *,
+        connection: sqlite3.Connection,
+        start_ms: int | None,
+        end_ms: int,
+        group_by: tuple[str, ...] = (),
+        limit: int | None = None,
+    ) -> list[sqlite3.Row]:
+        selected = f"{', '.join(group_by)}, " if group_by else ""
+        where = "started_at_ms < ?"
+        params: list[object] = [end_ms]
+        if start_ms is not None:
+            where = "started_at_ms >= ? AND started_at_ms < ?"
+            params = [start_ms, end_ms]
+        query = f"SELECT {selected}{_AGGREGATE_SQL} FROM llm_calls WHERE {where}"
+        if group_by:
+            query += f" GROUP BY {', '.join(group_by)} ORDER BY total_tokens DESC"
+        if limit is not None:
+            query += " LIMIT ?"
+            params.append(limit)
+        return list(connection.execute(query, params).fetchall())
+
+    def _daily_rows(
+        self,
+        *,
+        connection: sqlite3.Connection,
+        start_ms: int,
+        end_ms: int,
+        timezone_name: str,
+    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        query = f"""
+            SELECT llm_usage_local_day(started_at_ms, ?) AS date, source,
+                   {_AGGREGATE_SQL}
+            FROM llm_calls
+            WHERE started_at_ms >= ? AND started_at_ms < ?
+            GROUP BY date, source
+            ORDER BY date, source
+        """
+        rows = connection.execute(
+            query,
+            (timezone_name, start_ms, end_ms),
+        ).fetchall()
+        by_date: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
+        for row in rows:
+            day = cast(str | None, row["date"])
+            if day is None:
+                continue
+            values = _as_int_row(row)
+            aggregate = by_date.setdefault(
+                day,
+                {"date": day, **_empty_totals(), "sources": {}},
+            )
+            for key, value in values.items():
+                aggregate[key] += value
+            aggregate["sources"][str(row["source"])] = values
+        return list(by_date.values())
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _midnight_ms(value: date, zone: timezone | ZoneInfo) -> int:
+        return int(datetime.combine(value, datetime.min.time(), tzinfo=zone).timestamp() * 1000)
+
+    def usage_payload(
+        self,
+        *,
+        days: int = 371,
+        timezone_name: str | None = None,
+        now: datetime | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        zone = _zone(timezone_name)
+        current = now or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        if current.tzinfo is None:
+            current = current.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        today = current.astimezone(zone).date()
+        safe_days = max(1, days)
+        zone_name = getattr(zone, "key", "UTC")
+
+        with self._lock:
+            data_version_row = self._connect().execute("PRAGMA data_version").fetchone()
+            data_version = int(data_version_row[0]) if data_version_row is not None else 0
+            write_version = self._write_version
+            cache_key = (
+                safe_days,
+                zone_name,
+                today.isoformat(),
+                write_version,
+                data_version,
+            )
+            if self._cached_payload_key == cache_key and self._cached_payload is not None:
+                return deepcopy(self._cached_payload)
+
+        connection = self._read_connection()
+        try:
+            connection.execute("BEGIN")
+            end_ms = self._midnight_ms(today + timedelta(days=1), zone)
+            retained_start = today - timedelta(days=MAX_DAYS_RETAINED - 1)
+            retained_start_ms = self._midnight_ms(retained_start, zone)
+            daily = self._daily_rows(
+                connection=connection,
+                start_ms=retained_start_ms,
+                end_ms=end_ms,
+                timezone_name=zone_name,
+            )
+
+            requested_start = today - timedelta(days=safe_days - 1)
+            visible_days = [row for row in daily if row["date"] >= requested_start.isoformat()]
+            last_30_start_ms = self._midnight_ms(today - timedelta(days=29), zone)
+
+            last_30_date = (today - timedelta(days=29)).isoformat()
+            last_365_date = (today - timedelta(days=364)).isoformat()
+            all_totals = _sum_rows(daily)
+            totals_30 = _sum_rows(row for row in daily if row["date"] >= last_30_date)
+            totals_365 = _sum_rows(row for row in daily if row["date"] >= last_365_date)
+
+            provider_rows = self._aggregate(
+                connection=connection,
+                start_ms=last_30_start_ms,
+                end_ms=end_ms,
+                group_by=("provider", "model"),
+                limit=50,
+            )
+            providers_30d = [
+                {
+                    "provider": str(row["provider"]),
+                    "model": str(row["model"]),
+                    **_as_int_row(row),
+                }
+                for row in provider_rows
+            ]
+
+            active_dates = {
+                date.fromisoformat(row["date"]) for row in daily if row["total_tokens"] > 0
+            }
+            current_streak = 0
+            cursor = today
+            while cursor in active_dates:
+                current_streak += 1
+                cursor -= timedelta(days=1)
+            longest_streak = 0
+            running_streak = 0
+            previous: date | None = None
+            for cursor in sorted(active_dates):
+                running_streak = running_streak + 1 if previous == cursor - timedelta(days=1) else 1
+                longest_streak = max(longest_streak, running_streak)
+                previous = cursor
+
+            latest = (
+                connection
+                .execute("SELECT MAX(started_at_ms) AS updated_at_ms FROM llm_calls")
+                .fetchone()
+            )
+            updated_at_ms = int(latest["updated_at_ms"] or 0) if latest is not None else 0
+            denominator = totals_30["cache_read_observed_input_tokens"]
+            payload = {
+                "days": visible_days,
+                "total_tokens": all_totals["total_tokens"],
+                "total_tokens_30d": totals_30["total_tokens"],
+                "total_tokens_365d": totals_365["total_tokens"],
+                "reported_tokens_30d": totals_30["reported_tokens"],
+                "estimated_tokens_30d": totals_30["estimated_tokens"],
+                "cache_read_tokens_30d": totals_30["cache_read_tokens"],
+                "cache_read_observed_input_tokens_30d": denominator,
+                "cache_read_rate_30d": (
+                    totals_30["cache_read_tokens"] / denominator if denominator else None
+                ),
+                "peak_day_tokens": max(
+                    (int(row["total_tokens"]) for row in daily),
+                    default=0,
+                ),
+                "current_streak_days": current_streak,
+                "longest_streak_days": longest_streak,
+                "active_days_30d": sum(
+                    1
+                    for row in daily
+                    if row["date"] >= last_30_date and row["total_tokens"] > 0
+                ),
+                "requests_30d": totals_30["requests"],
+                "failed_requests_30d": totals_30["failed_requests"],
+                "providers_30d": providers_30d,
+                "updated_at": (
+                    datetime.fromtimestamp(updated_at_ms / 1000, timezone.utc)
+                    .isoformat()
+                    .replace("+00:00", "Z")
+                    if updated_at_ms
+                    else None
+                ),
+            }
+        finally:
+            connection.close()
+
+        with self._lock:
+            latest_data_version_row = self._connect().execute("PRAGMA data_version").fetchone()
+            latest_data_version = (
+                int(latest_data_version_row[0])
+                if latest_data_version_row is not None
+                else 0
+            )
+            if self._write_version == write_version and latest_data_version == data_version:
+                self._cached_payload_key = cache_key
+                self._cached_payload = payload
+        return deepcopy(payload)
+
+    def recent_calls(self, *, limit: int = 100) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Return bounded metadata rows for diagnostics; never returns content."""
+        safe_limit = min(max(1, limit), 1_000)
+        with self._lock:
+            rows = (
+                self._connect()
+                .execute(
+                    """
+                SELECT * FROM llm_calls ORDER BY started_at_ms DESC, id DESC LIMIT ?
+                """,
+                    (safe_limit,),
+                )
+                .fetchall()
+            )
+        return [dict(row) for row in rows]
+
+    def record_many(self, calls: Iterable[LLMCallRecord]) -> None:
+        for call in calls:
+            self.record(call)

nanobot/nanobot.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ from nanobot.agent.loop import AgentLoop
 from nanobot.agent.tools.mcp import MCPProvider
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.config.schema import Config
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 from nanobot.providers.image_generation import image_gen_provider_configs
 from nanobot.sdk.clients import MemoryClient, RuntimeClient, SessionClient
 from nanobot.sdk.runtime import (
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ from nanobot.utils.llm_runtime import LLMRuntime
 
 __all__ = [
     "Nanobot",
+    "LLMUsage",
     "RunResult",
     "RunStream",
     "SessionInfo",
@@ -287,7 +289,7 @@ class Nanobot:
                     type=STREAM_EVENT_RUN_COMPLETED,
                     content=result.content,
                     result=result,
-                    usage=dict(result.usage),
+                    usage=result.usage,
                     metadata=dict(result.metadata),
                 ))
                 return result

nanobot/providers/__init__.py

@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from importlib import import_module
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, LLMResponse
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, LLMResponse, LLMUsage
 
 __all__ = [
     "LLMProvider",
     "LLMResponse",
+    "LLMUsage",
     "AnthropicProvider",
     "OpenAICompatProvider",
     "OpenAICodexProvider",

nanobot/providers/anthropic_provider.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from loguru import logger
 from nanobot.providers.base import (
     LLMProvider,
     LLMResponse,
+    LLMUsage,
     ToolCallRequest,
     resolve_stream_idle_timeout_s,
     tool_arguments_object_for_replay,
@@ -90,8 +91,10 @@ class AnthropicProvider(LLMProvider):
         api_base: str | None = None,
         default_model: str = "claude-sonnet-4-6",
         extra_headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        *,
+        provider_name: str = "anthropic",
     ):
-        super().__init__(api_key, api_base)
+        super().__init__(api_key, api_base, provider_name=provider_name)
         self.default_model = default_model
         self.extra_headers = extra_headers or {}
 
@@ -689,24 +692,25 @@ class AnthropicProvider(LLMProvider):
         stop_map = {"tool_use": "tool_calls", "end_turn": "stop", "max_tokens": "length"}
         finish_reason = stop_map.get(response.stop_reason or "", response.stop_reason or "stop")
 
-        usage: dict[str, int] = {}
+        usage: LLMUsage | None = None
         if response.usage:
-            input_tokens = response.usage.input_tokens
-            cache_creation = getattr(response.usage, "cache_creation_input_tokens", 0) or 0
-            cache_read = getattr(response.usage, "cache_read_input_tokens", 0) or 0
-            total_prompt_tokens = input_tokens + cache_creation + cache_read
-            usage = {
-                "prompt_tokens": total_prompt_tokens,
-                "completion_tokens": response.usage.output_tokens,
-                "total_tokens": total_prompt_tokens + response.usage.output_tokens,
-            }
-            for attr in ("cache_creation_input_tokens", "cache_read_input_tokens"):
-                val = getattr(response.usage, attr, 0)
-                if val:
-                    usage[attr] = val
-            # Normalize to cached_tokens for downstream consistency.
-            if cache_read:
-                usage["cached_tokens"] = cache_read
+            cache_write_raw = getattr(
+                response.usage,
+                "cache_creation_input_tokens",
+                None,
+            )
+            cache_read_raw = getattr(response.usage, "cache_read_input_tokens", None)
+            cache_write = int(cache_write_raw) if cache_write_raw is not None else None
+            cache_read = int(cache_read_raw) if cache_read_raw is not None else None
+            logical_input = int(response.usage.input_tokens) + (cache_write or 0) + (
+                cache_read or 0
+            )
+            usage = LLMUsage.reported(
+                input_tokens=logical_input,
+                output_tokens=int(response.usage.output_tokens),
+                cache_read_tokens=cache_read,
+                cache_write_tokens=cache_write,
+            )
 
         return LLMResponse(
             content="".join(content_parts) or None,

nanobot/providers/azure_openai_provider.py

@@ -106,8 +106,10 @@ class AzureOpenAIProvider(LLMProvider):
         api_key: str = "",
         api_base: str = "",
         default_model: str = "gpt-5.2-chat",
+        *,
+        provider_name: str = "azure_openai",
     ):
-        super().__init__(api_key, api_base)
+        super().__init__(api_key, api_base, provider_name=provider_name)
         self.default_model = default_model
         self._native_compaction_available = True
 

nanobot/providers/base.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import asyncio
 import json
 import os
 import re
+import time
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
 from contextlib import suppress
@@ -13,19 +14,23 @@ from copy import deepcopy
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from email.utils import parsedate_to_datetime
-from typing import Any, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, cast
 
 import json_repair
 from loguru import logger
 
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import sanitize_surrogates_deep
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from nanobot.llm_usage.models import LLMCallRecord
+
 STREAM_IDLE_TIMEOUT_ENV = "NANOBOT_STREAM_IDLE_TIMEOUT_S"
 DEFAULT_STREAM_IDLE_TIMEOUT_S = 90.0
 MAX_STREAM_IDLE_TIMEOUT_S = 3600.0
 RETRY_AFTER_BUFFER = 1
 
 RetryEventCallback = Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]]
+LLMCallObserver = Callable[["LLMCallRecord"], None]
 
 
 def resolve_stream_idle_timeout_s(
@@ -253,13 +258,298 @@ class ProviderCallContext:
     context_window_tokens: int | None = None
 
 
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class LLMUsage:
+    """Canonical token usage reported by, or estimated for, one or more LLM calls.
+
+    ``input_tokens`` is the logical input total and therefore includes cache reads
+    and writes.  ``None`` cache counts mean the wire protocol did not report that
+    metric, while zero means it explicitly reported no cache activity.
+
+    ``total_tokens`` preserves a provider-reported total when it exceeds the
+    visible input plus output (for example, hidden reasoning or tool usage).  It
+    must be at least ``input_tokens + output_tokens``.  The reported and estimated
+    totals partition it exactly, including after multi-call aggregation.
+    """
+
+    input_tokens: int
+    output_tokens: int
+    total_tokens: int
+    cache_read_tokens: int | None = None
+    cache_write_tokens: int | None = None
+    reported_tokens: int = 0
+    estimated_tokens: int = 0
+    generation_ms: int = 0
+    measured_output_tokens: int = 0
+    ttft_ms: int = 0
+    timed_requests: int = 0
+    context_tokens: int | None = None
+    request_count: int = 0
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        token_fields = {
+            "input_tokens": self.input_tokens,
+            "output_tokens": self.output_tokens,
+            "total_tokens": self.total_tokens,
+            "reported_tokens": self.reported_tokens,
+            "estimated_tokens": self.estimated_tokens,
+            "generation_ms": self.generation_ms,
+            "measured_output_tokens": self.measured_output_tokens,
+            "ttft_ms": self.ttft_ms,
+            "timed_requests": self.timed_requests,
+            "request_count": self.request_count,
+        }
+        for name, value in token_fields.items():
+            runtime_value = cast(object, value)
+            if (
+                not isinstance(runtime_value, int)
+                or isinstance(runtime_value, bool)
+                or runtime_value < 0
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(f"{name} must be a non-negative integer")
+        for name, value in (
+            ("cache_read_tokens", self.cache_read_tokens),
+            ("cache_write_tokens", self.cache_write_tokens),
+            ("context_tokens", self.context_tokens),
+        ):
+            runtime_value = cast(object, value)
+            if runtime_value is not None and (
+                not isinstance(runtime_value, int)
+                or isinstance(runtime_value, bool)
+                or runtime_value < 0
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(f"{name} must be None or a non-negative integer")
+
+        visible_total = self.input_tokens + self.output_tokens
+        if self.total_tokens < visible_total:
+            raise ValueError("total_tokens must be at least input_tokens + output_tokens")
+        if self.reported_tokens + self.estimated_tokens != self.total_tokens:
+            raise ValueError("reported_tokens + estimated_tokens must equal total_tokens")
+        cache_total = (self.cache_read_tokens or 0) + (self.cache_write_tokens or 0)
+        if cache_total > self.input_tokens:
+            raise ValueError("cache token counts cannot exceed logical input_tokens")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reported(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        input_tokens: int,
+        output_tokens: int,
+        total_tokens: int | None = None,
+        cache_read_tokens: int | None = None,
+        cache_write_tokens: int | None = None,
+    ) -> LLMUsage:
+        """Build usage normalized from a provider response."""
+        visible_total = input_tokens + output_tokens
+        normalized_total = (
+            visible_total if total_tokens is None else max(visible_total, total_tokens)
+        )
+        return cls(
+            input_tokens=input_tokens,
+            output_tokens=output_tokens,
+            total_tokens=normalized_total,
+            cache_read_tokens=cache_read_tokens,
+            cache_write_tokens=cache_write_tokens,
+            reported_tokens=normalized_total,
+            context_tokens=input_tokens,
+            request_count=1,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def estimated(cls, *, input_tokens: int, output_tokens: int) -> LLMUsage:
+        """Build usage estimated locally because the provider omitted it."""
+        return cls(
+            input_tokens=input_tokens,
+            output_tokens=output_tokens,
+            total_tokens=input_tokens + output_tokens,
+            estimated_tokens=input_tokens + output_tokens,
+            context_tokens=input_tokens,
+            request_count=1,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def empty_request(cls) -> LLMUsage:
+        """Represent a completed model request with no measurable token usage."""
+        return cls(
+            input_tokens=0,
+            output_tokens=0,
+            total_tokens=0,
+            request_count=1,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def source(self) -> Literal["reported", "estimated", "mixed"]:
+        if self.estimated_tokens == 0:
+            return "reported"
+        if self.reported_tokens == 0:
+            return "estimated"
+        return "mixed"
+
+    def with_timing(
+        self,
+        *,
+        generation_ms: int | None,
+        ttft_ms: int | None,
+    ) -> LLMUsage:
+        """Attach locally measured streaming telemetry to this usage value."""
+        return LLMUsage(
+            input_tokens=self.input_tokens,
+            output_tokens=self.output_tokens,
+            total_tokens=self.total_tokens,
+            cache_read_tokens=self.cache_read_tokens,
+            cache_write_tokens=self.cache_write_tokens,
+            reported_tokens=self.reported_tokens,
+            estimated_tokens=self.estimated_tokens,
+            generation_ms=max(0, generation_ms or 0),
+            measured_output_tokens=self.output_tokens if generation_ms is not None else 0,
+            ttft_ms=max(0, ttft_ms or 0),
+            timed_requests=1 if ttft_ms is not None else 0,
+            context_tokens=self.context_tokens,
+            request_count=self.request_count,
+        )
+
+    def __add__(self, other: LLMUsage) -> LLMUsage:
+        """Aggregate calls without turning partially reported cache data into a count."""
+
+        def _sum_cache(left: int | None, right: int | None) -> int | None:
+            return left + right if left is not None and right is not None else None
+
+        return LLMUsage(
+            input_tokens=self.input_tokens + other.input_tokens,
+            output_tokens=self.output_tokens + other.output_tokens,
+            total_tokens=self.total_tokens + other.total_tokens,
+            cache_read_tokens=_sum_cache(self.cache_read_tokens, other.cache_read_tokens),
+            cache_write_tokens=_sum_cache(self.cache_write_tokens, other.cache_write_tokens),
+            reported_tokens=self.reported_tokens + other.reported_tokens,
+            estimated_tokens=self.estimated_tokens + other.estimated_tokens,
+            generation_ms=self.generation_ms + other.generation_ms,
+            measured_output_tokens=(
+                self.measured_output_tokens + other.measured_output_tokens
+            ),
+            ttft_ms=self.ttft_ms + other.ttft_ms,
+            timed_requests=self.timed_requests + other.timed_requests,
+            context_tokens=(
+                other.context_tokens
+                if other.context_tokens is not None
+                else self.context_tokens
+            ),
+            request_count=self.request_count + other.request_count,
+        )
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, int | str | None]:
+        """Serialize the canonical contract at JSON/persistence boundaries."""
+        return {
+            "input_tokens": self.input_tokens,
+            "output_tokens": self.output_tokens,
+            "total_tokens": self.total_tokens,
+            "cache_read_tokens": self.cache_read_tokens,
+            "cache_write_tokens": self.cache_write_tokens,
+            "reported_tokens": self.reported_tokens,
+            "estimated_tokens": self.estimated_tokens,
+            "source": self.source,
+            "generation_ms": self.generation_ms,
+            "measured_output_tokens": self.measured_output_tokens,
+            "ttft_ms": self.ttft_ms,
+            "timed_requests": self.timed_requests,
+            "context_tokens": self.context_tokens,
+            "request_count": self.request_count,
+        }
+
+    def to_turn_dict(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Project canonical usage into the compact WebUI/TUI per-turn shape."""
+        result: dict[str, int] = {
+            "prompt_tokens": self.input_tokens,
+            "completion_tokens": self.output_tokens,
+            "total_tokens": self.total_tokens,
+            "request_count": self.request_count,
+            "estimated_tokens": self.estimated_tokens,
+        }
+        if self.context_tokens is not None:
+            result["context_tokens"] = self.context_tokens
+        if self.cache_read_tokens is not None:
+            result["cached_tokens"] = self.cache_read_tokens
+        if self.cache_write_tokens is not None:
+            result["cache_write_tokens"] = self.cache_write_tokens
+        if self.generation_ms > 0 and self.measured_output_tokens > 0:
+            result["generation_ms"] = self.generation_ms
+            result["measured_completion_tokens"] = self.measured_output_tokens
+        if self.timed_requests > 0:
+            result["ttft_ms"] = self.ttft_ms
+            result["timed_requests"] = self.timed_requests
+        return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, value: object) -> LLMUsage | None:
+        """Validate the exact first-party serialized contract."""
+        if not isinstance(value, dict):
+            return None
+        data = cast(dict[object, object], value)
+        integer_fields = (
+            "input_tokens",
+            "output_tokens",
+            "reported_tokens",
+            "estimated_tokens",
+            "generation_ms",
+            "measured_output_tokens",
+            "ttft_ms",
+            "timed_requests",
+            "request_count",
+        )
+        serialized_fields = {
+            *integer_fields,
+            "total_tokens",
+            "cache_read_tokens",
+            "cache_write_tokens",
+            "context_tokens",
+            "source",
+        }
+        if set(data) != serialized_fields:
+            return None
+        if any(
+            not isinstance(item := data.get(name), int) or isinstance(item, bool)
+            for name in integer_fields
+        ):
+            return None
+        cache_read = data.get("cache_read_tokens")
+        cache_write = data.get("cache_write_tokens")
+        context_tokens = data.get("context_tokens")
+        total = data.get("total_tokens")
+        source = data.get("source")
+        if any(
+            item is not None and (not isinstance(item, int) or isinstance(item, bool))
+            for item in (cache_read, cache_write, context_tokens)
+        ) or not isinstance(total, int) or isinstance(total, bool):
+            return None
+        try:
+            usage = cls(
+                input_tokens=cast(int, data["input_tokens"]),
+                output_tokens=cast(int, data["output_tokens"]),
+                total_tokens=total,
+                cache_read_tokens=cast(int | None, cache_read),
+                cache_write_tokens=cast(int | None, cache_write),
+                reported_tokens=cast(int, data["reported_tokens"]),
+                estimated_tokens=cast(int, data["estimated_tokens"]),
+                generation_ms=cast(int, data["generation_ms"]),
+                measured_output_tokens=cast(int, data["measured_output_tokens"]),
+                ttft_ms=cast(int, data["ttft_ms"]),
+                timed_requests=cast(int, data["timed_requests"]),
+                context_tokens=cast(int | None, context_tokens),
+                request_count=cast(int, data["request_count"]),
+            )
+        except (KeyError, ValueError):
+            return None
+        if source != usage.source:
+            return None
+        return usage
+
+
 @dataclass
 class LLMResponse:
     """Response from an LLM provider."""
     content: str | None
     tool_calls: list[ToolCallRequest] = field(default_factory=list)
     finish_reason: str = "stop"
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     # Locally measured streaming telemetry. ``generation_ms`` excludes time to
     # first token and provider retry gaps; ``ttft_ms`` measures the first
     # streamed reasoning/content delta from request start. They stay separate
@@ -383,10 +673,109 @@ class LLMProvider(ABC):
 
     _SENTINEL = object()
 
-    def __init__(self, api_key: str | None = None, api_base: str | None = None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        api_base: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        provider_name: str,
+    ):
+        runtime_provider_name = cast(object, provider_name)
+        if not isinstance(runtime_provider_name, str) or not runtime_provider_name.strip():
+            raise ValueError("provider_name must be a non-empty configured identity")
         self.api_key = api_key
         self.api_base = api_base
+        self.provider_name = provider_name
         self.generation: GenerationSettings = GenerationSettings()
+        self._llm_call_observer: LLMCallObserver | None = None
+
+    def set_llm_call_observer(self, observer: LLMCallObserver | None) -> None:
+        """Attach a fail-open observer for each physical retry-managed call."""
+        self._llm_call_observer = observer
+
+    def _usage_for_call(
+        self,
+        response: LLMResponse,
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> LLMUsage | None:
+        usage = response.usage
+        if usage is None or usage.total_tokens == 0:
+            if response.finish_reason in {"error", "cancelled"}:
+                return None
+            messages = kwargs.get("messages")
+            if not isinstance(messages, list):
+                return usage
+            tools_value = kwargs.get("tools")
+            tools = cast(list[dict[str, Any]], tools_value) if isinstance(tools_value, list) else None
+            model_value = kwargs.get("model")
+            model = model_value if isinstance(model_value, str) else self.get_default_model()
+            try:
+                from nanobot.utils.helpers import (
+                    build_assistant_message,
+                    estimate_message_tokens,
+                    estimate_prompt_tokens_chain,
+                )
+
+                input_tokens, _ = estimate_prompt_tokens_chain(
+                    self,
+                    model,
+                    cast(list[dict[str, Any]], messages),
+                    tools,
+                )
+                assistant_message = build_assistant_message(
+                    response.content or "",
+                    tool_calls=[call.to_openai_tool_call() for call in response.tool_calls],
+                    reasoning_content=response.reasoning_content,
+                    thinking_blocks=response.thinking_blocks,
+                )
+                usage = LLMUsage.estimated(
+                    input_tokens=max(0, input_tokens),
+                    output_tokens=max(0, estimate_message_tokens(assistant_message)),
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception("failed to estimate usage for {}", self.provider_name)
+                return usage
+        return usage.with_timing(
+            generation_ms=response.generation_ms,
+            ttft_ms=response.ttft_ms,
+        )
+
+    def _observe_llm_call(
+        self,
+        response: LLMResponse,
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        started_at_ms: int,
+        started_at_ns: int,
+        stream: bool,
+    ) -> LLMResponse:
+        observer = self._llm_call_observer
+        if observer is None:
+            return response
+        usage = self._usage_for_call(response, kwargs)
+        if usage is not None:
+            response.usage = usage
+        model_value = kwargs.get("model")
+        model = model_value if isinstance(model_value, str) and model_value else self.get_default_model()
+        try:
+            from nanobot.llm_usage.context import current_llm_usage_source
+            from nanobot.llm_usage.models import LLMCallRecord
+
+            observer(LLMCallRecord(
+                started_at_ms=started_at_ms,
+                duration_ms=max(0, (time.monotonic_ns() - started_at_ns) // 1_000_000),
+                provider=self.provider_name,
+                model=model,
+                source=current_llm_usage_source(),
+                stream=stream,
+                finish_reason=response.finish_reason,
+                usage=usage,
+                error_status_code=response.error_status_code,
+                error_kind=response.error_kind,
+            ))
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception("LLM call observer failed for {}", self.provider_name)
+        return response
 
     def can_resume_conversation_state(
         self,
@@ -773,18 +1162,39 @@ class LLMProvider(ABC):
 
     async def _safe_chat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> LLMResponse:
         """Call chat() and convert unexpected exceptions to error responses."""
+        started_at_ms = time.time_ns() // 1_000_000
+        started_at_ns = time.monotonic_ns()
         try:
             provider_context = kwargs.pop("provider_context", None)
             if isinstance(provider_context, ProviderCallContext):
-                return await self.chat_with_context(
+                response = await self.chat_with_context(
                     provider_context=provider_context,
                     **kwargs,
                 )
-            return await self.chat(**kwargs)
+            else:
+                response = await self.chat(**kwargs)
         except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            self._observe_llm_call(
+                LLMResponse(
+                    content=None,
+                    finish_reason="cancelled",
+                    error_kind="cancelled",
+                ),
+                kwargs,
+                started_at_ms=started_at_ms,
+                started_at_ns=started_at_ns,
+                stream=False,
+            )
             raise
         except Exception as exc:
-            return LLMResponse(content=f"Error calling LLM: {exc}", finish_reason="error")
+            response = LLMResponse(content=f"Error calling LLM: {exc}", finish_reason="error")
+        return self._observe_llm_call(
+            response,
+            kwargs,
+            started_at_ms=started_at_ms,
+            started_at_ns=started_at_ns,
+            stream=False,
+        )
 
     async def chat_stream(
         self,
@@ -847,18 +1257,39 @@ class LLMProvider(ABC):
 
     async def _safe_chat_stream(self, **kwargs: Any) -> LLMResponse:
         """Call chat_stream() and convert unexpected exceptions to error responses."""
+        started_at_ms = time.time_ns() // 1_000_000
+        started_at_ns = time.monotonic_ns()
         try:
             provider_context = kwargs.pop("provider_context", None)
             if isinstance(provider_context, ProviderCallContext):
-                return await self.chat_stream_with_context(
+                response = await self.chat_stream_with_context(
                     provider_context=provider_context,
                     **kwargs,
                 )
-            return await self.chat_stream(**kwargs)
+            else:
+                response = await self.chat_stream(**kwargs)
         except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            self._observe_llm_call(
+                LLMResponse(
+                    content=None,
+                    finish_reason="cancelled",
+                    error_kind="cancelled",
+                ),
+                kwargs,
+                started_at_ms=started_at_ms,
+                started_at_ns=started_at_ns,
+                stream=True,
+            )
             raise
         except Exception as exc:
-            return LLMResponse(content=f"Error calling LLM: {exc}", finish_reason="error")
+            response = LLMResponse(content=f"Error calling LLM: {exc}", finish_reason="error")
+        return self._observe_llm_call(
+            response,
+            kwargs,
+            started_at_ms=started_at_ms,
+            started_at_ns=started_at_ns,
+            stream=True,
+        )
 
     async def chat_stream_with_retry(
         self,

nanobot/providers/bedrock_provider.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from typing import Any, cast
 from nanobot.providers.base import (
     LLMProvider,
     LLMResponse,
+    LLMUsage,
     ToolCallRequest,
     parse_tool_arguments,
     resolve_stream_idle_timeout_s,
@@ -60,8 +61,9 @@ class BedrockProvider(LLMProvider):
         profile: str | None = None,
         extra_body: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         client: Any | None = None,
+        provider_name: str = "bedrock",
     ):
-        super().__init__(api_key, api_base)
+        super().__init__(api_key, api_base, provider_name=provider_name)
         self.default_model = default_model
         self.region = region or os.environ.get("AWS_REGION") or os.environ.get("AWS_DEFAULT_REGION")
         self.profile = profile
@@ -453,25 +455,25 @@ class BedrockProvider(LLMProvider):
         }.get(stop_reason or "", stop_reason or "stop")
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _usage(usage: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, int]:
+    def _usage(usage: dict[str, Any] | None) -> LLMUsage | None:
         if not usage:
-            return {}
-        prompt = int(usage.get("inputTokens") or 0)
-        completion = int(usage.get("outputTokens") or 0)
-        total = int(usage.get("totalTokens") or prompt + completion)
-        result = {
-            "prompt_tokens": prompt,
-            "completion_tokens": completion,
-            "total_tokens": total,
-        }
-        cache_read = int(usage.get("cacheReadInputTokens") or 0)
-        cache_write = int(usage.get("cacheWriteInputTokens") or 0)
-        if cache_read:
-            result["cached_tokens"] = cache_read
-            result["cache_read_input_tokens"] = cache_read
-        if cache_write:
-            result["cache_creation_input_tokens"] = cache_write
-        return result
+            return None
+
+        def _optional_count(key: str) -> int | None:
+            raw = usage.get(key)
+            return int(raw) if raw is not None else None
+
+        cache_read = _optional_count("cacheReadInputTokens")
+        cache_write = _optional_count("cacheWriteInputTokens")
+        logical_input = int(usage.get("inputTokens") or 0) + (cache_read or 0) + (
+            cache_write or 0
+        )
+        return LLMUsage.reported(
+            input_tokens=logical_input,
+            output_tokens=int(usage.get("outputTokens") or 0),
+            cache_read_tokens=cache_read,
+            cache_write_tokens=cache_write,
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_reasoning(block: dict[str, Any]) -> tuple[str | None, dict[str, Any] | None]:

nanobot/providers/factory.py

@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ def _make_provider_core(
             default_model=model,
             proxy=getattr(p, "proxy", None) if p else None,
             extra_body=p.extra_body if p else None,
+            provider_name=provider_name,
         )
     elif backend == "xai_grok":
         from nanobot.providers.xai_grok_provider import XAIGrokProvider
@@ -180,6 +181,7 @@ def _make_provider_core(
             default_model=model,
             proxy=getattr(p, "proxy", None) if p else None,
             extra_body=p.extra_body if p else None,
+            provider_name=provider_name,
         )
     elif backend == "azure_openai":
         from nanobot.providers.azure_openai_provider import AzureOpenAIProvider
@@ -190,11 +192,12 @@ def _make_provider_core(
             api_key=p.api_key or "",
             api_base=p.api_base,
             default_model=model,
+            provider_name=provider_name,
         )
     elif backend == "github_copilot":
         from nanobot.providers.github_copilot_provider import GitHubCopilotProvider
 
-        provider = GitHubCopilotProvider(default_model=model)
+        provider = GitHubCopilotProvider(default_model=model, provider_name=provider_name)
     elif backend == "anthropic":
         from nanobot.providers.anthropic_provider import AnthropicProvider
 
@@ -203,6 +206,7 @@ def _make_provider_core(
             api_base=config.get_api_base(model, preset=preset),
             default_model=model,
             extra_headers=_provider_extra_headers(spec, p),
+            provider_name=provider_name,
         )
     elif backend == "bedrock":
         from nanobot.providers.bedrock_provider import BedrockProvider
@@ -214,6 +218,7 @@ def _make_provider_core(
             region=getattr(p, "region", None) if p else None,
             profile=getattr(p, "profile", None) if p else None,
             extra_body=p.extra_body if p else None,
+            provider_name=provider_name,
         )
     else:
         from nanobot.providers.openai_compat_provider import OpenAICompatProvider
@@ -228,6 +233,7 @@ def _make_provider_core(
             api_type=p.api_type if p and provider_name == "openai" else "auto",
             extra_query=p.extra_query if p else None,
             proxy=p.proxy if p else None,
+            provider_name=provider_name,
         )
 
     provider.generation = preset.to_generation_settings()

nanobot/providers/fallback_provider.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ from loguru import logger
 
 from nanobot.providers.base import (
     GenerationSettings,
+    LLMCallObserver,
     LLMProvider,
     LLMResponse,
     ProviderCallContext,
@@ -124,7 +125,10 @@ class FallbackProvider(LLMProvider):
         fallback_model_observer: FallbackModelObserver | None = None,
         primary_context_window_tokens: int | None = None,
     ):
+        primary_generation = primary.generation
         self._primary = primary
+        super().__init__(provider_name=primary.provider_name)
+        self._primary.generation = primary_generation
         self._fallback_presets = list(fallback_presets)
         self._provider_factory = provider_factory
         self._fallback_model_observer = fallback_model_observer
@@ -148,6 +152,11 @@ class FallbackProvider(LLMProvider):
         """Attach a process-level observer without changing request call signatures."""
         self._fallback_model_observer = observer
 
+    def set_llm_call_observer(self, observer: LLMCallObserver | None) -> None:
+        """Attach usage recording to the primary and future fallback leaves."""
+        super().set_llm_call_observer(observer)
+        self._primary.set_llm_call_observer(observer)
+
     @property
     def supports_progress_deltas(self) -> bool:
         return bool(getattr(self._primary, "supports_progress_deltas", False))
@@ -503,6 +512,7 @@ class FallbackProvider(LLMProvider):
                 )
             try:
                 fallback_provider = self._provider_factory(fallback)
+                fallback_provider.set_llm_call_observer(self._llm_call_observer)
             except Exception as exc:
                 logger.warning(
                     "Failed to create provider for fallback '{}': {}", fallback_model, exc

nanobot/providers/github_copilot_provider.py

@@ -174,7 +174,12 @@ def login_github_copilot(
 class GitHubCopilotProvider(OpenAICompatProvider):
     """Provider that exchanges a stored GitHub OAuth token for Copilot access tokens."""
 
-    def __init__(self, default_model: str = "github-copilot/gpt-4.1"):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default_model: str = "github-copilot/gpt-4.1",
+        *,
+        provider_name: str = "github_copilot",
+    ):
         from nanobot.providers.registry import find_by_name
 
         self._copilot_access_token: str | None = None
@@ -190,6 +195,7 @@ class GitHubCopilotProvider(OpenAICompatProvider):
                 "User-Agent": USER_AGENT,
             },
             spec=find_by_name("github_copilot"),
+            provider_name=provider_name,
         )
 
     async def _get_copilot_access_token(self) -> str:

nanobot/providers/image_generation.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from nanobot.providers.registry import find_by_name
 from nanobot.security.network import (
     PinnedDNSAsyncTransport,
     UnsafeURLRequestError,
-    resolve_url_target,
+    async_resolve_url_target,
 )
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import detect_image_mime
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ async def _download_image_data_url(
             current_url = url
             for _ in range(_IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_MAX_REDIRECTS + 1):
                 if proxy:
-                    ok, error, _ = resolve_url_target(
+                    ok, error, _ = await async_resolve_url_target(
                         current_url,
                         trust_remote_dns=True,
                     )

nanobot/providers/openai_codex_provider.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import asyncio
 import hashlib
 import json
+import ssl
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
 from typing import Any, cast
 
@@ -50,12 +51,26 @@ class OpenAICodexProvider(LLMProvider):
         default_model: str = "openai-codex/gpt-5.6-sol",
         proxy: str | None = None,
         extra_body: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        *,
+        provider_name: str = "openai_codex",
     ):
-        super().__init__(api_key=None, api_base=None)
+        super().__init__(api_key=None, api_base=None, provider_name=provider_name)
         self.default_model = default_model
         self.proxy = proxy or None
         self._extra_body = dict(extra_body or {})
         self._native_compaction_available = True
+        self._ssl_contexts: dict[bool, ssl.SSLContext] = {}
+
+    def _ssl_context(self, *, verify: bool) -> ssl.SSLContext:
+        """Reuse synchronous TLS setup across requests on the shared event loop."""
+        context = self._ssl_contexts.get(verify)
+        if context is None:
+            context = httpx.create_ssl_context(
+                verify=verify,
+                trust_env=self.proxy is None,
+            )
+            self._ssl_contexts[verify] = context
+        return context
 
     async def _call_codex(
         self,
@@ -129,7 +144,7 @@ class OpenAICodexProvider(LLMProvider):
                         DEFAULT_CODEX_URL,
                         headers,
                         wire_body,
-                        verify=True,
+                        verify=self._ssl_context(verify=True),
                         proxy=self.proxy,
                         on_content_delta=on_content_delta if emit_deltas else None,
                         on_thinking_delta=on_thinking_delta if emit_deltas else None,
@@ -145,7 +160,7 @@ class OpenAICodexProvider(LLMProvider):
                         DEFAULT_CODEX_URL,
                         headers,
                         wire_body,
-                        verify=False,
+                        verify=self._ssl_context(verify=False),
                         proxy=self.proxy,
                         on_content_delta=on_content_delta if emit_deltas else None,
                         on_thinking_delta=on_thinking_delta if emit_deltas else None,
@@ -411,7 +426,7 @@ async def _request_codex(
     url: str,
     headers: dict[str, str],
     body: dict[str, Any],
-    verify: bool,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | bool,
     proxy: str | None = None,
     on_content_delta: Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
     on_thinking_delta: Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,

nanobot/providers/openai_compat_provider.py

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ from pydantic.alias_generators import to_snake
 from nanobot.providers.base import (
     LLMProvider,
     LLMResponse,
+    LLMUsage,
     ProviderCallContext,
     ProviderConversationState,
     ToolCallRequest,
@@ -517,8 +518,9 @@ class OpenAICompatProvider(LLMProvider):
         api_type: str = "auto",
         extra_query: dict[str, str] | None = None,
         proxy: str | None = None,
+        provider_name: str = "openai",
     ):
-        super().__init__(api_key, api_base)
+        super().__init__(api_key, api_base, provider_name=provider_name)
         self.default_model = default_model
         self.extra_headers = extra_headers or {}
         self._spec = spec
@@ -1428,12 +1430,12 @@ class OpenAICompatProvider(LLMProvider):
         return "".join(parts) or None
 
     @classmethod
-    def _extract_usage(cls, response: Any) -> dict[str, int]:
+    def _extract_usage(cls, response: Any) -> LLMUsage | None:
         """Extract token usage from an OpenAI-compatible response.
 
         Handles both dict-based (raw JSON) and object-based (SDK Pydantic)
-        responses.  Provider-specific ``cached_tokens`` fields are normalised
-        under a single key; see the priority chain inside for details.
+        responses. Provider-specific cache fields are normalized once at
+        this Chat Completions wire boundary.
         """
         # --- resolve usage object ---
         usage_obj = None
@@ -1445,21 +1447,18 @@ class OpenAICompatProvider(LLMProvider):
 
         usage_map = cls._maybe_mapping(usage_obj)
         if usage_map is not None:
-            result = {
-                "prompt_tokens": int(usage_map.get("prompt_tokens") or 0),
-                "completion_tokens": int(usage_map.get("completion_tokens") or 0),
-                "total_tokens": int(usage_map.get("total_tokens") or 0),
-            }
+            input_tokens = int(usage_map.get("prompt_tokens") or 0)
+            output_tokens = int(usage_map.get("completion_tokens") or 0)
         elif usage_obj:
-            result = {
-                "prompt_tokens": getattr(usage_obj, "prompt_tokens", 0) or 0,
-                "completion_tokens": getattr(usage_obj, "completion_tokens", 0) or 0,
-                "total_tokens": getattr(usage_obj, "total_tokens", 0) or 0,
-            }
+            input_tokens = int(getattr(usage_obj, "prompt_tokens", 0) or 0)
+            output_tokens = int(getattr(usage_obj, "completion_tokens", 0) or 0)
         else:
-            return {}
+            return None
 
-        # --- cached_tokens (normalised across providers) ---
+        wire_total = cls._get_nested_int(usage_obj, ("total_tokens",))
+
+        cache_read: int | None = None
+        # --- cached_tokens (normalised across Chat-compatible providers) ---
         # Try nested paths first (dict), fall back to attribute (SDK object).
         # Priority order ensures the most specific field wins.
         for path in (
@@ -1468,17 +1467,28 @@ class OpenAICompatProvider(LLMProvider):
             ("prompt_cache_hit_tokens",),                # DeepSeek/SiliconFlow
         ):
             cached = cls._get_nested_int(usage_map, path)
-            if not cached and usage_obj:
+            if cached is None and usage_obj:
                 cached = cls._get_nested_int(usage_obj, path)
-            if cached:
-                result["cached_tokens"] = cached
+            if cached is not None:
+                cache_read = cached
                 break
 
-        return result
+        cache_write = cls._get_nested_int(
+            usage_obj,
+            ("prompt_tokens_details", "cache_write_tokens"),
+        )
+
+        return LLMUsage.reported(
+            input_tokens=input_tokens,
+            output_tokens=output_tokens,
+            total_tokens=wire_total,
+            cache_read_tokens=cache_read,
+            cache_write_tokens=cache_write,
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _get_nested_int(obj: object, path: tuple[str, ...]) -> int:
-        """Drill into *obj* by *path* segments and return an ``int`` value.
+    def _get_nested_int(obj: object, path: tuple[str, ...]) -> int | None:
+        """Return a present usage count while preserving explicit zero.
 
         Supports both dict-key access and attribute access so it works
         uniformly with raw JSON dicts **and** SDK Pydantic models.
@@ -1486,12 +1496,17 @@ class OpenAICompatProvider(LLMProvider):
         current: object = obj
         for segment in path:
             if current is None:
-                return 0
+                return None
             if isinstance(current, dict):
                 current = cast(dict[str, Any], current).get(segment)
             else:
                 current = getattr(current, segment, None)
-        return int(cast(Any, current) or 0) if current is not None else 0
+        if current is None or isinstance(current, bool):
+            return None
+        try:
+            return int(cast(Any, current))
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None
 
     def _parse(self, response: Any) -> LLMResponse:
         if isinstance(response, str):
@@ -1645,7 +1660,7 @@ class OpenAICompatProvider(LLMProvider):
         reasoning_parts: list[str] = []
         tc_bufs: dict[int, dict[str, Any]] = {}
         finish_reason = "stop"
-        usage: dict[str, int] = {}
+        usage: LLMUsage | None = None
 
         def _accum_tc(tc: Any, idx_hint: int) -> None:
             """Accumulate one streaming tool-call delta into *tc_bufs*."""

nanobot/providers/openai_responses/parsing.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from typing import Any, AsyncGenerator, cast
 import httpx
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse, ToolCallRequest, parse_tool_arguments
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMResponse, LLMUsage, ToolCallRequest, parse_tool_arguments
 from nanobot.providers.openai_responses.state import build_responses_state
 
 FINISH_REASON_MAP = {
@@ -186,33 +186,40 @@ def _response_finish_reason(
     return map_finish_reason(terminal_status)
 
 
-def _usage_from_response_obj(response: object) -> dict[str, int]:
+def _usage_from_response_obj(response: object) -> LLMUsage | None:
     response_object = _response_object(response)
     usage_raw: object = (
         response_object.get("usage")
         if response_object is not None
         else getattr(response, "usage", None)
     )
-    if not usage_raw:
-        return {}
+    if usage_raw is None:
+        return None
     usage = _response_object(usage_raw)
     if usage is None:
-        return {}
-    prompt_tokens = int(usage.get("input_tokens") or usage.get("prompt_tokens") or 0)
-    completion_tokens = int(
-        usage.get("output_tokens") or usage.get("completion_tokens") or 0
-    )
-    total_tokens = int(usage.get("total_tokens") or prompt_tokens + completion_tokens)
-    result = {
-        "prompt_tokens": prompt_tokens,
-        "completion_tokens": completion_tokens,
-        "total_tokens": total_tokens,
-    }
+        return None
+
+    def _usage_int(container: dict[str, Any] | None, key: str) -> int | None:
+        if container is None:
+            return None
+        raw = container.get(key)
+        if raw is None or isinstance(raw, bool):
+            return None
+        try:
+            return int(raw)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None
+
+    input_tokens = _usage_int(usage, "input_tokens") or 0
+    output_tokens = _usage_int(usage, "output_tokens") or 0
     input_details = _response_object(usage.get("input_tokens_details"))
-    cached_tokens = int(input_details.get("cached_tokens") or 0) if input_details else 0
-    if cached_tokens > 0:
-        result["cached_tokens"] = cached_tokens
-    return result
+    return LLMUsage.reported(
+        input_tokens=input_tokens,
+        output_tokens=output_tokens,
+        total_tokens=_usage_int(usage, "total_tokens"),
+        cache_read_tokens=_usage_int(input_details, "cached_tokens"),
+        cache_write_tokens=_usage_int(input_details, "cache_write_tokens"),
+    )
 
 
 def _parse_tool_call_arguments(args_raw: Any, name: str | None) -> Any:
@@ -352,14 +359,14 @@ async def consume_sse_with_reasoning(
     on_reasoning_delta: Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
     on_response_event: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
     capture: ResponsesStreamCapture | None = None,
-) -> tuple[str, list[ToolCallRequest], str, dict[str, int], str | None]:
+) -> tuple[str, list[ToolCallRequest], str, LLMUsage | None, str | None]:
     """Consume a Responses API SSE stream, including visible reasoning summaries."""
     content = ""
     tool_calls: list[ToolCallRequest] = []
     tool_call_buffers: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
     tool_call_args_emitted: set[str] = set()
     finish_reason = "stop"
-    usage: dict[str, int] = {}
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     reasoning_content: str | None = None
     streamed_reasoning = False
     reasoning_summary_key: tuple[str | None, int] | None = None
@@ -657,14 +664,14 @@ async def consume_sdk_stream(
     on_tool_call_delta: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
     on_reasoning_delta: Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
     capture: ResponsesStreamCapture | None = None,
-) -> tuple[str, list[ToolCallRequest], str, dict[str, int], str | None]:
+) -> tuple[str, list[ToolCallRequest], str, LLMUsage | None, str | None]:
     """Consume an SDK async stream from ``client.responses.create(stream=True)``."""
     content = ""
     tool_calls: list[ToolCallRequest] = []
     tool_call_buffers: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
     tool_call_args_emitted: set[str] = set()
     finish_reason = "stop"
-    usage: dict[str, int] = {}
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     reasoning_content: str | None = None
     streamed_reasoning = False
     refusal_seen = False
@@ -823,20 +830,7 @@ async def consume_sdk_stream(
                 if on_content_delta and remaining_text:
                     await on_content_delta(remaining_text)
             if resp:
-                usage_obj = getattr(resp, "usage", None)
-                if usage_obj:
-                    usage = {
-                        "prompt_tokens": int(getattr(usage_obj, "input_tokens", 0) or 0),
-                        "completion_tokens": int(getattr(usage_obj, "output_tokens", 0) or 0),
-                        "total_tokens": int(getattr(usage_obj, "total_tokens", 0) or 0),
-                    }
-                    usage_data = _response_object(usage_obj) or {}
-                    input_details = _response_object(usage_data.get("input_tokens_details"))
-                    cached_tokens = (
-                        int(input_details.get("cached_tokens") or 0) if input_details else 0
-                    )
-                    if cached_tokens > 0:
-                        usage["cached_tokens"] = cached_tokens
+                usage = _usage_from_response_obj(resp) or usage
                 if not reasoning_content:
                     reasoning_content = _extract_reasoning_summary_from_output(
                         getattr(resp, "output", None)

nanobot/providers/openai_responses/state.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import Any, cast
 
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.providers.base import ProviderConversationState
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage, ProviderConversationState
 from nanobot.providers.openai_responses.converters import convert_messages
 
 RESPONSES_STATE_KIND = "openai_responses"
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def build_responses_state(
     model: str,
     input_items: list[dict[str, Any]],
     output_items: list[dict[str, Any]],
-    usage: dict[str, int] | None = None,
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None,
 ) -> ProviderConversationState:
     """Create the canonical next state from request input and every output item."""
     unpruned_items = [*input_items, *output_items]
@@ -178,16 +178,8 @@ def _prune_before_latest_output_compaction(
     return output_items[latest:]
 
 
-def _context_tokens_from_usage(usage: dict[str, int] | None) -> int:
-    if not usage:
-        return 0
-    prompt_tokens = usage.get("prompt_tokens", 0)
-    completion_tokens = usage.get("completion_tokens", 0)
-    total_tokens = usage.get("total_tokens", 0)
-    values = (prompt_tokens, completion_tokens, total_tokens)
-    if any(isinstance(value, bool) for value in values):
-        return 0
-    return max(0, total_tokens or prompt_tokens + completion_tokens)
+def _context_tokens_from_usage(usage: LLMUsage | None) -> int:
+    return usage.total_tokens if usage is not None else 0
 
 
 def _state_items(

nanobot/providers/unconfigured_provider.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class UnconfiguredProvider(LLMProvider):
     """Keep the gateway available for settings before a model is configured."""
 
     def __init__(self, default_model: str) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
+        super().__init__(provider_name="unconfigured")
         self._default_model = default_model
 
     async def chat(

nanobot/providers/xai_grok_provider.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from nanobot import __version__
 from nanobot.providers.base import (
     LLMProvider,
     LLMResponse,
+    LLMUsage,
     ToolCallRequest,
     resolve_stream_idle_timeout_s,
 )
@@ -69,8 +70,10 @@ class XAIGrokProvider(LLMProvider):
         default_model: str = DEFAULT_XAI_GROK_MODEL,
         proxy: str | None = None,
         extra_body: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        *,
+        provider_name: str = "xai_grok",
     ):
-        super().__init__(api_key=None, api_base=None)
+        super().__init__(api_key=None, api_base=None, provider_name=provider_name)
         self.default_model = default_model
         self.proxy = proxy or None
         self._extra_body = dict(extra_body or {})
@@ -436,7 +439,7 @@ async def _request_xai(
     on_content_delta: Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
     on_thinking_delta: Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
     on_tool_call_delta: Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
-) -> tuple[str, list[ToolCallRequest], str, dict[str, int], str | None]:
+) -> tuple[str, list[ToolCallRequest], str, LLMUsage | None, str | None]:
     async def _on_response_event(event: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         hosted_event = _xai_hosted_tool_event(event)
         if hosted_event is not None and on_tool_call_delta is not None:

nanobot/sdk/clients.py

@@ -210,18 +210,20 @@ class RuntimeClient:
 
     async def compact_session(self, session_key: str) -> SessionSnapshot:
         """Run token consolidation for one session."""
-        session = self._loop.sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
-        runtime = self._loop.runtime_for_session(session)
+        session = await self._loop.sessions.get_or_create_async(session_key)
+        runtime = await self._loop.runtime_for_session_async(session)
         await self._loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens(
             session,
             runtime=runtime,
         )
-        return snapshot_from_session(self._loop.sessions.get_or_create(session_key))
+        return snapshot_from_session(
+            await self._loop.sessions.get_or_create_async(session_key)
+        )
 
     async def compact_idle_session(self, session_key: str, *, max_suffix: int = 8) -> str | None:
         """Run idle-session compaction for one session and return the summary."""
-        session = self._loop.sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
-        runtime = self._loop.runtime_for_session(session)
+        session = await self._loop.sessions.get_or_create_async(session_key)
+        runtime = await self._loop.runtime_for_session_async(session)
         return await self._loop.consolidator.compact_idle_session(
             session_key,
             runtime=runtime,

nanobot/sdk/types.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from copy import deepcopy
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import Any, Literal, Mapping, TypeAlias, cast
 
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 from nanobot.runtime_context import public_history_messages
 
 StreamEventType: TypeAlias = Literal[
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ class RunResult:
     content: str
     tools_used: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
     messages: list[dict[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=list)
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     stop_reason: str | None = None
     error: str | None = None
     metadata: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ class StreamEvent:
     arguments: dict[str, Any] | None = None
     iteration: int | None = None
     resuming: bool | None = None
-    usage: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    usage: LLMUsage | None = None
     error: str | None = None
     metadata: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
 

nanobot/security/network.py

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ _BLOCKED_NETWORKS = [
 
 _URL_RE = re.compile(r"https?://[^\s\"'`;|<>]+", re.IGNORECASE)
 _allowed_networks: list[ipaddress.IPv4Network | ipaddress.IPv6Network] = []
+_DNS_RESOLUTION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 5.0
 
 
 def is_loopback_host(host: str) -> bool:
@@ -75,6 +76,63 @@ def _is_private(addr: ipaddress.IPv4Address | ipaddress.IPv6Address) -> bool:
     return any(normalized in net for net in _BLOCKED_NETWORKS)
 
 
+def _parse_url_hostname(url: str) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
+    try:
+        parsed = urlparse(url)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        return None, str(exc)
+    if parsed.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
+        return None, f"Only http/https allowed, got '{parsed.scheme or 'none'}'"
+    if not parsed.netloc:
+        return None, "Missing domain"
+    if not parsed.hostname:
+        return None, "Missing hostname"
+    return parsed.hostname, None
+
+
+def _unresolved_target_result(
+    hostname: str,
+    *,
+    trust_remote_dns: bool,
+) -> tuple[bool, str, tuple[str, ...]]:
+    if not trust_remote_dns:
+        return False, f"Cannot resolve hostname: {hostname}", ()
+
+    normalized_hostname = hostname.rstrip(".").lower()
+    if normalized_hostname == "localhost" or normalized_hostname.endswith(".localhost"):
+        return False, f"Blocked local/internal hostname: {hostname}", ()
+
+    try:
+        literal_addr = ipaddress.ip_address(normalized_hostname)
+    except ValueError:
+        return True, "", ()
+    if _is_private(literal_addr):
+        return False, f"Blocked private/internal address: {literal_addr}", ()
+    return True, "", (str(_normalize_addr(literal_addr)),)
+
+
+def _resolved_target_result(
+    hostname: str,
+    infos: list[Any],
+    *,
+    allow_loopback: bool,
+) -> tuple[bool, str, tuple[str, ...]]:
+    addrs: list[ipaddress.IPv4Address | ipaddress.IPv6Address] = []
+    for info in infos:
+        try:
+            addr = ipaddress.ip_address(info[4][0])
+        except (IndexError, TypeError, ValueError):
+            continue
+        addrs.append(addr)
+    if allow_loopback and _is_allowed_loopback_target(hostname, addrs):
+        return True, "", tuple(dict.fromkeys(str(_normalize_addr(addr)) for addr in addrs))
+    for addr in addrs:
+        if _is_private(addr):
+            return False, f"Blocked: {hostname} resolves to private/internal address {addr}", ()
+
+    return True, "", tuple(dict.fromkeys(str(_normalize_addr(addr)) for addr in addrs))
+
+
 def resolve_url_target(
     url: str,
     *,
@@ -97,52 +155,43 @@ def resolve_url_target(
     resolved_ips contains the public IPs that were validated for this URL, or
     is empty when an unresolved hostname is delegated to a trusted proxy.
     """
-    try:
-        p = urlparse(url)
-    except Exception as e:
-        return False, str(e), ()
-
-    if p.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
-        return False, f"Only http/https allowed, got '{p.scheme or 'none'}'", ()
-    if not p.netloc:
-        return False, "Missing domain", ()
-
-    hostname = p.hostname
-    if not hostname:
-        return False, "Missing hostname", ()
-
+    hostname, error = _parse_url_hostname(url)
+    if hostname is None:
+        return False, error or "Missing hostname", ()
     try:
         infos = socket.getaddrinfo(hostname, None, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
     except socket.gaierror:
-        if not trust_remote_dns:
-            return False, f"Cannot resolve hostname: {hostname}", ()
+        return _unresolved_target_result(hostname, trust_remote_dns=trust_remote_dns)
+    return _resolved_target_result(hostname, infos, allow_loopback=allow_loopback)
 
-        normalized_hostname = hostname.rstrip(".").lower()
-        if normalized_hostname == "localhost" or normalized_hostname.endswith(".localhost"):
-            return False, f"Blocked local/internal hostname: {hostname}", ()
 
+async def async_resolve_url_target(
+    url: str,
+    *,
+    allow_loopback: bool = False,
+    trust_remote_dns: bool = False,
+    timeout_s: float = _DNS_RESOLUTION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+) -> tuple[bool, str, tuple[str, ...]]:
+    """Resolve and validate an HTTP target without blocking the event loop."""
+    hostname, error = _parse_url_hostname(url)
+    if hostname is None:
+        return False, error or "Missing hostname", ()
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
     try:
-            literal_addr = ipaddress.ip_address(normalized_hostname)
-        except ValueError:
-            return True, "", ()
-        if _is_private(literal_addr):
-            return False, f"Blocked private/internal address: {literal_addr}", ()
-        return True, "", (str(_normalize_addr(literal_addr)),)
-
-    addrs: list[ipaddress.IPv4Address | ipaddress.IPv6Address] = []
-    for info in infos:
-        try:
-            addr = ipaddress.ip_address(info[4][0])
-        except ValueError:
-            continue
-        addrs.append(addr)
-    if allow_loopback and _is_allowed_loopback_target(hostname, addrs):
-        return True, "", tuple(dict.fromkeys(str(_normalize_addr(addr)) for addr in addrs))
-    for addr in addrs:
-        if _is_private(addr):
-            return False, f"Blocked: {hostname} resolves to private/internal address {addr}", ()
-
-    return True, "", tuple(dict.fromkeys(str(_normalize_addr(addr)) for addr in addrs))
+        infos = await asyncio.wait_for(
+            loop.getaddrinfo(
+                hostname,
+                None,
+                family=socket.AF_UNSPEC,
+                type=socket.SOCK_STREAM,
+            ),
+            timeout=timeout_s,
+        )
+    except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+        return False, f"Timed out resolving hostname: {hostname}", ()
+    except socket.gaierror:
+        return _unresolved_target_result(hostname, trust_remote_dns=trust_remote_dns)
+    return _resolved_target_result(hostname, infos, allow_loopback=allow_loopback)
 
 
 def validate_url_target(url: str, *, allow_loopback: bool = False) -> tuple[bool, str]:
@@ -151,6 +200,16 @@ def validate_url_target(url: str, *, allow_loopback: bool = False) -> tuple[bool
     return ok, error
 
 
+async def async_validate_url_target(
+    url: str,
+    *,
+    allow_loopback: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+    """Validate a URL using the event loop's asynchronous resolver."""
+    ok, error, _ = await async_resolve_url_target(url, allow_loopback=allow_loopback)
+    return ok, error
+
+
 def env_proxy_applies_to_url(url: str) -> bool:
     """Return True when process proxy settings would proxy this URL."""
     try:
@@ -277,7 +336,10 @@ class PinnedDNSAsyncTransport(httpx.AsyncBaseTransport):
 
     async def handle_async_request(self, request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
         url = str(request.url)
-        ok, error, resolved_ips = resolve_url_target(url, allow_loopback=self._allow_loopback)
+        ok, error, resolved_ips = await async_resolve_url_target(
+            url,
+            allow_loopback=self._allow_loopback,
+        )
         if not ok:
             raise UnsafeURLRequestError(error, request=request)
         async with self._resolver_lock:
@@ -320,6 +382,46 @@ def validate_resolved_url(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
     return True, ""
 
 
+async def async_validate_resolved_url(url: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+    """Validate a redirect target without blocking on domain resolution."""
+    try:
+        parsed = urlparse(url)
+    except Exception:
+        return True, ""
+    hostname = parsed.hostname
+    if not hostname:
+        return True, ""
+    try:
+        addr = ipaddress.ip_address(hostname)
+    except ValueError:
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        try:
+            infos = await asyncio.wait_for(
+                loop.getaddrinfo(
+                    hostname,
+                    None,
+                    family=socket.AF_UNSPEC,
+                    type=socket.SOCK_STREAM,
+                ),
+                timeout=_DNS_RESOLUTION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+            )
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            return False, f"Timed out resolving redirect hostname: {hostname}"
+        except socket.gaierror:
+            return True, ""
+        for info in infos:
+            try:
+                addr = ipaddress.ip_address(info[4][0])
+            except (IndexError, TypeError, ValueError):
+                continue
+            if _is_private(addr):
+                return False, f"Redirect target {hostname} resolves to private address {addr}"
+        return True, ""
+    if _is_private(addr):
+        return False, f"Redirect target is a private address: {addr}"
+    return True, ""
+
+
 def contains_internal_url(command: str, *, allow_loopback: bool = False) -> bool:
     """Return True if the command string contains a URL targeting an internal/private address."""
     for m in _URL_RE.finditer(command):

nanobot/session/async_compat.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Compatibility bridge for asynchronous SessionManager operations."""
+
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, cast
+
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
+
+_SessionResult = TypeVar("_SessionResult")
+
+
+async def call_session_manager(
+    manager: object,
+    async_method_name: str,
+    sync_method: Callable[..., _SessionResult],
+    /,
+    *args: Any,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _SessionResult:
+    """Prefer a class-declared coroutine, or offload the established sync contract."""
+    class_async_method = inspect.getattr_static(type(manager), async_method_name, None)
+    if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(class_async_method):
+        async_method = cast(
+            Callable[..., Awaitable[_SessionResult]],
+            getattr(manager, async_method_name),
+        )
+        return await async_method(*args, **kwargs)
+    return await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(sync_method, *args, **kwargs))

nanobot/session/manager.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 """Session management for conversation history."""
 
+import asyncio
 import base64
 import errno
 import hashlib
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ from nanobot.runtime_context import (
     public_history_message,
 )
 from nanobot.session.model_selection import SESSION_MODEL_PRESET_METADATA_KEY
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import (
     content_with_media_breadcrumbs,
     ensure_dir,
@@ -71,6 +73,7 @@ _WORKSPACE_STATE_DIR = ".nanobot"
 _WORKSPACE_ID_FILE = "workspace-id"
 _WORKSPACE_ID_RE = re.compile(r"^[0-9a-f]{32}$")
 _SESSION_MIGRATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30
+_SESSION_FILES_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 5
 _SESSION_FILES_LOCK_FILENAME = ".session-files.lock"
 _COPY_CHUNK_SIZE = 1024 * 1024
 
@@ -560,7 +563,8 @@ class JsonlSessionStore:
             self.sessions_dir = ensure_dir(root / workspace_id)
             self.legacy_sessions_dir = get_legacy_sessions_dir()
             self._session_files_lock = FileLock(
-                str(self.sessions_dir / _SESSION_FILES_LOCK_FILENAME)
+                str(self.sessions_dir / _SESSION_FILES_LOCK_FILENAME),
+                timeout=_SESSION_FILES_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
             )
             with self._session_files_lock:
                 self._migrate_from_workspace(canonical_workspace)
@@ -1642,6 +1646,7 @@ class SessionManager:
         self._cache: OrderedDict[str, Session] = OrderedDict()
         # Preserve identity for sessions held by active callers without retaining idle ones.
         self._overflow_cache: WeakValueDictionary[str, Session] = WeakValueDictionary()
+        self._async_session_locks: WeakValueDictionary[str, asyncio.Lock] = WeakValueDictionary()
         self._max_cached_sessions = SESSION_CACHE_MAX_SIZE
         self._delete_observer: Callable[[str], None] | None = None
 
@@ -1741,6 +1746,28 @@ class SessionManager:
         self._remember(session)
         return session
 
+    def _async_session_lock(self, key: str) -> asyncio.Lock:
+        lock = self._async_session_locks.get(key)
+        if lock is None:
+            lock = asyncio.Lock()
+            self._async_session_locks[key] = lock
+        return lock
+
+    async def get_or_create_async(self, key: str) -> Session:
+        """Load a session without running file I/O or lock waits on the event loop."""
+        cached = self.get_cached(key)
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+        async with self._async_session_lock(key):
+            cached = self.get_cached(key)
+            if cached is not None:
+                return cached
+            session = await asyncio.to_thread(self._load, key)
+            if session is None:
+                session = Session(key=key)
+            self._remember(session)
+            return session
+
     def get_or_create_transient(
         self,
         key: str,
@@ -1774,6 +1801,17 @@ class SessionManager:
         self._store.save(session, fsync=fsync)
         self._remember(session)
 
+    async def save_async(self, session: Session, *, fsync: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Persist a session without blocking the caller's event loop."""
+        if not session.policy.persist:
+            return
+
+        async def save_and_remember() -> None:
+            await asyncio.to_thread(self._store.save, session, fsync=fsync)
+            self._remember(session)
+
+        await shield_and_drain(save_and_remember())
+
     def save_runtime_checkpoint(self, session: Session) -> None:
         """Persist volatile recovery state without rewriting long history."""
         if not session.policy.persist:
@@ -1786,6 +1824,23 @@ class SessionManager:
         # they opt into a dedicated checkpoint primitive.
         self.save(session)
 
+    async def save_runtime_checkpoint_async(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Persist an in-flight checkpoint without blocking the event loop."""
+        if not session.policy.persist:
+            return
+
+        async def save_and_remember() -> None:
+            if self._store is self._jsonl_store:
+                await asyncio.to_thread(
+                    self._jsonl_store.save_runtime_checkpoint,
+                    session,
+                )
+            else:
+                await asyncio.to_thread(self._store.save, session)
+            self._remember(session)
+
+        await shield_and_drain(save_and_remember())
+
     def rename_model_preset(self, old_name: str, new_name: str) -> int:
         """Rename a session-scoped model preset across durable and live sessions."""
         if old_name == new_name:
@@ -1827,6 +1882,21 @@ class SessionManager:
             raise
         return len(changed)
 
+    async def flush_all_async(self) -> int:
+        """Re-save every cached session without blocking the event loop."""
+        cached = dict(self._overflow_cache.items())
+        cached.update(self._cache)
+        flushed = 0
+        for key, session in cached.items():
+            try:
+                await shield_and_drain(
+                    asyncio.to_thread(self._store.save, session, fsync=True)
+                )
+                flushed += 1
+            except Exception:
+                logger.warning("Failed to flush session {}", key, exc_info=True)
+        return flushed
+
     def flush_all(self) -> int:
         """Re-save every cached session with fsync for durable shutdown.
 
@@ -1858,6 +1928,18 @@ class SessionManager:
             self._delete_observer(key)
         return deleted
 
+    async def delete_session_async(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        """Delete a session without blocking the event loop."""
+
+        async def delete_and_notify() -> bool:
+            self.invalidate(key)
+            deleted = await asyncio.to_thread(self._store.delete, key)
+            if self._delete_observer is not None:
+                self._delete_observer(key)
+            return deleted
+
+        return await shield_and_drain(delete_and_notify())
+
     def restore_sessions_to_workspace(self) -> SessionRestoreResult:
         """Restore session files to the pre-relocation path for an explicit rollback."""
         return self._jsonl_store.restore_to_workspace()
@@ -1930,6 +2012,10 @@ class SessionManager:
         """Read session metadata without loading the transcript."""
         return cast(dict[str, Any] | None, self._store.read_metadata(key))
 
+    async def read_session_metadata_async(self, key: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        """Read session metadata without blocking the event loop."""
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(self.read_session_metadata, key)
+
     def update_session_metadata(
         self,
         key: str,
@@ -1943,5 +2029,31 @@ class SessionManager:
             session.metadata.update(deepcopy(updates))
         return updated
 
+    async def update_session_metadata_async(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        updates: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        fsync: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Update metadata without blocking the event loop."""
+
+        async def update_and_refresh_cache() -> bool:
+            updated = await asyncio.to_thread(
+                self._store.update_metadata,
+                key,
+                updates,
+                fsync=fsync,
+            )
+            if updated and (session := self.get_cached(key)) is not None:
+                session.metadata.update(deepcopy(updates))
+            return updated
+
+        return await shield_and_drain(update_and_refresh_cache())
+
     def list_sessions(self) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         return cast(list[dict[str, Any]], self._store.list_sessions())
+
+    async def list_sessions_async(self) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        """List persisted sessions without blocking the event loop."""
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(self.list_sessions)

nanobot/session/recovery.py

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
 )
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.session import turn_continuation
+from nanobot.session.async_compat import call_session_manager
 from nanobot.session.keys import UNIFIED_SESSION_KEY, last_channel_from_metadata
 from nanobot.session.manager import Session, SessionManager
 from nanobot.webui.metadata import WEBUI_TURN_METADATA_KEY
@@ -460,6 +461,37 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
         repr=False,
     )
 
+    async def _get_or_create_session(self, key: str) -> Session:
+        return await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "get_or_create_async",
+            self.sessions.get_or_create,
+            key,
+        )
+
+    async def _save_session(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "save_async",
+            self.sessions.save,
+            session,
+        )
+
+    async def _read_session_metadata(self, key: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        return await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "read_session_metadata_async",
+            self.sessions.read_session_metadata,
+            key,
+        )
+
+    async def _list_sessions(self) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        return await call_session_manager(
+            self.sessions,
+            "list_sessions_async",
+            self.sessions.list_sessions,
+        )
+
     def register_recovery_task(self, session_key: str, task: asyncio.Task[Any]) -> None:
         """Track the task that owns an explicit recovery continuation."""
         self._active_recovery_tasks[session_key] = task
@@ -482,8 +514,8 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
 
     async def scan(self) -> None:
         """Recover every interrupted WebUI session once at gateway startup."""
-        for key in self._recovery_candidates():
-            metadata_payload = self.sessions.read_session_metadata(key)
+        for key in await self._recovery_candidates():
+            metadata_payload = await self._read_session_metadata(key)
             raw_metadata = metadata_payload.get("metadata") if metadata_payload else None
             metadata = cast(dict[str, Any], raw_metadata) if isinstance(raw_metadata, dict) else {}
             route = self._websocket_route_for(key, metadata)
@@ -492,7 +524,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
             unfinished = self._has_unfinished_webui_transcript(key)
             if not self._needs_recovery(metadata) and not unfinished:
                 continue
-            session = self.sessions.get_or_create(key)
+            session = await self._get_or_create_session(key)
             try:
                 await self._recover_session(session, route[1])
                 await self._requeue_pending_followups(session)
@@ -507,14 +539,14 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                     reason="recovery_failed",
                     can_continue=False,
                 )
-                self.sessions.save(session)
+                await self._save_session(session)
                 await self._publish(route[1], failed)
 
-    def _recovery_candidates(self) -> list[str]:
+    async def _recovery_candidates(self) -> list[str]:
         """Discover canonical and transcript-only WebUI sessions cheaply."""
         candidates = dict.fromkeys(
             key
-            for item in self.sessions.list_sessions()
+            for item in await self._list_sessions()
             if isinstance((key := item.get("key")), str)
         )
         try:
@@ -523,7 +555,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
             # duplicating its filename and migration rules here would drift.
             from nanobot.webui.session_list_index import list_webui_sessions
 
-            for item in list_webui_sessions(self.sessions):
+            for item in await asyncio.to_thread(list_webui_sessions, self.sessions):
                 key = item.get("key")
                 if isinstance(key, str):
                     candidates.setdefault(key, None)
@@ -549,7 +581,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
         """Reject stale queued recoveries and let new user input supersede them."""
         recovery_id = message.metadata.get(RECOVERY_INBOUND_METADATA_KEY)
         if isinstance(recovery_id, str):
-            session = self.sessions.get_or_create(message.session_key)
+            session = await self._get_or_create_session(message.session_key)
             state = recovery_state_from_metadata(session.metadata)
             return bool(
                 state
@@ -558,7 +590,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
             )
         if message.channel != "websocket":
             return True
-        session = self.sessions.get_or_create(message.session_key)
+        session = await self._get_or_create_session(message.session_key)
         state = recovery_state_from_metadata(session.metadata)
         if state and state["status"] in {"resuming", "awaiting_user", "failed"}:
             await self._cancel_active_recovery(message.session_key)
@@ -572,13 +604,13 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                 attempts=cast(int, state.get("attempts", 0)),
                 reason="superseded",
             )
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
             await self._publish(message.chat_id, recovered)
         return True
 
     async def turn_completed(self, session_key: str) -> None:
         """Resolve a resuming state after the recovered turn commits."""
-        session = self.sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
+        session = await self._get_or_create_session(session_key)
         state = recovery_state_from_metadata(session.metadata)
         if not state or state["status"] != "resuming":
             return
@@ -592,7 +624,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
             attempts=cast(int, state.get("attempts", 0)),
             reason="continued",
         )
-        self.sessions.save(session)
+        await self._save_session(session)
         await self._publish(route[1], recovered)
 
     async def handle_action(self, action: str, payload: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -603,7 +635,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
             raise RecoveryActionError("missing chat_id")
         if not isinstance(recovery_id, str) or not recovery_id:
             raise RecoveryActionError("missing recovery_id")
-        session = self.sessions.get_or_create(self._session_key(chat_id))
+        session = await self._get_or_create_session(self._session_key(chat_id))
         state = recovery_state_from_metadata(session.metadata)
         if not state or state["recovery_id"] != recovery_id:
             raise RecoveryActionError("recovery state is stale", status=409)
@@ -618,7 +650,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                 attempts=cast(int, state.get("attempts", 0)),
                 reason="dismissed",
             )
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
             await self._publish(chat_id, next_state)
             return next_state
         if action != "continue":
@@ -635,7 +667,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
             reason="user_confirmed",
             resume_message_count=len(session.messages),
         )
-        self.sessions.save(session)
+        await self._save_session(session)
         await self._publish(chat_id, next_state)
         await self._queue_continuation(session, chat_id, next_state)
         return next_state
@@ -668,7 +700,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                         attempts=cast(int, state.get("attempts", 1)),
                         reason="loop_guard",
                     )
-                self.sessions.save(session)
+                await self._save_session(session)
                 await self._publish(chat_id, next_state)
             elif self._has_unfinished_webui_transcript(session.key):
                 # A normal last-client shutdown can materialize the checkpoint
@@ -690,7 +722,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                     ),
                     can_continue=can_continue,
                 )
-                self.sessions.save(session)
+                await self._save_session(session)
                 await self._publish(chat_id, waiting)
             return
         if state and state["status"] in {"awaiting_user", "failed"}:
@@ -706,7 +738,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                 attempts=cast(int, state.get("attempts", 1)),
                 reason="loop_guard",
             )
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
             await self._publish(chat_id, waiting)
             return
 
@@ -724,7 +756,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                 reason="checkpoint_unknown",
                 can_continue=False,
             )
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
             await self._publish(chat_id, waiting)
             return
         if checkpoint is not None and not _runtime_checkpoint_is_well_formed(checkpoint):
@@ -738,7 +770,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                 reason="checkpoint_invalid",
                 can_continue=False,
             )
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
             await self._publish(chat_id, waiting)
             return
         if phase == "final_response":
@@ -750,7 +782,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                 attempts=0,
                 reason="answer_restored",
             )
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
             await self._publish(chat_id, recovered)
             return
         if phase in _UNCERTAIN_TOOL_PHASES or pending_calls:
@@ -762,7 +794,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
                 attempts=0,
                 reason="tool_state_unknown",
             )
-            self.sessions.save(session)
+            await self._save_session(session)
             await self._publish(chat_id, waiting)
             return
         # A gateway restart is a lifecycle boundary.  Never enqueue model work
@@ -777,7 +809,7 @@ class RecoveryCoordinator:
             attempts=0,
             reason="restart_requires_confirmation",
         )
-        self.sessions.save(session)
+        await self._save_session(session)
         await self._publish(chat_id, waiting)
 
     async def _queue_continuation(

nanobot/session/webui_turns.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import re
 import time
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
@@ -37,7 +38,8 @@ from nanobot.bus.runtime_events import (
     TurnRuntimeAdmitted,
     UserInputAccepted,
 )
-from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider
+from nanobot.llm_usage.context import llm_usage_source
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, LLMUsage
 from nanobot.providers.fallback_provider import FallbackModelObserver
 from nanobot.runtime_context import public_history_message
 from nanobot.session.goal_state import goal_state_ws_blob
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ async def maybe_generate_webui_title(
     model: str,
 ) -> bool:
     """Generate and persist a short title for WebUI-owned sessions only."""
-    session = sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
+    session = await sessions.get_or_create_async(session_key)
     if session.metadata.get(WEBUI_SESSION_METADATA_KEY) is not True:
         return False
     if session.metadata.get(WEBUI_TITLE_USER_EDITED_METADATA_KEY) is True:
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ async def maybe_generate_webui_title(
         if cleaned_current_title:
             if cleaned_current_title != current_title:
                 session.metadata[WEBUI_TITLE_METADATA_KEY] = cleaned_current_title
-                sessions.save(session)
+                await sessions.save_async(session)
             return False
         session.metadata.pop(WEBUI_TITLE_METADATA_KEY, None)
 
@@ -208,6 +210,7 @@ async def maybe_generate_webui_title(
         prompt += f"\nAssistant: {truncate_text(assistant_text, 1_000)}"
 
     try:
+        with llm_usage_source("system"):
             response = await provider.chat_with_retry(
                 [
                     {
@@ -239,7 +242,7 @@ async def maybe_generate_webui_title(
         )
         return False
     session.metadata[WEBUI_TITLE_METADATA_KEY] = title
-    sessions.save(session)
+    await sessions.save_async(session)
     return True
 
 
@@ -435,8 +438,8 @@ class WebuiTurnRoutePolicy:
             )
             and route.channel == "websocket"
         ):
-            session = self.sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
-            if session.metadata.get(WEBUI_SESSION_METADATA_KEY) is True:
+            session = self.sessions.get_cached(session_key)
+            if session is not None and session.metadata.get(WEBUI_SESSION_METADATA_KEY) is True:
                 metadata = dict(route.metadata)
                 turn_prefix = "session-input" if internal_user_input else "subagent"
                 metadata.update({
@@ -578,7 +581,7 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
             or not session_key.startswith("websocket:")
         ):
             return
-        persisted = self.sessions.read_session_metadata(session_key)
+        persisted = await self.sessions.read_session_metadata_async(session_key)
         metadata_value: object = persisted.get("metadata") if persisted is not None else None
         metadata = (
             cast(dict[str, Any], metadata_value)
@@ -589,7 +592,8 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
             return
         public_metadata = _session_message_public_metadata(envelope)
         try:
-            append_session_message_input(
+            await asyncio.to_thread(
+                append_session_message_input,
                 session_key,
                 content=event.content,
                 created_at_ms=envelope["created_at_ms"],
@@ -614,7 +618,8 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
     def _handle_session_turn_started(self, event: SessionTurnStarted) -> None:
         if not self._is_websocket_event(event.context):
             return
-        session = self.sessions.get_or_create(event.context.session_key)
+        session = self.sessions.get_cached(event.context.session_key)
+        if session is not None:
             mark_webui_session(session, event.context.metadata)
 
     async def _handle_run_status_changed(self, event: TurnRunStatusChanged) -> None:
@@ -695,13 +700,13 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
         *,
         session_key: str,
         latency_ms: int | None,
-        usage: dict[str, int] | None = None,
+        usage: LLMUsage | None = None,
         context_window_tokens: int | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if msg.channel != "websocket":
             return
 
-        session = self.sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
+        session = await self.sessions.get_or_create_async(session_key)
         await self.bus.publish_outbound(
             outbound_message_for_event(
                 channel=msg.channel,
@@ -709,7 +714,7 @@ class WebuiTurnCoordinator:
                 event=TurnEndEvent(
                     latency_ms=latency_ms,
                     goal_state=goal_state_ws_blob(session.metadata),
-                    usage=usage or None,
+                    usage=usage,
                     context_window_tokens=context_window_tokens,
                 ),
                 metadata=msg.metadata,

nanobot/skills/my/references/examples.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Concrete scenarios showing when and how to use the my tool effectively.
 → my(action="check", key="max_iterations")
   → 40
 → my(action="check", key="_last_usage")
-  → {"prompt_tokens": 62000, "completion_tokens": 3000}
+  → {"input_tokens": 62000, "output_tokens": 3000}
 → "I hit the iteration limit (40). The task was complex. I can ask the user if they want to increase it."
 ```
 
@@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ Concrete scenarios showing when and how to use the my tool effectively.
 ### Token-conscious behavior
 ```
 → my(action="check", key="_last_usage")
-  → {"prompt_tokens": 58000, "completion_tokens": 12000}
+  → {"input_tokens": 58000, "output_tokens": 12000}
 → "I've consumed ~70k tokens. I'll keep my remaining responses focused."
 ```

nanobot/triggers/local_runner.py

@@ -5,17 +5,24 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import asyncio
 import uuid
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
-from typing import Any
+from contextlib import suppress
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
 
 from loguru import logger
 
-from nanobot.agent.automation_turns import AutomationTurnError
+from nanobot.agent.automation_turns import (
+    AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation,
+    AutomationTurnError,
+)
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
 from nanobot.triggers.local_session_turns import LOCAL_TRIGGER_META
 from nanobot.triggers.local_store import LocalTriggerStore
 from nanobot.triggers.local_types import LocalTrigger, TriggerDelivery
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.webui.metadata import WEBUI_MESSAGE_SOURCE_METADATA_KEY, WEBUI_TURN_METADATA_KEY
 
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
 
 async def run_local_trigger_queue(
     *,
@@ -29,14 +36,16 @@ async def run_local_trigger_queue(
     if submit_turn is None:
         raise ValueError("run_local_trigger_queue requires submit_turn")
     logger.info("Local trigger queue started")
-    recovered = store.recover_processing_deliveries()
+    recovered = await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.recover_processing_deliveries))
     if recovered:
         logger.warning(
             "Trigger: recovered {} interrupted delivery file(s) from processing",
             recovered,
         )
     while True:
-        deliveries = store.claim_deliveries(limit=batch_size)
+        deliveries = await shield_and_drain(
+            asyncio.to_thread(store.claim_deliveries, limit=batch_size)
+        )
         if not deliveries:
             await asyncio.sleep(poll_interval_s)
             continue
@@ -49,30 +58,24 @@ async def run_local_trigger_queue(
                     submit_turn=submit_turn,
                     is_channel_enabled=is_channel_enabled,
                 )
-                store.complete_delivery(delivery)
+            except _DeliverySettledOnCancellation:
+                raise
             except asyncio.CancelledError as exc:
-                store.retry_delivery(delivery, str(exc) or exc.__class__.__name__)
-                _write_delivery_run_record(
+                error = str(exc) or exc.__class__.__name__
+                await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.retry_delivery, delivery, error))
+                await _write_delivery_run_record(
                     store,
                     delivery,
                     status="interrupted",
-                    error=str(exc) or exc.__class__.__name__,
+                    error=error,
                 )
                 raise
             except _TerminalDeliveryError as exc:
-                store.record_delivery(
-                    delivery.trigger_id,
-                    status="error",
-                    error=str(exc),
-                    run_at_ms=delivery.created_at_ms,
+                await _await_delivery_settlement(
+                    _settle_failed_delivery(store, delivery, error=str(exc)),
+                    store=store,
+                    delivery=delivery,
                 )
-                _write_delivery_run_record(
-                    store,
-                    delivery,
-                    status="error",
-                    error=str(exc),
-                )
-                store.complete_delivery(delivery)
                 logger.warning(
                     "Trigger: dropped delivery {} for {}: {}",
                     delivery.id,
@@ -81,19 +84,11 @@ async def run_local_trigger_queue(
                 )
             except AutomationTurnError as exc:
                 error = str(exc) or exc.__class__.__name__
-                store.record_delivery(
-                    delivery.trigger_id,
-                    status="error",
-                    error=error,
-                    run_at_ms=delivery.created_at_ms,
+                await _await_delivery_settlement(
+                    _settle_failed_delivery(store, delivery, error=error),
+                    store=store,
+                    delivery=delivery,
                 )
-                _write_delivery_run_record(
-                    store,
-                    delivery,
-                    status="error",
-                    error=error,
-                )
-                store.complete_delivery(delivery)
                 logger.warning(
                     "Trigger: delivery {} for {} reached the agent but failed: {}",
                     delivery.id,
@@ -102,18 +97,10 @@ async def run_local_trigger_queue(
                 )
             except Exception as exc:
                 error = str(exc) or exc.__class__.__name__
-                retried = store.retry_delivery(delivery, error)
-                _write_delivery_run_record(
-                    store,
-                    delivery,
-                    status="retrying" if retried else "error",
-                    error=error,
-                )
-                store.record_delivery(
-                    delivery.trigger_id,
-                    status="error",
-                    error=error,
-                    run_at_ms=delivery.created_at_ms,
+                retried = await _await_delivery_settlement(
+                    _settle_retryable_delivery(store, delivery, error=error),
+                    store=store,
+                    delivery=delivery,
                 )
                 logger.exception(
                     "Trigger: failed delivery {} for {}{}",
@@ -127,6 +114,10 @@ class _TerminalDeliveryError(RuntimeError):
     pass
 
 
+class _DeliverySettledOnCancellation(asyncio.CancelledError):
+    """Cancellation reported only after an already-submitted delivery is settled."""
+
+
 async def _deliver_delivery(
     store: LocalTriggerStore,
     delivery: TriggerDelivery,
@@ -134,7 +125,7 @@ async def _deliver_delivery(
     submit_turn: Callable[[InboundMessage], Awaitable[OutboundMessage | None]],
     is_channel_enabled: Callable[[str], bool],
 ) -> None:
-    trigger = store.get(delivery.trigger_id)
+    trigger = await asyncio.to_thread(store.get, delivery.trigger_id)
     if trigger is None:
         raise _TerminalDeliveryError("trigger not found")
     if not trigger.enabled:
@@ -142,7 +133,14 @@ async def _deliver_delivery(
     if not is_channel_enabled(trigger.channel):
         raise _TerminalDeliveryError(f"target channel is not enabled: {trigger.channel}")
 
-    store.write_delivery_run_record(delivery, trigger=trigger, status="processing")
+    await shield_and_drain(
+        asyncio.to_thread(
+            store.write_delivery_run_record,
+            delivery,
+            trigger=trigger,
+            status="processing",
+        )
+    )
     msg = InboundMessage(
         channel=trigger.channel,
         sender_id=trigger.sender_id,
@@ -151,22 +149,177 @@ async def _deliver_delivery(
         metadata=_delivery_metadata(trigger, delivery),
         session_key_override=trigger.session_key,
     )
+    try:
         response = await submit_turn(msg)
-    store.record_delivery(
+    except AutomationTurnAcceptedCancellation:
+        try:
+            await _await_delivery_settlement(
+                _settle_accepted_delivery(store, delivery, trigger=trigger),
+                store=store,
+                delivery=delivery,
+            )
+        except _DeliverySettledOnCancellation:
+            raise
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception(
+                "Trigger: failed to persist accepted delivery {}; dropping retry",
+                delivery.id,
+            )
+            with suppress(Exception):
+                await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.complete_delivery, delivery))
+        raise _DeliverySettledOnCancellation from None
+
+    try:
+        await _await_delivery_settlement(
+            _settle_submitted_delivery(store, delivery, trigger=trigger, response=response),
+            store=store,
+            delivery=delivery,
+        )
+    except Exception:
+        logger.exception(
+            "Trigger: failed to persist status for submitted delivery {}; dropping retry",
+            delivery.id,
+        )
+        with suppress(Exception):
+            await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.complete_delivery, delivery))
+
+
+async def _await_delivery_settlement(
+    operation: Awaitable[_T],
+    *,
+    store: LocalTriggerStore,
+    delivery: TriggerDelivery,
+) -> _T:
+    settlement = asyncio.ensure_future(operation)
+    try:
+        return await asyncio.shield(settlement)
+    except asyncio.CancelledError:
+        while not settlement.done():
+            try:
+                await asyncio.shield(settlement)
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                continue
+        try:
+            settlement.result()
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception(
+                "Trigger: failed to settle delivery {} during cancellation",
+                delivery.id,
+            )
+            completion = asyncio.create_task(
+                shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.complete_delivery, delivery))
+            )
+            while not completion.done():
+                try:
+                    await asyncio.shield(completion)
+                except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                    continue
+            with suppress(Exception):
+                completion.result()
+        raise _DeliverySettledOnCancellation from None
+
+
+async def _settle_failed_delivery(
+    store: LocalTriggerStore,
+    delivery: TriggerDelivery,
+    *,
+    error: str,
+) -> None:
+    await _write_delivery_run_record(
+        store,
+        delivery,
+        status="error",
+        error=error,
+    )
+    await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.complete_delivery, delivery))
+    # Publish the terminal status only after the durable delivery state is settled.
+    await shield_and_drain(
+        asyncio.to_thread(
+            store.record_delivery,
+            delivery.trigger_id,
+            status="error",
+            error=error,
+            run_at_ms=delivery.created_at_ms,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+async def _settle_retryable_delivery(
+    store: LocalTriggerStore,
+    delivery: TriggerDelivery,
+    *,
+    error: str,
+) -> bool:
+    retried = await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.retry_delivery, delivery, error))
+    await _write_delivery_run_record(
+        store,
+        delivery,
+        status="retrying" if retried else "error",
+        error=error,
+    )
+    await shield_and_drain(
+        asyncio.to_thread(
+            store.record_delivery,
+            delivery.trigger_id,
+            status="error",
+            error=error,
+            run_at_ms=delivery.created_at_ms,
+        )
+    )
+    return retried
+
+
+async def _settle_accepted_delivery(
+    store: LocalTriggerStore,
+    delivery: TriggerDelivery,
+    *,
+    trigger: LocalTrigger,
+) -> None:
+    """Commit an accepted delivery without claiming the agent turn completed."""
+    await _write_delivery_run_record(
+        store,
+        delivery,
+        trigger=trigger,
+        status="accepted",
+    )
+    await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.complete_delivery, delivery))
+    await shield_and_drain(
+        asyncio.to_thread(
+            store.record_delivery,
             trigger.id,
             status="ok",
             run_at_ms=delivery.created_at_ms,
         )
-    _write_delivery_run_record(
+    )
+
+
+async def _settle_submitted_delivery(
+    store: LocalTriggerStore,
+    delivery: TriggerDelivery,
+    *,
+    trigger: LocalTrigger,
+    response: OutboundMessage | None,
+) -> None:
+    await _write_delivery_run_record(
         store,
         delivery,
         trigger=trigger,
         status="ok",
         response=response.content if response else "",
     )
+    await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(store.complete_delivery, delivery))
+    # last_status is the externally visible commit marker for a settled delivery.
+    await shield_and_drain(
+        asyncio.to_thread(
+            store.record_delivery,
+            trigger.id,
+            status="ok",
+            run_at_ms=delivery.created_at_ms,
+        )
+    )
 
 
-def _write_delivery_run_record(
+async def _write_delivery_run_record(
     store: LocalTriggerStore,
     delivery: TriggerDelivery,
     *,
@@ -176,13 +329,16 @@ def _write_delivery_run_record(
     response: str | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     try:
-        store.write_delivery_run_record(
+        await shield_and_drain(
+            asyncio.to_thread(
+                store.write_delivery_run_record,
                 delivery,
                 trigger=trigger,
                 status=status,
                 error=error,
                 response=response,
             )
+        )
     except Exception:
         logger.exception(
             "Trigger: failed to write run record for delivery {}",

nanobot/triggers/local_store.py

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ _MAX_RUN_HISTORY = 20
 _MAX_DELIVERY_ATTEMPTS = 10
 _RUN_RECORD_TEXT_MAX_CHARS = 4000
 _PROCESSING_RECOVERY_ERROR = "delivery was recovered from interrupted processing"
+_FILE_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 5
 
 
 class TriggerStoreError(RuntimeError):
@@ -49,7 +50,10 @@ class LocalTriggerStore:
         self.processing_dir = self.root / "processing"
         self.failed_dir = self.root / "failed"
         self.runs_dir = self.root / "runs"
-        self._lock = FileLock(str(self.root / ".lock"))
+        self._lock = FileLock(
+            str(self.root / ".lock"),
+            timeout=_FILE_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+        )
 
     def create(
         self,

nanobot/utils/cancellation.py

@@ -3,8 +3,48 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
 
 
 def task_is_cancelling() -> bool:
     task = asyncio.current_task()
     return task is not None and task.cancelling() > 0
+
+
+async def shield_and_drain(awaitable: Awaitable[_T]) -> _T:
+    """Delay caller cancellation until an accepted operation has fully settled.
+
+    ``asyncio.to_thread`` cannot stop a worker that has already started. Shielding
+    keeps cancellation from detaching that worker, and draining also lets any
+    post-write in-memory settlement in ``awaitable`` finish. Cancellation is still
+    re-raised as soon as the accepted operation is done.
+    """
+    settlement = asyncio.ensure_future(awaitable)
+    cancellation: asyncio.CancelledError | None = None
+
+    while not settlement.done():
+        try:
+            result = await asyncio.shield(settlement)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError as exc:
+            if cancellation is None:
+                cancellation = exc
+        except BaseException:
+            if cancellation is None:
+                raise
+            break
+        else:
+            if cancellation is not None:
+                raise cancellation
+            return result
+
+    if cancellation is not None:
+        try:
+            settlement.result()
+        except BaseException:
+            # The caller's cancellation wins once settlement has been observed.
+            pass
+        raise cancellation
+    return settlement.result()

nanobot/utils/helpers.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """Utility functions for nanobot."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import base64
 import json
 import os
@@ -12,11 +14,14 @@ from contextlib import suppress
 from datetime import datetime
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, TypeVar, cast, overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar, cast, overload
 
 import tiktoken
 from loguru import logger
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
+
 _TOOLS_TOKEN_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES = 64
 _TOOLS_TOKEN_CACHE: dict[int, tuple[tuple[int, ...], dict[bool, int]]] = {}
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
@@ -793,7 +798,7 @@ def build_status_content(
     version: str,
     model: str,
     start_time: float,
-    last_usage: dict[str, int],
+    last_usage: LLMUsage | None,
     context_window_tokens: int,
     session_msg_count: int,
     context_tokens_estimate: int,
@@ -814,9 +819,9 @@ def build_status_content(
         if uptime_s >= 3600
         else f"{uptime_s // 60}m {uptime_s % 60}s"
     )
-    last_in = last_usage.get("prompt_tokens", 0)
-    last_out = last_usage.get("completion_tokens", 0)
-    cached = last_usage.get("cached_tokens", 0)
+    last_in = last_usage.input_tokens if last_usage else 0
+    last_out = last_usage.output_tokens if last_usage else 0
+    cached = last_usage.cache_read_tokens if last_usage else None
     ctx_total = max(context_window_tokens, 0)
     # Budget mirrors Consolidator formula: ctx_window - max_completion - _SAFETY_BUFFER
     ctx_budget = max(ctx_total - int(max_completion_tokens) - 1024, 1)

nanobot/webui/forking.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import re
 import uuid
 from collections.abc import Mapping
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeGuard
 
 from nanobot.session.manager import SessionManager
 from nanobot.session.webui_turns import WEBUI_TITLE_METADATA_KEY, clean_generated_title
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.webui.transcript import (
     append_fork_marker,
     delete_webui_transcript,
@@ -93,15 +95,24 @@ async def handle_webui_fork_chat(
         await channel.send_webui_protocol_error(connection, "session_manager_unavailable")
         return
 
+    async def create_and_attach() -> None:
         try:
-        forked = create_webui_chat_fork(
+            forked = await asyncio.to_thread(
+                create_webui_chat_fork,
                 session_manager,
                 source_chat_id=source_chat_id,
                 before_user_index=raw_index,
-            title=envelope.get("title") if isinstance(envelope.get("title"), str) else None,
+                title=(
+                    envelope.get("title")
+                    if isinstance(envelope.get("title"), str)
+                    else None
+                ),
             )
             if forked is None:
-            await channel.send_webui_protocol_error(connection, "invalid fork source or index")
+                await channel.send_webui_protocol_error(
+                    connection,
+                    "invalid fork source or index",
+                )
                 return
             fork_id, fork_key = forked
         except Exception as exc:
@@ -114,3 +125,5 @@ async def handle_webui_fork_chat(
             fork_id=fork_id,
             fork_key=fork_key,
         )
+
+    await shield_and_drain(create_and_attach())

nanobot/webui/mcp_oauth_api.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from nanobot.agent.tools.mcp import MCPConnection, connect_mcp_servers
 from nanobot.agent.tools.mcp_oauth import MCP_OAUTH_CALLBACK_PATH, MCPOAuthHandlers
 from nanobot.agent.tools.registry import ToolRegistry
 from nanobot.config.schema import MCPServerConfig
-from nanobot.security.network import validate_url_target
+from nanobot.security.network import async_validate_url_target
 from nanobot.webui.http_utils import is_loopback_host
 
 McpReload = Callable[[], Awaitable[dict[str, Any]]]
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class McpOAuthManager:
         ):
             flow.error = "The MCP server returned an unsafe authorization URL."
             raise McpOAuthError(flow.error)
-        ok, _error = validate_url_target(authorization_url)
+        ok, _error = await async_validate_url_target(authorization_url)
         if not ok:
             flow.error = "The MCP server returned an unsafe authorization URL."
             raise McpOAuthError(flow.error)

nanobot/webui/session_context.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any, cast
 
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMUsage
 from nanobot.session.manager import Session
 from nanobot.utils.helpers import estimate_message_tokens, truncate_text
 
@@ -36,18 +37,8 @@ def session_context_payload(session: Session) -> dict[str, Any]:
     summary_tokens = (
         estimate_message_tokens({"role": "system", "content": summary}) if summary else 0
     )
-    raw_usage = session.metadata.get("_last_usage")
-    last_usage = (
-        {
-            key: value
-            for key, value in cast(dict[object, object], raw_usage).items()
-            if isinstance(key, str)
-            and type(value) is int
-            and value >= 0
-        }
-        if isinstance(raw_usage, dict)
-        else None
-    )
+    stored_usage = LLMUsage.from_dict(session.metadata.get("_last_usage"))
+    last_usage = stored_usage.to_turn_dict() if stored_usage is not None else None
 
     return {
         "schema_version": 1,

nanobot/webui/settings_capabilities.py

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ from nanobot.providers.image_generation import (
 )
 from nanobot.providers.registry import find_by_name
 from nanobot.security.network import is_loopback_host
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.webui.settings_contracts import (
     QueryParams,
     SettingsRequest,
@@ -640,7 +641,11 @@ class CapabilitySettingsHandler:
     ) -> SettingsRouteResult:
         if action == "api-status":
             return SettingsRouteResult.success(
-                api_service_payload(self.settings, operations.api_runtime())
+                await asyncio.to_thread(
+                    api_service_payload,
+                    self.settings,
+                    operations.api_runtime(),
+                )
             )
         if action == "api-start":
             return await self._start_api(request, operations)
@@ -673,17 +678,22 @@ class CapabilitySettingsHandler:
             return SettingsRouteResult.failure(404, "unknown settings action")
 
         operation, section, apply_image_reload = mutation
-        try:
-            payload = self.settings.mutate(operation, request.query)
-        except WebUISettingsError as exc:
-            return SettingsRouteResult.failure(exc.status, exc.message)
-        if apply_image_reload:
-            payload, image_restart_cleared = await self.apply_image_runtime_change(
+
+        async def mutate_and_apply() -> tuple[dict[str, Any], bool]:
+            payload = await self.settings.mutate_async(operation, request.query)
+            if not apply_image_reload:
+                return payload, False
+            return await self.apply_image_runtime_change(
                 payload,
                 operations.reload_image,
             )
-        else:
-            image_restart_cleared = False
+
+        try:
+            payload, image_restart_cleared = await shield_and_drain(
+                mutate_and_apply()
+            )
+        except WebUISettingsError as exc:
+            return SettingsRouteResult.failure(exc.status, exc.message)
         return SettingsRouteResult.success(
             payload,
             decorate_restart=True,
@@ -726,16 +736,17 @@ class CapabilitySettingsHandler:
                 400,
                 "API service API key must be a string",
             )
-        try:
-            await asyncio.to_thread(
-                self.settings.mutate,
+        allow_install = await self._allow_feature_package_install(request)
+
+        async def mutate_and_start() -> Any:
+            await self.settings.mutate_async(
                 operations.nanobot_features_action,
                 "enable",
                 {"name": ["api"]},
-                allow_install=self._allow_feature_package_install(request),
+                allow_install=allow_install,
             )
-            self.settings.mutate(operations.update_api, request.query)
-            config = self.settings.config.load()
+            await self.settings.mutate_async(operations.update_api, request.query)
+            config = await self.settings.config.load_async()
             runtime = operations.api_runtime()
             options = ApiStartOptions(
                 host=config.api.host,
@@ -744,10 +755,13 @@ class CapabilitySettingsHandler:
                 config_path=str(self.settings.config.path),
             )
             current = runtime.status()
-            result = await asyncio.to_thread(
+            return await asyncio.to_thread(
                 runtime.restart if current.running else runtime.start_background,
                 options,
             )
+
+        try:
+            result = await shield_and_drain(mutate_and_start())
             if not result.ok:
                 return SettingsRouteResult.failure(
                     500,
@@ -762,7 +776,8 @@ class CapabilitySettingsHandler:
             self.logger.exception("failed to start managed API service")
             return SettingsRouteResult.failure(500, str(exc))
         return SettingsRouteResult.success(
-            api_service_payload(
+            await asyncio.to_thread(
+                api_service_payload,
                 self.settings,
                 operations.api_runtime(),
                 last_action="started",
@@ -775,7 +790,7 @@ class CapabilitySettingsHandler:
     ) -> SettingsRouteResult:
         runtime = operations.api_runtime()
         try:
-            result = await asyncio.to_thread(runtime.stop)
+            result = await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(runtime.stop))
         except Exception as exc:
             self.logger.exception("failed to stop managed API service")
             return SettingsRouteResult.failure(500, str(exc))
@@ -785,20 +800,20 @@ class CapabilitySettingsHandler:
                 api_runtime_message(result.message),
             )
         return SettingsRouteResult.success(
-            api_service_payload(
+            await asyncio.to_thread(
+                api_service_payload,
                 self.settings,
                 operations.api_runtime(),
                 last_action="stopped",
             )
         )
 
-    def _allow_feature_package_install(self, request: SettingsRequest) -> bool:
+    async def _allow_feature_package_install(self, request: SettingsRequest) -> bool:
         if request.local_browser:
             return True
         try:
-            return bool(
-                self.settings.config.load().tools.webui_allow_remote_package_install
-            )
+            config = await self.settings.config.load_async()
+            return bool(config.tools.webui_allow_remote_package_install)
         except Exception:
             self.logger.exception("failed to load remote package install policy")
             return False

nanobot/webui/settings_models.py

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ from nanobot.config.schema import Config, FallbackCandidate, ModelPresetConfig,
 from nanobot.providers.image_generation import get_image_gen_provider
 from nanobot.providers.oauth_guidance import OAUTH_CLI_KIT_MISSING_MESSAGE
 from nanobot.providers.registry import PROVIDERS, create_dynamic_spec, find_by_name
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.webui.settings_contracts import (
     QueryParams,
     SettingsRequest,
@@ -1651,6 +1652,30 @@ class ModelSettingsHandler:
         if self.settings.refresh_runtime_config is not None:
             self.settings.refresh_runtime_config()
 
+    async def _mutate_and_refresh(
+        self,
+        operation: SettingsOperation,
+        query: QueryParams,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        payload = await self.settings.mutate_async(operation, query, **kwargs)
+        self._refresh_runtime_config()
+        return payload
+
+    async def _update_provider_and_runtime(
+        self,
+        operation: SettingsOperation,
+        query: QueryParams,
+        apply_image_runtime_change: Callable[
+            [dict[str, Any]],
+            Awaitable[tuple[dict[str, Any], bool]],
+        ],
+    ) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], bool]:
+        payload = await self.settings.mutate_async(operation, query)
+        payload, image_restart_cleared = await apply_image_runtime_change(payload)
+        self._refresh_runtime_config()
+        return payload, image_restart_cleared
+
     async def handle(
         self,
         action: str,
@@ -1659,8 +1684,12 @@ class ModelSettingsHandler:
     ) -> SettingsRouteResult:
         try:
             if action == "agent-update":
-                payload = self.settings.mutate(operations.update_agent, request.query)
-                self._refresh_runtime_config()
+                payload = await shield_and_drain(
+                    self._mutate_and_refresh(
+                        operations.update_agent,
+                        request.query,
+                    )
+                )
                 return SettingsRouteResult.success(
                     payload,
                     decorate_restart=True,
@@ -1668,12 +1697,13 @@ class ModelSettingsHandler:
                 )
 
             if action == "model-update":
-                payload = self.settings.mutate(
+                payload = await shield_and_drain(
+                    self._mutate_and_refresh(
                         operations.update_model,
                         request.query,
                         rename_model_preset=self.settings.rename_model_preset,
                     )
-                self._refresh_runtime_config()
+                )
                 return SettingsRouteResult.success(payload, decorate_restart=True)
 
             mutation = {
@@ -1684,19 +1714,19 @@ class ModelSettingsHandler:
                 "provider-create": operations.create_provider,
             }.get(action)
             if mutation is not None:
-                payload = self.settings.mutate(mutation, request.query)
-                self._refresh_runtime_config()
+                payload = await shield_and_drain(
+                    self._mutate_and_refresh(mutation, request.query)
+                )
                 return SettingsRouteResult.success(payload, decorate_restart=True)
 
             if action == "provider-update":
-                payload = self.settings.mutate(
+                payload, image_restart_cleared = await shield_and_drain(
+                    self._update_provider_and_runtime(
                         operations.update_provider,
                         request.query,
+                        operations.apply_image_runtime_change,
                     )
-                payload, image_restart_cleared = await operations.apply_image_runtime_change(
-                    payload
                 )
-                self._refresh_runtime_config()
                 return SettingsRouteResult.success(
                     payload,
                     decorate_restart=True,
@@ -1724,32 +1754,38 @@ class ModelSettingsHandler:
                 return SettingsRouteResult.success(payload)
 
             if action == "oauth-login":
-                payload = await asyncio.to_thread(
+                payload = await shield_and_drain(
+                    asyncio.to_thread(
                         self.settings.read,
                         operations.oauth_login,
                         request.query,
                         oauth_flows=self.settings.oauth_flows,
                     )
+                )
             elif action == "oauth-complete":
                 raw_response = (request.payload or {}).get("authorization_response")
                 if raw_response is not None and not isinstance(raw_response, str):
                     raise WebUISettingsError(
                         "OAuth authorization response must be a string"
                     )
-                payload = await asyncio.to_thread(
+                payload = await shield_and_drain(
+                    asyncio.to_thread(
                         self.settings.read,
                         operations.oauth_complete,
                         request.query,
                         raw_response or None,
                         oauth_flows=self.settings.oauth_flows,
                     )
+                )
             elif action == "oauth-logout":
-                payload = await asyncio.to_thread(
+                payload = await shield_and_drain(
+                    asyncio.to_thread(
                         self.settings.read,
                         operations.oauth_logout,
                         request.query,
                         oauth_flows=self.settings.oauth_flows,
                     )
+                )
             else:
                 return SettingsRouteResult.failure(404, "unknown settings action")
         except WebUISettingsError as exc:

nanobot/webui/settings_routes.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 import html
+import inspect
 import json
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Mapping
 from typing import Any, cast
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.channels.registry import load_channel_plugin
 from nanobot.channels.validation import validate_channel_config
 from nanobot.pairing import approve_code, deny_code, list_pending
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.webui import settings_capabilities as capability_domain
 from nanobot.webui import settings_contracts as contracts
 from nanobot.webui import settings_models as model_domain
@@ -208,6 +210,16 @@ def _payload_query(payload: dict[str, Any]) -> QueryParams:
     }
 
 
+async def _call_settings_handler(
+    handler: Callable[[], Response | Awaitable[Response]],
+) -> Response:
+    """Keep synchronous handlers off-loop while supporting native async handlers."""
+    result = await asyncio.to_thread(handler)
+    if inspect.isawaitable(result):
+        return await result
+    return result
+
+
 class WebUISettingsRouter:
     """Authenticate and dispatch settings requests to transport-neutral domains."""
 
@@ -284,9 +296,9 @@ class WebUISettingsRouter:
         if not self._authorized(request):
             return self._unauthorized()
         if route == ("root", "settings"):
-            return self._handle_settings()
+            return await _call_settings_handler(self._handle_settings)
         if route == ("root", "usage"):
-            return self._handle_settings_usage()
+            return await _call_settings_handler(self._handle_settings_usage)
 
         domain, action = route
         domain_request = self._domain_request(
@@ -415,19 +427,18 @@ class WebUISettingsRouter:
                 )
         return self._json_response(payload)
 
-    def _handle_settings(self) -> Response:
-        return self._json_response(
-            self._with_restart_state(
-                self.settings.read(
+    async def _handle_settings(self) -> Response:
+        payload = await self.settings.read_async(
             settings_payload,
             surface=self._runtime_surface,
             runtime_capability_overrides=self._runtime_capabilities,
         )
-            )
-        )
+        return self._json_response(self._with_restart_state(payload))
 
-    def _handle_settings_usage(self) -> Response:
-        return self._json_response(self.settings.read(settings_usage_payload))
+    async def _handle_settings_usage(self) -> Response:
+        return self._json_response(
+            await self.settings.read_async(settings_usage_payload)
+        )
 
     def _model_operations(self) -> model_domain.ModelSettingsOperations:
         return model_domain.ModelSettingsOperations(
@@ -560,7 +571,7 @@ class WebUISettingsRouter:
             allow_install=allow_install,
         )
 
-    def _allow_feature_package_install(
+    async def _allow_feature_package_install(
         self,
         connection: Any,
         request: WsRequest,
@@ -570,29 +581,33 @@ class WebUISettingsRouter:
             request,
             needs_local_browser=True,
         )
-        return self._system.allow_feature_package_install(domain_request)
+        return await self._system.allow_feature_package_install(domain_request)
 
     async def _handle_mcp_oauth_start(self, request: WsRequest) -> Response:
         if not self._authorized(request):
             return self._unauthorized()
-        if self._mcp_oauth_redirect_uri is None:
+        redirect_uri_for_request = self._mcp_oauth_redirect_uri
+        if redirect_uri_for_request is None:
             return self._error_response(500, "MCP OAuth callback is not configured")
         query = self._parse_mcp_settings_query(request)
-        try:
-            name, cfg = await asyncio.to_thread(
-                self.settings.mutate,
+
+        async def mutate_and_start() -> dict[str, Any]:
+            name, cfg = await self.settings.mutate_async(
                 ensure_mcp_oauth_server,
                 query,
             )
-            redirect_uri = self._mcp_oauth_redirect_uri(request)
+            redirect_uri = redirect_uri_for_request(request)
             reset = (_query_first(query, "reset") or "").lower() in {"1", "true", "yes"}
-            payload = await self._mcp_oauth.start(
+            return await self._mcp_oauth.start(
                 name,
                 cfg,
                 redirect_uri,
                 reload_mcp=self._reload_mcp_runtime,
                 reset_credentials=reset,
             )
+
+        try:
+            payload = await shield_and_drain(mutate_and_start())
         except Exception as exc:
             return self._mcp_oauth_error_response(exc, action="start")
         return self._json_response(payload)

nanobot/webui/settings_services.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import threading
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass
@@ -12,9 +13,11 @@ from filelock import FileLock
 
 from nanobot.config.loader import load_config, save_config
 from nanobot.config.schema import Config
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
 _WEBUI_OAUTH_MAX_FLOWS = 8
+_SETTINGS_FILE_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 5
 
 
 class WebUISettingsConfig:
@@ -25,13 +28,20 @@ class WebUISettingsConfig:
         self.path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         self._lock = threading.RLock()
         lock_path = self.path.with_suffix(f"{self.path.suffix}.lock")
-        self._file_lock = FileLock(str(lock_path))
+        self._file_lock = FileLock(
+            str(lock_path),
+            timeout=_SETTINGS_FILE_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+        )
 
     def load(self) -> Config:
         """Load this gateway's config without consulting the process-global path."""
         with self._lock:
             return load_config(self.path)
 
+    async def load_async(self) -> Config:
+        """Load config without running file I/O or lock waits on the event loop."""
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(self.load)
+
     def update(self, mutation: Callable[[Config], _T]) -> _T:
         """Apply and atomically persist one path-scoped read-modify-write operation."""
         with self._lock, self._file_lock:
@@ -40,11 +50,21 @@ class WebUISettingsConfig:
             save_config(config, self.path)
             return result
 
+    async def update_async(self, mutation: Callable[[Config], _T]) -> _T:
+        """Update config without blocking the event loop."""
+        return await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(self.update, mutation))
+
     def run_serialized(self, operation: Callable[[Path], _T]) -> _T:
         """Run a path-aware read-modify-write operation under the config-file lock."""
         with self._lock, self._file_lock:
             return operation(self.path)
 
+    async def run_serialized_async(self, operation: Callable[[Path], _T]) -> _T:
+        """Run a serialized config operation without blocking the event loop."""
+        return await shield_and_drain(
+            asyncio.to_thread(self.run_serialized, operation)
+        )
+
 
 class WebUIOAuthFlowRegistry:
     """Bounded, thread-safe OAuth flows owned by one gateway instance."""
@@ -146,6 +166,16 @@ class WebUISettingsServices:
         """Run a settings read against this gateway's explicit config path."""
         return operation(*args, config_path=self.config.path, **kwargs)
 
+    async def read_async(
+        self,
+        operation: Callable[..., _T],
+        /,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Run a settings read without blocking the event loop."""
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(self.read, operation, *args, **kwargs)
+
     def mutate(
         self,
         operation: Callable[..., _T],
@@ -161,3 +191,15 @@ class WebUISettingsServices:
                 **kwargs,
             )
         )
+
+    async def mutate_async(
+        self,
+        operation: Callable[..., _T],
+        /,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Mutate settings without blocking the event loop."""
+        return await shield_and_drain(
+            asyncio.to_thread(self.mutate, operation, *args, **kwargs)
+        )

nanobot/webui/settings_system.py

@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ from nanobot.channels.contracts import (
     channel_update_instance_config,
 )
 from nanobot.config.schema import Config
+from nanobot.llm_usage import llm_usage_payload
 from nanobot.optional_features import OptionalFeatureError, with_channel_runtime_status
 from nanobot.security.workspace_access import workspace_sandbox_status
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.webui.settings_capabilities import network_safety_payload
 from nanobot.webui.settings_contracts import (
     QueryParams,
@@ -31,7 +33,6 @@ from nanobot.webui.settings_contracts import (
     query_first,
     query_first_alias,
 )
-from nanobot.webui.token_usage import token_usage_payload
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from nanobot.webui.settings_services import WebUISettingsServices
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ def system_settings_payload(
             },
             "unified_session": defaults.unified_session,
         },
-        "usage": token_usage_payload(timezone_name=defaults.timezone),
+        "usage": llm_usage_payload(timezone_name=defaults.timezone),
         "advanced": {
             "restrict_to_workspace": config.tools.restrict_to_workspace,
             "workspace_sandbox": sandbox_status.as_dict(),
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ def system_settings_payload(
 
 def settings_usage_payload(config: Config) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Return the lightweight token usage slice for Overview refreshes."""
-    return token_usage_payload(timezone_name=config.agents.defaults.timezone)
+    return llm_usage_payload(timezone_name=config.agents.defaults.timezone)
 
 
 def update_agent_system_settings(config: Config, query: QueryParams) -> tuple[bool, bool]:
@@ -446,12 +447,17 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
         operations: SystemSettingsOperations,
     ) -> SettingsRouteResult:
         try:
-            payload = await asyncio.to_thread(
+            pending = asyncio.to_thread(
                 operations.cli_apps_action,
                 action,
                 request.query,
                 config_path=self.settings.config.path,
             )
+            payload = (
+                await shield_and_drain(pending)
+                if action in {"install", "update", "uninstall"}
+                else await pending
+            )
         except WebUISettingsError as exc:
             return SettingsRouteResult.failure(exc.status, exc.message)
         except Exception as exc:
@@ -505,17 +511,29 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
         action: str,
         operations: SystemSettingsOperations,
     ) -> SettingsRouteResult:
-        try:
+        allow_install = (
+            action != "enable"
+            or await self.allow_feature_package_install(request)
+        )
+
+        async def mutate_and_apply() -> dict[str, Any]:
             payload = await asyncio.to_thread(
                 self._nanobot_features_action,
                 action,
                 request.query,
                 operations,
-                allow_install=(
-                    action != "enable"
-                    or self.allow_feature_package_install(request)
-                ),
+                allow_install=allow_install,
             )
+            payload = await self._apply_feature_runtime_change(
+                action,
+                request.query,
+                payload,
+                operations,
+            )
+            return self._with_channel_runtime_status(payload, operations)
+
+        try:
+            payload = await shield_and_drain(mutate_and_apply())
         except OptionalFeatureError as exc:
             return SettingsRouteResult.failure(exc.status, exc.message)
         except Exception as exc:
@@ -527,13 +545,6 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
                     action,
                 )
             return SettingsRouteResult.failure(status, message)
-        payload = await self._apply_feature_runtime_change(
-            action,
-            request.query,
-            payload,
-            operations,
-        )
-        payload = self._with_channel_runtime_status(payload, operations)
         return SettingsRouteResult.success(
             payload,
             decorate_restart=True,
@@ -628,6 +639,15 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
         self,
         request: SettingsRequest,
         operations: SystemSettingsOperations,
+    ) -> SettingsRouteResult:
+        return await shield_and_drain(
+            self._channel_configure_settled(request, operations)
+        )
+
+    async def _channel_configure_settled(
+        self,
+        request: SettingsRequest,
+        operations: SystemSettingsOperations,
     ) -> SettingsRouteResult:
         name = (query_first(request.query, "name") or "").strip()
         instance_id = (
@@ -682,7 +702,7 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
                 "enable",
                 feature_query,
                 operations,
-                allow_install=self.allow_feature_package_install(request),
+                allow_install=await self.allow_feature_package_install(request),
             )
         except OptionalFeatureError as exc:
             return SettingsRouteResult.failure(
@@ -825,6 +845,22 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
         channel_name: str,
         payload: dict[str, Any],
         operations: SystemSettingsOperations,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return await shield_and_drain(
+            self._settle_channel_connect_success(
+                request,
+                channel_name,
+                payload,
+                operations,
+            )
+        )
+
+    async def _settle_channel_connect_success(
+        self,
+        request: SettingsRequest,
+        channel_name: str,
+        payload: dict[str, Any],
+        operations: SystemSettingsOperations,
     ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         target = {"name": [channel_name]}
         if payload.get("instance_id"):
@@ -835,11 +871,11 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
                 "enable",
                 target,
                 operations,
-                allow_install=self.allow_feature_package_install(request),
+                allow_install=await self.allow_feature_package_install(request),
             )
         except OptionalFeatureError as exc:
             features = self.feature_runtime_fallback(
-                self._nanobot_features_payload(operations),
+                await asyncio.to_thread(self._nanobot_features_payload, operations),
                 message=(
                     f"{channel_name} connected, but enabling channel support failed: "
                     f"{exc.message}"
@@ -859,13 +895,12 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
         )
         return updated
 
-    def allow_feature_package_install(self, request: SettingsRequest) -> bool:
+    async def allow_feature_package_install(self, request: SettingsRequest) -> bool:
         if request.local_browser:
             return True
         try:
-            return bool(
-                self.settings.config.load().tools.webui_allow_remote_package_install
-            )
+            config = await self.settings.config.load_async()
+            return bool(config.tools.webui_allow_remote_package_install)
         except Exception:
             self.logger.exception("failed to load remote package install policy")
             return False
@@ -925,13 +960,18 @@ class SystemSettingsHandler:
         operations: SystemSettingsOperations,
     ) -> SettingsRouteResult:
         try:
-            payload = await operations.mcp_presets_action(
+            pending = operations.mcp_presets_action(
                 action,
                 request.query,
                 reload_mcp=operations.reload_mcp,
                 mcp_runtime_status=operations.mcp_runtime_status,
                 config=self.settings.config,
             )
+            payload = (
+                await pending
+                if action is None
+                else await shield_and_drain(pending)
+            )
         except Exception as exc:
             status = getattr(exc, "status", 500)
             message = getattr(exc, "message", str(exc))

nanobot/webui/token_usage.py

@@ -1,370 +0,0 @@
-"""Workspace-scoped token usage telemetry for WebUI overview surfaces."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import json
-import os
-import threading
-import time
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Mapping, cast
-from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo, ZoneInfoNotFoundError
-
-from loguru import logger
-
-from nanobot.agent.hook import AgentHook, AgentHookContext
-from nanobot.config.paths import get_webui_dir
-
-TOKEN_USAGE_SCHEMA_VERSION = 1
-_MAX_STATE_FILE_BYTES = 512 * 1024
-_MAX_DAYS_RETAINED = 400
-_USAGE_KEYS = (
-    "prompt_tokens",
-    "completion_tokens",
-    "cached_tokens",
-    "total_tokens",
-    "provider_tokens",
-    "estimated_tokens",
-)
-_REQUEST_KEYS = ("requests", "provider_requests", "estimated_requests")
-_SOURCE_KEYS = ("user", "api", "cron", "dream", "system")
-_WRITE_LOCK = threading.Lock()
-
-
-def token_usage_state_path() -> Path:
-    return get_webui_dir() / "token-usage.json"
-
-
-def default_token_usage_state() -> dict[str, Any]:
-    return {
-        "schema_version": TOKEN_USAGE_SCHEMA_VERSION,
-        "days": {},
-        "updated_at": None,
-    }
-
-
-def _utc_now_iso() -> str:
-    return time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", time.gmtime())
-
-
-def _zone(timezone_name: str | None) -> timezone | ZoneInfo:
-    if not timezone_name:
-        return timezone.utc
-    try:
-        return ZoneInfo(timezone_name)
-    except ZoneInfoNotFoundError:
-        return timezone.utc
-
-
-def _local_day(now: datetime | None = None, *, timezone_name: str | None = None) -> str:
-    dt = now or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-    if dt.tzinfo is None:
-        dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-    return dt.astimezone(_zone(timezone_name)).date().isoformat()
-
-
-def _clean_int(value: Any) -> int:
-    try:
-        return max(0, int(value or 0))
-    except (TypeError, ValueError):
-        return 0
-
-
-def _clean_source(value: str | None) -> str:
-    return value if value in _SOURCE_KEYS else "system"
-
-
-def _source_from_session_key(session_key: str | None) -> str:
-    key = session_key or ""
-    if key.startswith("dream:"):
-        return "dream"
-    if key == "heartbeat" or key.startswith("cron:"):
-        return "cron"
-    if key.startswith("api:"):
-        return "api"
-    if key.startswith("system:"):
-        return "system"
-    return "user"
-
-
-def _normalize_usage(raw: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, int]:
-    if not isinstance(raw, dict):
-        return {}
-    usage = {key: _clean_int(raw.get(key)) for key in _USAGE_KEYS}
-    fallback_total = usage["prompt_tokens"] + usage["completion_tokens"]
-    if usage["total_tokens"] <= 0:
-        usage["total_tokens"] = fallback_total
-    if usage["estimated_tokens"] <= 0 and usage["provider_tokens"] <= 0:
-        usage["provider_tokens"] = usage["total_tokens"]
-    elif usage["estimated_tokens"] > 0 and usage["provider_tokens"] <= 0:
-        usage["estimated_tokens"] = min(usage["estimated_tokens"], usage["total_tokens"])
-    elif usage["provider_tokens"] > 0 and usage["estimated_tokens"] <= 0:
-        usage["provider_tokens"] = min(usage["provider_tokens"], usage["total_tokens"])
-    return usage if usage["total_tokens"] > 0 else {}
-
-
-def _normalize_usage_row(row: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, int]:
-    cleaned = {key: _clean_int(row.get(key)) for key in _USAGE_KEYS}
-    if cleaned["total_tokens"] <= 0:
-        cleaned["total_tokens"] = cleaned["prompt_tokens"] + cleaned["completion_tokens"]
-    if cleaned["provider_tokens"] <= 0 and cleaned["estimated_tokens"] <= 0:
-        cleaned["provider_tokens"] = cleaned["total_tokens"]
-    requests = {key: _clean_int(row.get(key)) for key in _REQUEST_KEYS}
-    if (
-        requests["requests"] > 0
-        and requests["provider_requests"] <= 0
-        and requests["estimated_requests"] <= 0
-    ):
-        if cleaned["estimated_tokens"] > 0 and cleaned["provider_tokens"] <= 0:
-            requests["estimated_requests"] = requests["requests"]
-        else:
-            requests["provider_requests"] = requests["requests"]
-    return {**cleaned, **requests}
-
-
-def _normalize_sources(raw: Any, fallback: dict[str, int]) -> dict[str, dict[str, int]]:
-    sources: dict[str, dict[str, int]] = {}
-    if isinstance(raw, dict):
-        for source, row_value in cast(dict[Any, Any], raw).items():
-            if not isinstance(row_value, dict):
-                continue
-            row = cast(dict[str, Any], row_value)
-            normalized = _normalize_usage_row(row)
-            if normalized["total_tokens"] <= 0 and normalized["requests"] <= 0:
-                continue
-            source_key = _clean_source(str(source))
-            current = sources.get(source_key)
-            if current is None:
-                sources[source_key] = normalized
-            else:
-                for key in (*_USAGE_KEYS, *_REQUEST_KEYS):
-                    current[key] = _clean_int(current.get(key)) + normalized[key]
-    if not sources and (fallback["total_tokens"] > 0 or fallback["requests"] > 0):
-        sources["user"] = {key: fallback[key] for key in (*_USAGE_KEYS, *_REQUEST_KEYS)}
-    return sources
-
-
-def normalize_token_usage_state(raw: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    state = default_token_usage_state()
-    if not isinstance(raw, dict):
-        return state
-    raw = cast(dict[str, Any], raw)
-    days_raw = raw.get("days")
-    if not isinstance(days_raw, dict):
-        return state
-
-    days: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
-    for date, row_value in sorted(cast(dict[Any, Any], days_raw).items())[-_MAX_DAYS_RETAINED:]:
-        if not isinstance(date, str) or len(date) != 10 or not isinstance(row_value, dict):
-            continue
-        row = cast(dict[str, Any], row_value)
-        try:
-            datetime.fromisoformat(date)
-        except ValueError:
-            # A hand-edited or foreign day key that is not a real date would
-            # otherwise reach token_usage_payload's date parsing and fail every
-            # settings request; drop it like any other malformed row.
-            continue
-        normalized = _normalize_usage_row(row)
-        if normalized["total_tokens"] <= 0 and normalized["requests"] <= 0:
-            continue
-        days[date] = {
-            "date": date,
-            **normalized,
-            "sources": _normalize_sources(row.get("sources"), normalized),
-        }
-
-    state["days"] = days
-    updated_at = raw.get("updated_at")
-    state["updated_at"] = updated_at if isinstance(updated_at, str) else None
-    return state
-
-
-def read_token_usage_state() -> dict[str, Any]:
-    path = token_usage_state_path()
-    if not path.is_file():
-        return default_token_usage_state()
-    try:
-        if path.stat().st_size > _MAX_STATE_FILE_BYTES:
-            logger.warning("token usage state too large, ignoring: {}", path)
-            return default_token_usage_state()
-        with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
-            raw = json.load(f)
-    except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as e:
-        logger.warning("read token usage state failed {}: {}", path, e)
-        return default_token_usage_state()
-    return normalize_token_usage_state(raw)
-
-
-def write_token_usage_state(raw: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    state = normalize_token_usage_state(raw)
-    state["updated_at"] = _utc_now_iso()
-    encoded = json.dumps(
-        state,
-        ensure_ascii=False,
-        indent=2,
-        sort_keys=True,
-    ).encode("utf-8")
-    if len(encoded) > _MAX_STATE_FILE_BYTES:
-        raise ValueError("token usage state is too large")
-
-    path = token_usage_state_path()
-    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    tmp = path.with_suffix(".json.tmp")
-    with open(tmp, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(encoded)
-        f.write(b"\n")
-        f.flush()
-        os.fsync(f.fileno())
-    os.replace(tmp, path)
-    try:
-        dir_fd = os.open(path.parent, os.O_RDONLY)
-    except OSError:
-        return state
-    try:
-        os.fsync(dir_fd)
-    finally:
-        os.close(dir_fd)
-    return state
-
-
-def record_token_usage(
-    usage: dict[str, Any] | None,
-    *,
-    source: str = "user",
-    timezone_name: str | None = None,
-    now: datetime | None = None,
-) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    normalized = _normalize_usage(usage)
-    if not normalized:
-        return read_token_usage_state()
-
-    with _WRITE_LOCK:
-        state = read_token_usage_state()
-        days_by_date = cast(dict[str, dict[str, Any]], state["days"])
-        day = _local_day(now, timezone_name=timezone_name)
-        row: dict[str, Any] = dict(days_by_date.get(day) or {"date": day, "requests": 0})
-        for key in _USAGE_KEYS:
-            row[key] = _clean_int(row.get(key)) + normalized.get(key, 0)
-        row["requests"] = _clean_int(row.get("requests")) + 1
-        if normalized.get("estimated_tokens", 0) > 0 and normalized.get("provider_tokens", 0) <= 0:
-            row["estimated_requests"] = _clean_int(row.get("estimated_requests")) + 1
-        else:
-            row["provider_requests"] = _clean_int(row.get("provider_requests")) + 1
-
-        source_key = _clean_source(source)
-        sources: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = dict(
-            cast(Mapping[str, dict[str, Any]], row.get("sources") or {})
-        )
-        source_row: dict[str, Any] = dict(sources.get(source_key) or {"requests": 0})
-        for key in _USAGE_KEYS:
-            source_row[key] = _clean_int(source_row.get(key)) + normalized.get(key, 0)
-        source_row["requests"] = _clean_int(source_row.get("requests")) + 1
-        if normalized.get("estimated_tokens", 0) > 0 and normalized.get("provider_tokens", 0) <= 0:
-            source_row["estimated_requests"] = _clean_int(source_row.get("estimated_requests")) + 1
-        else:
-            source_row["provider_requests"] = _clean_int(source_row.get("provider_requests")) + 1
-        sources[source_key] = source_row
-        row["sources"] = sources
-
-        days_by_date[day] = row
-        if len(days_by_date) > _MAX_DAYS_RETAINED:
-            state["days"] = dict(sorted(days_by_date.items())[-_MAX_DAYS_RETAINED:])
-        return write_token_usage_state(state)
-
-
-def record_response_token_usage(
-    response: Any,
-    *,
-    source: str,
-    timezone_name: str | None = None,
-) -> None:
-    try:
-        record_token_usage(
-            getattr(response, "usage", None),
-            source=source,
-            timezone_name=timezone_name,
-        )
-    except Exception:
-        logger.exception("failed to record {} token usage", source)
-
-
-def token_usage_payload(
-    *,
-    days: int = 371,
-    timezone_name: str | None = None,
-    now: datetime | None = None,
-) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    state = read_token_usage_state()
-    days_by_date = cast(dict[str, dict[str, Any]], state["days"])
-    today = datetime.fromisoformat(_local_day(now, timezone_name=timezone_name)).date()
-    start = today - timedelta(days=max(1, days) - 1)
-    day_rows = [
-        row
-        for date, row in sorted(days_by_date.items())
-        if start.isoformat() <= date <= today.isoformat()
-    ]
-    last_30_start = today - timedelta(days=29)
-    last_30 = [
-        row
-        for date, row in days_by_date.items()
-        if last_30_start.isoformat() <= date <= today.isoformat()
-    ]
-    last_365_start = today - timedelta(days=364)
-    last_365 = [
-        row
-        for date, row in days_by_date.items()
-        if last_365_start.isoformat() <= date <= today.isoformat()
-    ]
-    active_dates = {
-        datetime.fromisoformat(date).date()
-        for date, row in days_by_date.items()
-        if _clean_int(row.get("total_tokens")) > 0
-    }
-    current_streak = 0
-    cursor = today
-    while cursor in active_dates:
-        current_streak += 1
-        cursor -= timedelta(days=1)
-
-    longest_streak = 0
-    running_streak = 0
-    for cursor in sorted(active_dates):
-        if cursor - timedelta(days=1) in active_dates:
-            running_streak += 1
-        else:
-            running_streak = 1
-        longest_streak = max(longest_streak, running_streak)
-
-    all_rows = list(days_by_date.values())
-    return {
-        "days": day_rows,
-        "total_tokens": sum(_clean_int(row.get("total_tokens")) for row in all_rows),
-        "total_tokens_30d": sum(_clean_int(row.get("total_tokens")) for row in last_30),
-        "total_tokens_365d": sum(_clean_int(row.get("total_tokens")) for row in last_365),
-        "peak_day_tokens": max([_clean_int(row.get("total_tokens")) for row in all_rows] or [0]),
-        "current_streak_days": current_streak,
-        "longest_streak_days": longest_streak,
-        "active_days_30d": sum(1 for row in last_30 if _clean_int(row.get("total_tokens")) > 0),
-        "requests_30d": sum(_clean_int(row.get("requests")) for row in last_30),
-        "updated_at": state.get("updated_at"),
-    }
-
-
-class TokenUsageHook(AgentHook):
-    """Persist provider-reported token usage without coupling it to chat messages."""
-
-    def __init__(self, *, timezone_name: str | None = None) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        self._timezone_name = timezone_name
-
-    async def after_iteration(self, context: AgentHookContext) -> None:
-        try:
-            record_token_usage(
-                context.usage,
-                source=_source_from_session_key(context.session_key),
-                timezone_name=self._timezone_name,
-            )
-        except Exception:
-            logger.exception("failed to record token usage")

nanobot/webui/transcript.py

@@ -1813,11 +1813,16 @@ def replay_transcript_to_ui_messages(
                 break
             content = str(candidate.get("content") or "")
             has_answer = len(content) > 0
+            if has_answer:
+                break
+            # A completed reasoning field is closed even while its assistant
+            # placeholder remains streaming for the rest of the turn.
             if (
                 candidate.get("reasoningStreaming")
-                or candidate.get("reasoning") is not None
-                or has_answer
-                or candidate.get("isStreaming")
+                or (
+                    candidate.get("isStreaming")
+                    and candidate.get("reasoning") is None
+                )
             ):
                 prev[i] = {
                     **candidate,
@@ -1827,15 +1832,6 @@ def replay_transcript_to_ui_messages(
                     **turn_fields,
                 }
                 return
-            if not has_answer and candidate.get("isStreaming"):
-                prev[i] = {
-                    **candidate,
-                    "reasoning": chunk,
-                    "reasoningStreaming": True,
-                    "activitySegmentId": candidate.get("activitySegmentId") or _ensure_activity_segment(),
-                    **turn_fields,
-                }
-                return
             break
         segment = _ensure_activity_segment()
         prev.append(
@@ -1915,19 +1911,6 @@ def replay_transcript_to_ui_messages(
             and not m.get("media")
         )
 
-    def is_tool_trace_at(index: int) -> bool:
-        m = messages[index] if 0 <= index < len(messages) else None
-        return bool(m and m.get("kind") == "trace")
-
-    def prune_reasoning_only() -> None:
-        nonlocal messages
-        kept: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
-        for i, m in enumerate(messages):
-            if is_reasoning_only_placeholder(m) and not is_tool_trace_at(i + 1):
-                continue
-            kept.append(m)
-        messages = kept
-
     def stamp_completion(
         *,
         latency_ms: int | None = None,
@@ -2442,7 +2425,6 @@ def replay_transcript_to_ui_messages(
             for i, m in enumerate(messages):
                 if m.get("isStreaming"):
                     messages[i] = {**m, "isStreaming": False}
-            prune_reasoning_only()
             lat = rec.get("latency_ms")
             usage = rec.get("usage")
             sanitized_usage = (

nanobot/webui/workspaces.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import json
 import os
 import time
+from collections import OrderedDict
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
 
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ _MAX_STATE_FILE_BYTES = 128 * 1024
 _DEFAULT_ACCESS_MODES = {"default", "full"}
 _LEGACY_RESTRICTED_DEFAULT_ACCESS_MODE = "restricted"
 _WEBUI_SCOPE_CHANNEL = "websocket"
+_MAX_DRAFT_SCOPES = 128
 
 
 def _scope_change_is_non_escalating(current: WorkspaceScope, requested: WorkspaceScope) -> bool:
@@ -186,6 +188,7 @@ class WebUIWorkspaceController:
         self._sessions = session_manager
         self._default_workspace = default_workspace
         self._default_restrict_to_workspace = default_restrict_to_workspace
+        self._draft_scopes: OrderedDict[str, WorkspaceScope] = OrderedDict()
 
     def default_scope(self) -> WorkspaceScope:
         return default_scope_for_webui(
@@ -230,6 +233,10 @@ class WebUIWorkspaceController:
         return self._scope_from_metadata_value(raw_scope, default_scope=default_scope)
 
     def scope_for_session_key(self, session_key: str) -> WorkspaceScope:
+        draft = self._draft_scopes.get(session_key)
+        if draft is not None:
+            self._draft_scopes.move_to_end(session_key)
+            return draft
         if self._sessions is None:
             return self.default_scope()
         data = self._sessions.read_session_metadata(session_key)
@@ -328,8 +335,24 @@ class WebUIWorkspaceController:
         return scope
 
     def persist_scope(self, chat_id: str, scope: WorkspaceScope) -> None:
+        session_key = f"websocket:{chat_id}"
         if self._sessions is not None:
-            session = self._sessions.get_or_create(f"websocket:{chat_id}")
+            session = self._sessions.get_or_create(session_key)
             session.metadata["webui"] = True
             session.metadata[WORKSPACE_SCOPE_METADATA_KEY] = scope.metadata()
             self._sessions.save(session)
+        self._draft_scopes.pop(session_key, None)
+
+    def stage_scope(self, chat_id: str, scope: WorkspaceScope) -> None:
+        """Keep a new chat's scope transient until its first accepted message."""
+        session_key = f"websocket:{chat_id}"
+        if (
+            self._sessions is not None
+            and self._sessions.read_session_metadata(session_key) is not None
+        ):
+            self.persist_scope(chat_id, scope)
+            return
+        self._draft_scopes[session_key] = scope
+        self._draft_scopes.move_to_end(session_key)
+        while len(self._draft_scopes) > _MAX_DRAFT_SCOPES:
+            self._draft_scopes.popitem(last=False)

nanobot/webui/ws_http.py

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from nanobot.session.session_handles import (
     SessionHandleResolver,
 )
 from nanobot.triggers.local_types import LocalTrigger
+from nanobot.utils.cancellation import shield_and_drain
 from nanobot.webui.file_preview import (
     WebUIFilePreviewError,
     file_preview_availability_payload,
@@ -135,6 +136,18 @@ _WEBUI_MUTATION_PAYLOAD_ATTR = "_nanobot_webui_mutation_payload"
 _WEBUI_MUTATION_REQUEST_ATTR = "_nanobot_webui_mutation_request"
 _NO_STORE_HEADERS = [("Cache-Control", "no-store")]
 
+
+def _slow_http_operation(path: str) -> str:
+    """Return a route family without logging user-controlled path/query values."""
+    clean_path = path.split("?", 1)[0]
+    if clean_path == "/webui/bootstrap":
+        return clean_path
+    parts = [part for part in clean_path.split("/") if part]
+    if len(parts) >= 2 and parts[0] == "api":
+        return f"/api/{parts[1]}"
+    return "/webui"
+
+
 _WEBUI_MUTATION_PATHS = {
     "automation.enable": "/api/webui/automations/enable",
     "automation.disable": "/api/webui/automations/disable",
@@ -420,7 +433,12 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
             response = await self._dispatch_resolved(connection, request, got)
             return response
         finally:
-            self._log_slow_http(got, response, started)
+            self._log_slow_http(
+                got,
+                response,
+                started,
+                input_chars=len(request.path),
+            )
 
     async def dispatch_webui_mutation(
         self,
@@ -556,7 +574,14 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
 
         return connection.respond(404, "Not Found")
 
-    def _log_slow_http(self, path: str, response: Any | None, started: float) -> None:
+    def _log_slow_http(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        response: Any | None,
+        started: float,
+        *,
+        input_chars: int,
+    ) -> None:
         elapsed_ms = int((time.perf_counter() - started) * 1000)
         if elapsed_ms < _SLOW_WEBUI_HTTP_LOG_MS:
             return
@@ -564,9 +589,10 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
             return
         status = getattr(response, "status_code", None)
         self._log.warning(
-            "slow webui http route path={} status={} duration_ms={}",
-            path,
+            "slow webui http operation={} status={} input_chars={} duration_ms={}",
+            _slow_http_operation(path),
             status if status is not None else "none",
+            input_chars,
             elapsed_ms,
         )
 
@@ -694,7 +720,11 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
     async def _dispatch_session_routes(self, request: WsRequest, got: str) -> Response | None:
         m = re.match(r"^/api/sessions/([^/]+)/webui-thread$", got)
         if m:
-            return self._handle_webui_thread_get(request, m.group(1))
+            return await asyncio.to_thread(
+                self._handle_webui_thread_get,
+                request,
+                m.group(1),
+            )
 
         m = re.match(r"^/api/sessions/([^/]+)/context$", got)
         if m:
@@ -702,15 +732,27 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
 
         m = re.match(r"^/api/sessions/([^/]+)/file-preview$", got)
         if m:
-            return self._handle_file_preview(request, m.group(1))
+            return await asyncio.to_thread(
+                self._handle_file_preview,
+                request,
+                m.group(1),
+            )
 
         m = re.match(r"^/api/sessions/([^/]+)/automations$", got)
         if m:
-            return self._handle_session_automations(request, m.group(1))
+            return await self._run_cron_transaction(
+                self._handle_session_automations,
+                request,
+                m.group(1),
+            )
 
         m = re.match(r"^/api/sessions/([^/]+)/delete$", got)
         if m:
-            return self._handle_session_delete(request, m.group(1))
+            return await self._run_cron_transaction(
+                self._handle_session_delete,
+                request,
+                m.group(1),
+            )
 
         return None
 
@@ -957,13 +999,24 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
 
     # -- Automation routes --------------------------------------------------
 
+    async def _run_cron_transaction(
+        self,
+        operation: Callable[..., Any],
+        /,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if self.cron_service is not None:
+            return await self.cron_service.run_sync(operation, *args, **kwargs)
+        return await shield_and_drain(asyncio.to_thread(operation, *args, **kwargs))
+
     async def _dispatch_automation_routes(
         self,
         request: WsRequest,
         got: str,
     ) -> Response | None:
         if got == "/api/webui/automations":
-            return self._handle_webui_automations(request)
+            return await self._run_cron_transaction(self._handle_webui_automations, request)
         m = re.match(r"^/api/webui/automations/(enable|disable|delete|run|update)$", got)
         if m:
             return await self._handle_webui_automation_action(request, m.group(1))
@@ -1029,13 +1082,24 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
         job_id = (_query_first(query, "id") or _query_first(query, "job_id") or "").strip()
         if not job_id:
             return _http_error(400, "missing automation id")
-        trigger = self.local_trigger_store.get(job_id) if self.local_trigger_store else None
+        trigger = (
+            await asyncio.to_thread(self.local_trigger_store.get, job_id)
+            if self.local_trigger_store
+            else None
+        )
         if trigger is not None:
-            return self._handle_local_trigger_action(request, action, trigger)
+            return await shield_and_drain(
+                asyncio.to_thread(
+                    self._handle_local_trigger_action,
+                    request,
+                    action,
+                    trigger,
+                )
+            )
 
         if self.cron_service is None:
             return _http_error(404, "automation not found")
-        job = self.cron_service.get_job(job_id)
+        job = await self.cron_service.run_sync(self.cron_service.get_job, job_id)
         if job is None:
             return _http_error(404, "automation not found")
         if job.payload.kind == "system_event":
@@ -1044,13 +1108,23 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
             return _http_error(409, "automation has no linked chat")
 
         if action == "enable":
-            if self.cron_service.enable_job(job_id, enabled=True) is None:
+            result = await self.cron_service.run_sync(
+                self.cron_service.enable_job,
+                job_id,
+                enabled=True,
+            )
+            if result is None:
                 return _http_error(404, "automation not found")
         elif action == "disable":
-            if self.cron_service.enable_job(job_id, enabled=False) is None:
+            result = await self.cron_service.run_sync(
+                self.cron_service.enable_job,
+                job_id,
+                enabled=False,
+            )
+            if result is None:
                 return _http_error(404, "automation not found")
         elif action == "delete":
-            result = self.cron_service.remove_job(job_id)
+            result = await self.cron_service.run_sync(self.cron_service.remove_job, job_id)
             if result == "not_found":
                 return _http_error(404, "automation not found")
             if result == "protected":
@@ -1068,7 +1142,11 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
             if isinstance(parsed, str):
                 return _http_error(400, parsed)
             try:
-                result = self.cron_service.update_job(job_id, **parsed)
+                result = await self.cron_service.run_sync(
+                    self.cron_service.update_job,
+                    job_id,
+                    **parsed,
+                )
             except ValueError as exc:
                 return _http_error(400, str(exc))
             if result == "not_found":
@@ -1078,7 +1156,7 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
         else:
             return _http_error(404, "unknown automation action")
 
-        return self._handle_webui_automations(request)
+        return await self._run_cron_transaction(self._handle_webui_automations, request)
 
     def _handle_local_trigger_action(
         self,
@@ -1163,9 +1241,17 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
         if got == "/api/webui/skills/install":
             return await self._handle_webui_skill_install(connection, request)
         if got == "/api/webui/skills/update":
-            return self._handle_webui_skill_update(request)
+            return await shield_and_drain(
+                asyncio.to_thread(self._handle_webui_skill_update, request)
+            )
         if got == "/api/webui/skills/delete":
-            return self._handle_webui_skill_delete(connection, request)
+            return await shield_and_drain(
+                asyncio.to_thread(
+                    self._handle_webui_skill_delete,
+                    connection,
+                    request,
+                )
+            )
         if got == "/api/webui/skills":
             return self._handle_webui_skills(request)
         m = re.match(r"^/api/webui/skills/([^/]+)$", got)
@@ -1276,7 +1362,7 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
     ) -> Response:
         if not self.check_api_token(request):
             return _http_error(401, "Unauthorized")
-        if not self._allow_webui_package_install(connection, request):
+        if not await self._allow_webui_package_install(connection, request):
             return _http_error(403, "remote skill installation is disabled")
         if self._skill_install_lock.locked():
             return _http_error(409, "another skill installation is already in progress")
@@ -1308,13 +1394,16 @@ class GatewayHTTPHandler:
             "last_action": action,
         })
 
-    def _allow_webui_package_install(self, connection: Any, request: WsRequest) -> bool:
+    async def _allow_webui_package_install(
+        self,
+        connection: Any,
+        request: WsRequest,
+    ) -> bool:
         if _is_local_browser_request(connection, request.headers):
             return True
         try:
-            return bool(
-                self.settings.config.load().tools.webui_allow_remote_package_install
-            )
+            config = await self.settings.config.load_async()
+            return bool(config.tools.webui_allow_remote_package_install)
         except Exception:
             self._log.exception("failed to load remote package install policy")
             return False

tests/agent/test_attachment_references.py

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ async def test_pending_document_attachment_keeps_body_out_of_prompt(
         nonlocal call_count
         call_count += 1
         captured_messages.append([dict(message) for message in messages])
-        return LLMResponse(content=f"answer-{call_count}", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content=f"answer-{call_count}", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     loop = _make_loop(workspace)
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry

tests/agent/test_context_prompt_cache.py

@@ -49,6 +49,29 @@ def test_system_prompt_stays_stable_when_clock_changes(tmp_path, monkeypatch) ->
     assert prompt1 == prompt2
 
 
+def test_selected_project_path_follows_shared_cache_prefix(tmp_path) -> None:
+    """Project paths must not invalidate the stable identity and tool contract prefix."""
+    agent_home = tmp_path / "agent-home"
+    project_a = tmp_path / "project-a"
+    project_b = tmp_path / "project-b"
+    agent_home.mkdir()
+    project_a.mkdir()
+    project_b.mkdir()
+    builder = ContextBuilder(agent_home)
+
+    prompt_a = builder.build_system_prompt(workspace=project_a)
+    prompt_b = builder.build_system_prompt(workspace=project_b)
+    marker = "# Current Project"
+    prefix_a = prompt_a[: prompt_a.index(marker)]
+    prefix_b = prompt_b[: prompt_b.index(marker)]
+
+    assert prefix_a == prefix_b
+    assert "# Tool Usage Notes" in prefix_a
+    assert str(project_a.resolve()) not in prefix_a
+    assert str(project_b.resolve()) not in prefix_b
+    assert prompt_a == builder.build_system_prompt(workspace=project_a)
+
+
 def test_system_prompt_reflects_current_dream_memory_contract(tmp_path) -> None:
     workspace = _make_workspace(tmp_path)
     builder = ContextBuilder(workspace)

tests/agent/test_dream.py

@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ class TestEphemeralDirect:
         provider.supports_tools = True
         provider.generation = MagicMock(max_tokens=4096)
         provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(
-            return_value=LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], finish_reason="stop", usage={})
+            return_value=LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], finish_reason="stop", usage=None)
         )
 
         with (
@@ -556,9 +556,9 @@ class TestEphemeralDirect:
                         "new_text": "replacement",
                     },
                 )],
-                usage={},
+                usage=None,
             ),
-            LLMResponse(content="done", finish_reason="stop", tool_calls=[], usage={}),
+            LLMResponse(content="done", finish_reason="stop", tool_calls=[], usage=None),
         ])
 
         resp = await loop.process_direct(
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ class TestEphemeralHooks:
         provider.generation = MagicMock(max_tokens=4096)
         provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(
             return_value=LLMResponse(
-                content="done", finish_reason="stop", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+                content="done", finish_reason="stop", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
             )
         )
 

tests/agent/test_evaluator.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from nanobot.utils.evaluator import (
 
 class DummyProvider(LLMProvider):
     def __init__(self, responses: list[LLMResponse]):
-        super().__init__()
+        super().__init__(provider_name="dummy")
         self._responses = list(responses)
 
     async def chat(self, *args, **kwargs) -> LLMResponse:

tests/agent/test_history_replay.py

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def test_explicit_message_limit_still_starts_at_user_turn() -> None:
 async def test_process_message_replays_with_token_budget_only(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     loop = _make_loop(tmp_path, context_window_tokens=32_768)
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(
-        return_value=LLMResponse(content="ok", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return_value=LLMResponse(content="ok", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
     )
     loop.tools.get_definitions = MagicMock(return_value=[])
     loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens = AsyncMock(return_value=False)  # type: ignore[method-assign]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ async def test_process_message_replays_with_token_budget_only(tmp_path: Path) ->
 async def test_token_budget_keeps_current_user_as_replay_boundary(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     loop = _make_loop(tmp_path, context_window_tokens=8_000)
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(
-        return_value=LLMResponse(content="ok", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return_value=LLMResponse(content="ok", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
     )
     loop.tools.get_definitions = MagicMock(return_value=[])
     loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens = AsyncMock(return_value=False)  # type: ignore[method-assign]

tests/agent/test_hook_composite.py

@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ async def test_agent_loop_extra_hook_receives_calls(tmp_path):
 
     loop = _make_loop(tmp_path, hooks=[TrackingHook()])
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(
-        return_value=LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return_value=LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
     )
     loop.tools.get_definitions = MagicMock(return_value=[])
 
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ async def test_agent_loop_turn_hook_factories_receive_context(tmp_path):
 
     loop = _make_loop(tmp_path, hook_factories=[factory("registered")])
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(
-        return_value=LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return_value=LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
     )
     loop.tools.get_definitions = MagicMock(return_value=[])
 
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ async def test_agent_loop_extra_hook_error_isolation(tmp_path):
 
     loop = _make_loop(tmp_path, hooks=[BadHook()])
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(
-        return_value=LLMResponse(content="still works", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return_value=LLMResponse(content="still works", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
     )
     loop.tools.get_definitions = MagicMock(return_value=[])
 
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ async def test_agent_loop_extra_hooks_do_not_swallow_loop_hook_errors(tmp_path):
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
         content="working",
         tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="c1", name="list_dir", arguments={"path": "."})],
-        usage={},
+        usage=None,
     ))
     loop.tools.get_definitions = MagicMock(return_value=[])
     loop.tools.execute = AsyncMock(return_value="ok")

tests/agent/test_loop_progress.py

@@ -393,9 +393,9 @@ class TestToolEventProgress:
                             },
                         )
                     ],
-                    usage={},
+                    usage=None,
                 )
-            return LLMResponse(content="Done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+            return LLMResponse(content="Done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
         provider.chat_stream_with_retry = chat_stream_with_retry
         provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock()

tests/agent/test_loop_runner_integration.py

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ async def test_ephemeral_runner_enters_and_restores_turn_scopes(tmp_path):
 
     async def chat_with_retry(**_kwargs):
         assert goal_mutation_allowed() is True
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(side_effect=chat_with_retry)
     loop.tools.get_definitions = MagicMock(return_value=[])
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ async def test_goal_command_can_implement_plan_from_prior_discussion(tmp_path):
                     },
                 )
             ],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         ),
         LLMResponse(
             content="closing goal",
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ async def test_goal_command_can_implement_plan_from_prior_discussion(tmp_path):
                     arguments={"action": "complete", "recap": "Implemented and tested."},
                 )
             ],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         ),
         LLMResponse(
             content="trying to start another goal",
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ async def test_goal_command_can_implement_plan_from_prior_discussion(tmp_path):
                     arguments={"objective": "Start an unrelated follow-up."},
                 )
             ],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         ),
-        LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={}),
+        LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None),
     ])
     loop = AgentLoop(bus=MessageBus(), provider=provider, workspace=tmp_path, model="test-model")
     loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens = AsyncMock(return_value=None)
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ async def test_runtime_context_is_persisted_as_next_turn_prompt_prefix(tmp_path)
     provider.get_default_model.return_value = "test-model"
     provider.generation = GenerationSettings()
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(side_effect=[
-        LLMResponse(content="first answer", usage={}),
-        LLMResponse(content="second answer", usage={}),
+        LLMResponse(content="first answer", usage=None),
+        LLMResponse(content="second answer", usage=None),
     ])
     loop = AgentLoop(bus=MessageBus(), provider=provider, workspace=tmp_path, model="test-model")
     loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens = AsyncMock(return_value=None)
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ async def test_webui_quote_reaches_model_without_leaking_into_public_history(tmp
     provider = MagicMock()
     provider.get_default_model.return_value = "test-model"
     provider.generation = GenerationSettings()
-    provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(content="answer", usage={}))
+    provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(content="answer", usage=None))
     loop = AgentLoop(bus=MessageBus(), provider=provider, workspace=tmp_path, model="test-model")
     loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens = AsyncMock(return_value=None)
     session = loop.sessions.get_or_create("websocket:chat")
@@ -258,9 +258,9 @@ async def test_runtime_context_provider_runs_once_across_tool_iterations(tmp_pat
                 name="read_file",
                 arguments={"path": "note.txt"},
             )],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         ),
-        LLMResponse(content="done", usage={}),
+        LLMResponse(content="done", usage=None),
     ])
     loop = AgentLoop(bus=MessageBus(), provider=provider, workspace=tmp_path, model="test-model")
     loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens = AsyncMock(return_value=None)
@@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ async def test_non_goal_direct_turn_cannot_reuse_prior_goal_command(tmp_path):
                     arguments={"objective": "Unauthorized persistent objective."},
                 )
             ],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         ),
-        LLMResponse(content="handled as a one-time task", tool_calls=[], usage={}),
+        LLMResponse(content="handled as a one-time task", tool_calls=[], usage=None),
     ])
     loop = AgentLoop(bus=MessageBus(), provider=provider, workspace=tmp_path, model="test-model")
     loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens = AsyncMock(return_value=None)
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ async def test_loop_stream_filter_handles_think_only_prefix_without_crashing(tmp
     async def chat_stream_with_retry(*, on_content_delta, **kwargs):
         await on_content_delta("<think>hidden")
         await on_content_delta("</think>Hello")
-        return LLMResponse(content="<think>hidden</think>Hello", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="<think>hidden</think>Hello", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     loop.provider.chat_stream_with_retry = chat_stream_with_retry
 
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ async def test_loop_stream_filter_hides_partial_trailing_think_prefix(tmp_path):
     async def chat_stream_with_retry(*, on_content_delta, **kwargs):
         await on_content_delta("Hello <thin")
         await on_content_delta("k>hidden</think>World")
-        return LLMResponse(content="Hello <think>hidden</think>World", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="Hello <think>hidden</think>World", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     loop.provider.chat_stream_with_retry = chat_stream_with_retry
 
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ async def test_loop_stream_filter_hides_complete_trailing_think_tag(tmp_path):
     async def chat_stream_with_retry(*, on_content_delta, **kwargs):
         await on_content_delta("Hello <think>")
         await on_content_delta("hidden</think>World")
-        return LLMResponse(content="Hello <think>hidden</think>World", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="Hello <think>hidden</think>World", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     loop.provider.chat_stream_with_retry = chat_stream_with_retry
 
@@ -459,8 +459,8 @@ async def test_loop_retries_think_only_final_response(tmp_path):
     async def chat_with_retry(**kwargs):
         call_count["n"] += 1
         if call_count["n"] == 1:
-            return LLMResponse(content="<think>hidden</think>", tool_calls=[], usage={})
-        return LLMResponse(content="Recovered answer", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+            return LLMResponse(content="<think>hidden</think>", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
+        return LLMResponse(content="Recovered answer", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ async def test_streamed_flag_not_set_on_llm_error(tmp_path):
     provider.get_default_model.return_value = "test-model"
     loop = AgentLoop(bus=bus, provider=provider, workspace=tmp_path, model="test-model")
     error_resp = LLMResponse(
-        content="503 service unavailable", finish_reason="error", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="503 service unavailable", finish_reason="error", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     )
     loop.provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=error_resp)
     loop.provider.chat_stream_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=error_resp)
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ async def test_ssrf_soft_block_can_finalize_after_streamed_tool_call(tmp_path):
             name="exec",
             arguments={"command": "curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/"},
         )],
-        usage={},
+        usage=None,
     )
     responses = iter([
         tool_call_resp,
         LLMResponse(
             content="I cannot access private URLs. Please share the local file.",
             tool_calls=[],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         ),
     ])
 
@@ -569,8 +569,8 @@ async def test_next_turn_after_llm_error_keeps_turn_boundary(tmp_path):
     provider = MagicMock()
     provider.get_default_model.return_value = "test-model"
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(side_effect=[
-        LLMResponse(content="429 rate limit exceeded", finish_reason="error", tool_calls=[], usage={}),
-        LLMResponse(content="Recovered answer", tool_calls=[], usage={}),
+        LLMResponse(content="429 rate limit exceeded", finish_reason="error", tool_calls=[], usage=None),
+        LLMResponse(content="Recovered answer", tool_calls=[], usage=None),
     ])
 
     loop = AgentLoop(bus=MessageBus(), provider=provider, workspace=tmp_path, model="test-model")

tests/agent/test_loop_save_turn.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from nanobot.bus.outbound_events import (
 )
 from nanobot.bus.queue import MessageBus
 from nanobot.cron.session_turns import CRON_HISTORY_META, CRON_TRIGGER_META
-from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, LLMResponse, ProviderConversationState
+from nanobot.providers.base import LLMProvider, LLMResponse, LLMUsage, ProviderConversationState
 from nanobot.providers.factory import ProviderSnapshot
 from nanobot.runtime_context import (
     RUNTIME_CONTEXT_HISTORY_META,
@@ -1883,7 +1883,7 @@ async def test_turn_usage_is_persisted_with_the_saved_session(tmp_path: Path) ->
     loop.consolidator.maybe_consolidate_by_tokens = AsyncMock(return_value=False)  # type: ignore[method-assign]
 
     async def fake_run_agent_loop(initial_messages, **_kwargs):
-        loop._last_usage = {"prompt_tokens": 64, "completion_tokens": 9}
+        loop._last_usage = LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=64, output_tokens=9)
         return (
             "done",
             [],
@@ -1898,10 +1898,9 @@ async def test_turn_usage_is_persisted_with_the_saved_session(tmp_path: Path) ->
     )
 
     loop.sessions.invalidate("cli:usage")
-    assert loop.sessions.get_or_create("cli:usage").metadata["_last_usage"] == {
-        "prompt_tokens": 64,
-        "completion_tokens": 9,
-    }
+    assert loop.sessions.get_or_create("cli:usage").metadata["_last_usage"] == (
+        LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=64, output_tokens=9).to_dict()
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

tests/agent/test_loop_session_policy.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def _loop(tmp_path, responses: list[str], **kwargs) -> AgentLoop:
     provider.get_default_model.return_value = "test-model"
     provider.generation = GenerationSettings()
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(
-        side_effect=[LLMResponse(content=response, usage={}) for response in responses]
+        side_effect=[LLMResponse(content=response, usage=None) for response in responses]
     )
     return AgentLoop(
         bus=MessageBus(),

tests/agent/test_mcp_reconnect_crash.py

@@ -123,21 +123,21 @@ def allow_loopback_mcp_urls(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
         _resolver_lock = asyncio.Lock()
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(mcp_module, "PinnedDNSAsyncTransport", TestPinnedDNSAsyncTransport)
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        mcp_module,
-        "validate_url_target",
-        lambda url, *, allow_loopback=False: (True, ""),
-    )
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        mcp_module,
-        "resolve_url_target",
-        lambda url, *, allow_loopback=False: (True, "", ("127.0.0.1",)),
-    )
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        security_network,
-        "resolve_url_target",
-        lambda url, *, allow_loopback=False: (True, "", ("127.0.0.1",)),
-    )
+    async def allow_url(url: str, *, allow_loopback: bool = False) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+        return True, ""
+
+    async def resolve_url(
+        url: str,
+        *,
+        allow_loopback: bool = False,
+        trust_remote_dns: bool = False,
+        timeout_s: float = 3.0,
+    ) -> tuple[bool, str, tuple[str, ...]]:
+        return True, "", ("127.0.0.1",)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(mcp_module, "async_validate_url_target", allow_url)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(mcp_module, "async_resolve_url_target", resolve_url)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(security_network, "async_resolve_url_target", resolve_url)
     monkeypatch.setattr(
         mcp_module,
         "env_proxy_applies_to_url",

tests/agent/test_runner_core.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from nanobot.config.schema import AgentDefaults
 from nanobot.providers.base import (
     LLMProvider,
     LLMResponse,
+    LLMUsage,
     ProviderCallContext,
     ProviderConversationState,
     ToolCallRequest,
@@ -22,6 +23,163 @@ from nanobot.providers.base import (
 _MAX_TOOL_RESULT_CHARS = AgentDefaults().max_tool_result_chars
 
 
+def _make_usage_spec(provider, tools):
+    return make_run_spec(
+        provider,
+        initial_messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "hello"}],
+        tools=tools,
+        model="test-model",
+        max_iterations=1,
+        max_tool_result_chars=_MAX_TOOL_RESULT_CHARS,
+    )
+
+
+def test_usage_or_estimate_replaces_reported_zero_for_content(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
+
+    provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
+    tools = MagicMock()
+    tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "nanobot.agent.runner.estimate_prompt_tokens_chain",
+        lambda provider, model, messages, definitions: (12, "test"),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr("nanobot.agent.runner.estimate_message_tokens", lambda message: 7)
+    response = LLMResponse(
+        content="answer",
+        usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=0, output_tokens=0),
+        generation_ms=25,
+        ttft_ms=5,
+    )
+
+    usage = AgentRunner()._usage_or_estimate(
+        _make_usage_spec(provider, tools),
+        [{"role": "user", "content": "hello"}],
+        response,
+    )
+
+    assert usage == LLMUsage.estimated(input_tokens=12, output_tokens=7).with_timing(
+        generation_ms=25,
+        ttft_ms=5,
+    )
+    assert usage.source == "estimated"
+    assert usage.total_tokens == 19
+
+
+def test_usage_or_estimate_counts_tool_call_output_for_reported_zero(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
+
+    provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
+    tools = MagicMock()
+    tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
+    captured_message: dict = {}
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "nanobot.agent.runner.estimate_prompt_tokens_chain",
+        lambda provider, model, messages, definitions: (13, "test"),
+    )
+
+    def estimate_output(message):
+        captured_message.update(message)
+        return 9
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("nanobot.agent.runner.estimate_message_tokens", estimate_output)
+    response = LLMResponse(
+        content=None,
+        tool_calls=[
+            ToolCallRequest(
+                id="call_1",
+                name="lookup",
+                arguments={"query": "nanobot"},
+            )
+        ],
+        finish_reason="tool_calls",
+        usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=0, output_tokens=0),
+    )
+
+    usage = AgentRunner()._usage_or_estimate(
+        _make_usage_spec(provider, tools),
+        [{"role": "user", "content": "hello"}],
+        response,
+    )
+
+    assert usage == LLMUsage.estimated(input_tokens=13, output_tokens=9)
+    assert usage.total_tokens == 22
+    assert captured_message["tool_calls"][0]["function"]["name"] == "lookup"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "provider_usage",
+    [None, LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=0, output_tokens=0)],
+)
+def test_usage_or_estimate_counts_error_without_estimating_tokens(
+    monkeypatch,
+    provider_usage: LLMUsage | None,
+) -> None:
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
+
+    provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
+    tools = MagicMock()
+    estimate = MagicMock()
+    runner = AgentRunner()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(runner, "_estimate_response_usage", estimate)
+    response = LLMResponse(
+        content="upstream failed",
+        finish_reason="error",
+        usage=provider_usage,
+    )
+
+    usage = runner._usage_or_estimate(
+        _make_usage_spec(provider, tools),
+        [{"role": "user", "content": "hello"}],
+        response,
+    )
+
+    assert usage is not None
+    assert usage.total_tokens == 0
+    assert usage.request_count == 1
+    assert usage.context_tokens is None
+    aggregate = LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=12, output_tokens=3) + usage
+    assert aggregate.context_tokens == 12
+    assert aggregate.request_count == 2
+    estimate.assert_not_called()
+
+
+def test_usage_or_estimate_trusts_positive_reported_total(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
+
+    provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
+    tools = MagicMock()
+    estimate = MagicMock()
+    runner = AgentRunner()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(runner, "_estimate_response_usage", estimate)
+    response = LLMResponse(
+        content="answer",
+        usage=LLMUsage.reported(
+            input_tokens=15,
+            output_tokens=18,
+            total_tokens=175,
+        ),
+        generation_ms=30,
+        ttft_ms=6,
+    )
+
+    usage = runner._usage_or_estimate(
+        _make_usage_spec(provider, tools),
+        [{"role": "user", "content": "hello"}],
+        response,
+    )
+
+    assert usage is not None
+    assert usage.source == "reported"
+    assert usage.input_tokens == 15
+    assert usage.output_tokens == 18
+    assert usage.total_tokens == 175
+    assert usage.reported_tokens == 175
+    assert usage.generation_ms == 30
+    assert usage.ttft_ms == 6
+    estimate.assert_not_called()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_runner_preserves_reasoning_fields_and_tool_results():
     from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
@@ -38,10 +196,10 @@ async def test_runner_preserves_reasoning_fields_and_tool_results():
                 tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="list_dir", arguments={"path": "."})],
                 reasoning_content="hidden reasoning",
                 thinking_blocks=[{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "step"}],
-                usage={"prompt_tokens": 5, "completion_tokens": 3},
+                usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=5, output_tokens=3),
             )
         captured_second_call[:] = messages
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
     tools = MagicMock()
@@ -441,7 +599,7 @@ async def test_runner_uses_no_tools_finalization_after_max_iterations():
         return LLMResponse(
             content="Read the directory twice. More investigation remains.",
             tool_calls=[],
-            usage={"prompt_tokens": 10, "completion_tokens": 7},
+            usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=10, output_tokens=7),
         )
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -499,6 +657,55 @@ async def test_runner_times_out_hung_llm_request():
     assert "timed out" in (result.final_content or "").lower()
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_runner_times_out_hung_max_iteration_finalization():
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
+
+    provider = MagicMock()
+    calls = 0
+
+    async def chat_with_retry(**kwargs):
+        nonlocal calls
+        calls += 1
+        if calls == 1:
+            return LLMResponse(
+                content="",
+                tool_calls=[
+                    ToolCallRequest(
+                        id="call_1",
+                        name="probe",
+                        arguments={},
+                    )
+                ],
+                finish_reason="tool_calls",
+            )
+        await asyncio.Event().wait()
+
+    provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
+    tools = MagicMock()
+    tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
+    tools.execute = AsyncMock(return_value="ok")
+
+    result = await asyncio.wait_for(
+        AgentRunner().run(make_run_spec(
+            provider,
+            initial_messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "run the probe"}],
+            tools=tools,
+            model="test-model",
+            max_iterations=1,
+            max_tool_result_chars=_MAX_TOOL_RESULT_CHARS,
+            max_iterations_message="fallback after {max_iterations} iteration",
+            llm_timeout_s=0.01,
+        )),
+        timeout=1.0,
+    )
+
+    assert calls == 2
+    assert result.stop_reason == "max_iterations"
+    assert result.error is None
+    assert result.final_content == "fallback after 1 iteration"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_runner_applies_outer_wall_timeout_to_streaming_requests():
     from nanobot.agent.hook import AgentHook, AgentHookContext
@@ -664,10 +871,10 @@ async def test_runner_replaces_empty_tool_result_with_marker():
             return LLMResponse(
                 content="working",
                 tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="noop", arguments={})],
-                usage={},
+                usage=None,
             )
         captured_second_call[:] = messages
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
     tools = MagicMock()
@@ -702,12 +909,12 @@ async def test_runner_retries_empty_final_response_with_summary_prompt():
             return LLMResponse(
                 content=None,
                 tool_calls=[],
-                usage={"prompt_tokens": 5, "completion_tokens": 1},
+                usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=5, output_tokens=1),
             )
         return LLMResponse(
             content="final answer",
             tool_calls=[],
-            usage={"prompt_tokens": 3, "completion_tokens": 7},
+            usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=3, output_tokens=7),
         )
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -729,8 +936,9 @@ async def test_runner_retries_empty_final_response_with_summary_prompt():
     assert calls[0]["tools"] is not None
     assert calls[1]["tools"] is not None
     assert calls[2]["tools"] is None
-    assert result.usage["prompt_tokens"] == 13
-    assert result.usage["completion_tokens"] == 9
+    assert result.usage is not None
+    assert result.usage.input_tokens == 13
+    assert result.usage.output_tokens == 9
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -802,7 +1010,7 @@ async def test_runner_uses_specific_message_after_empty_finalization_retry():
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
 
     async def chat_with_retry(*, messages, **kwargs):
-        return LLMResponse(content=None, tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content=None, tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
     tools = MagicMock()
@@ -842,14 +1050,14 @@ async def test_empty_finalization_retry_discards_candidate_provider_state():
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.can_resume_conversation_state.return_value = True
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(side_effect=[
-        LLMResponse(content=None, tool_calls=[], usage={}),
-        LLMResponse(content=None, tool_calls=[], usage={}),
+        LLMResponse(content=None, tool_calls=[], usage=None),
+        LLMResponse(content=None, tool_calls=[], usage=None),
         LLMResponse(
             content="finalized without tools",
             tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="exec", arguments={})],
             finish_reason="stop",
             provider_state=candidate,
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         ),
     ])
     tools = MagicMock()
@@ -988,20 +1196,20 @@ async def test_runner_empty_response_does_not_break_tool_chain():
             return LLMResponse(
                 content=None,
                 tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="tc1", name="read_file", arguments={"path": "a.txt"})],
-                usage={"prompt_tokens": 10, "completion_tokens": 5},
+                usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=10, output_tokens=5),
             )
         if call_count == 2:
-            return LLMResponse(content=None, tool_calls=[], usage={"prompt_tokens": 10, "completion_tokens": 1})
+            return LLMResponse(content=None, tool_calls=[], usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=10, output_tokens=1))
         if call_count == 3:
             return LLMResponse(
                 content=None,
                 tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="tc2", name="read_file", arguments={"path": "b.txt"})],
-                usage={"prompt_tokens": 10, "completion_tokens": 5},
+                usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=10, output_tokens=5),
             )
         return LLMResponse(
             content="Here are the results.",
             tool_calls=[],
-            usage={"prompt_tokens": 10, "completion_tokens": 10},
+            usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=10, output_tokens=10),
         )
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -1030,9 +1238,8 @@ async def test_runner_empty_response_does_not_break_tool_chain():
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_runner_accumulates_usage_and_preserves_cached_tokens():
-    """Runner should accumulate prompt/completion tokens across iterations
-    and preserve cached_tokens from provider responses."""
+async def test_runner_accumulates_usage_and_preserves_cache_reads():
+    """Runner accumulates usage across iterations, including cache reads."""
     from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
@@ -1044,12 +1251,12 @@ async def test_runner_accumulates_usage_and_preserves_cached_tokens():
             return LLMResponse(
                 content="thinking",
                 tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="read_file", arguments={"path": "x"})],
-                usage={"prompt_tokens": 100, "completion_tokens": 10, "cached_tokens": 80},
+                usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=100, output_tokens=10, cache_read_tokens=80),
             )
         return LLMResponse(
             content="done",
             tool_calls=[],
-            usage={"prompt_tokens": 200, "completion_tokens": 20, "cached_tokens": 150},
+            usage=LLMUsage.reported(input_tokens=200, output_tokens=20, cache_read_tokens=150),
         )
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -1067,11 +1274,12 @@ async def test_runner_accumulates_usage_and_preserves_cached_tokens():
     ))
 
     # Usage should be accumulated across iterations
-    assert result.usage["prompt_tokens"] == 300  # 100 + 200
-    assert result.usage["completion_tokens"] == 30  # 10 + 20
-    assert result.usage["cached_tokens"] == 230  # 80 + 150
-    assert result.usage["context_tokens"] == 200
-    assert result.usage["request_count"] == 2
+    assert result.usage is not None
+    assert result.usage.input_tokens == 300  # 100 + 200
+    assert result.usage.output_tokens == 30  # 10 + 20
+    assert result.usage.cache_read_tokens == 230  # 80 + 150
+    assert result.usage.context_tokens == 200
+    assert result.usage.request_count == 2
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -1088,7 +1296,7 @@ async def test_runner_binds_on_retry_wait_to_retry_callback_not_progress():
 
     async def chat_with_retry(**kwargs):
         captured.update(kwargs)
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -1130,7 +1338,7 @@ async def test_runner_passes_temperature_to_provider():
 
     async def chat_with_retry(**kwargs):
         captured.update(kwargs)
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -1159,7 +1367,7 @@ async def test_runner_passes_max_tokens_to_provider():
 
     async def chat_with_retry(**kwargs):
         captured.update(kwargs)
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -1188,7 +1396,7 @@ async def test_runner_passes_reasoning_effort_to_provider():
 
     async def chat_with_retry(**kwargs):
         captured.update(kwargs)
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry

tests/agent/test_runner_errors.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ async def test_llm_error_not_appended_to_session_messages():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="429 rate limit exceeded", finish_reason="error", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="429 rate limit exceeded", finish_reason="error", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ async def test_runner_ignores_tool_calls_when_finish_reason_blocks_execution(
         content="Request blocked by provider policy.",
         finish_reason=finish_reason,
         tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="exec", arguments={"command": "echo nope"})],
-        usage={},
+        usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ async def test_runner_tool_error_sets_final_content():
         return LLMResponse(
             content="working",
             tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="read_file", arguments={"path": "x"})],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         )
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -224,9 +224,9 @@ async def test_runner_preserves_successful_exec_output_that_starts_with_error():
                 tool_calls=[
                     ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="exec", arguments={"command": "report"})
                 ],
-                usage={},
+                usage=None,
             )
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", usage=None)
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
     output = "Error: generated report successfully\n\nExit code: 0"
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ async def test_runner_tool_error_preserves_tool_results_in_messages():
                 ToolCallRequest(id="tc1", name="read_file", arguments={"path": "a"}),
                 ToolCallRequest(id="tc2", name="exec", arguments={"cmd": "bad"}),
             ],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         )
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
@@ -333,9 +333,9 @@ async def test_length_finish_with_blank_content_routes_to_length_recovery():
             content="",
             finish_reason="length",
             tool_calls=[ToolCallRequest(id="call_1", name="exec", arguments={})],
-            usage={},
+            usage=None,
         ),
-        LLMResponse(content="done", finish_reason="stop", tool_calls=[], usage={}),
+        LLMResponse(content="done", finish_reason="stop", tool_calls=[], usage=None),
     ])
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -357,3 +357,50 @@ async def test_length_finish_with_blank_content_routes_to_length_recovery():
         "finish_reason='length' response with blank content"
     )
     assert result.final_content == "done"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_slow_tool_log_records_scale_without_argument_content(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    from nanobot.agent import runner as runner_module
+    from nanobot.agent.runner import AgentRunner
+
+    records: list[str] = []
+
+    class _Logger:
+        def warning(self, message: str, *args: object) -> None:
+            records.append(message.format(*args))
+
+    secret = "customer-token-do-not-log"
+
+    async def execute(_name, _args):
+        return "ok"
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(runner_module, "_SLOW_TOOL_LOG_MS", 0)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(runner_module, "logger", _Logger())
+    runner = AgentRunner()
+    spec = make_run_spec(
+        MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider),
+        initial_messages=[],
+        tools=SimpleNamespace(execute=execute),
+        model="test-model",
+        max_iterations=1,
+        max_tool_result_chars=_MAX_TOOL_RESULT_CHARS,
+    )
+
+    await runner._run_tool(
+        spec,
+        ToolCallRequest(
+            id="call_1",
+            name="edit_file",
+            arguments={"old_text": secret, "paths": ["one", "two"]},
+        ),
+        external_lookup_counts={},
+        workspace_violation_counts={},
+    )
+
+    assert len(records) == 1
+    assert "operation=edit_file" in records[0]
+    assert "input_items=4" in records[0]
+    assert f"input_chars={len(secret)}" in records[0]
+    assert "duration_ms=" in records[0]
+    assert secret not in records[0]

tests/agent/test_runner_fallback.py

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class _FakeProvider(LLMProvider):
         *,
         responses: list[LLMResponse] | None = None,
     ):
-        super().__init__()
+        super().__init__(provider_name=name)
         self.name = name
         self._response = response or _make_response()
         self._responses = iter(responses) if responses is not None else None
@@ -260,6 +260,41 @@ def test_provider_snapshot_uses_smallest_fallback_context_window() -> None:
     assert snapshot.provider._primary_context_window_tokens == 128000
 
 
+def test_factory_injects_configured_identity_into_primary_and_fallback_leaves() -> None:
+    from nanobot.config.schema import Config
+    from nanobot.providers.factory import build_provider_snapshot
+
+    config = Config.model_validate({
+        "agents": {
+            "defaults": {
+                "modelPreset": "primary",
+                "fallbackModels": ["backup"],
+            }
+        },
+        "modelPresets": {
+            "primary": {"model": "primary-model", "provider": "primary_edge"},
+            "backup": {"model": "backup-model", "provider": "backup_edge"},
+        },
+        "providers": {
+            "primary_edge": {
+                "apiKey": "primary-key",
+                "apiBase": "https://primary.example/v1",
+            },
+            "backup_edge": {
+                "apiKey": "backup-key",
+                "apiBase": "https://backup.example/v1",
+            },
+        },
+    })
+
+    snapshot = build_provider_snapshot(config)
+
+    assert isinstance(snapshot.provider, FallbackProvider)
+    assert snapshot.provider._primary.provider_name == "primary_edge"
+    fallback = snapshot.provider._provider_factory(snapshot.provider._fallback_presets[0])
+    assert fallback.provider_name == "backup_edge"
+
+
 def test_inline_fallback_reasoning_effort_does_not_inherit_primary() -> None:
     from nanobot.config.schema import Config
     from nanobot.providers.factory import provider_signature

tests/agent/test_runner_goal_continue.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ async def test_runner_exits_normally_without_predicate():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="all done", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="all done", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ async def test_runner_exits_normally_with_inactive_goal():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="all done", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="all done", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ async def test_runner_forces_continue_when_goal_active():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ async def test_runner_respects_max_iterations_even_with_active_goal():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ async def test_runner_goal_continue_not_limited_by_injection_cycle_cap():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ async def test_runner_does_not_force_continue_on_error():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content=None, tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content=None, tool_calls=[], usage=None,
         finish_reason="error",
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ async def test_runner_uses_custom_goal_continue_message():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ async def test_runner_resolves_goal_continue_message_lazily():
 
     provider = MagicMock(spec=LLMProvider)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=LLMResponse(
-        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage={},
+        content="still working", tool_calls=[], usage=None,
     ))
     tools = MagicMock()
     tools.get_definitions.return_value = []

tests/agent/test_runner_governance.py

@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ async def test_runner_drops_orphan_tool_results_before_model_request():
 
     async def chat_with_retry(*, messages, **kwargs):
         captured_messages[:] = messages
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
     tools = MagicMock()
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ async def test_backfill_repairs_model_context_without_shifting_save_turn_boundar
 
     provider = MagicMock()
     provider.get_default_model.return_value = "test-model"
-    response = LLMResponse(content="new answer", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+    response = LLMResponse(content="new answer", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
     provider.chat_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=response)
     provider.chat_stream_with_retry = AsyncMock(return_value=response)
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ async def test_runner_backfill_only_mutates_model_context_not_returned_messages(
 
     async def chat_with_retry(*, messages, **kwargs):
         captured_messages[:] = messages
-        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage={})
+        return LLMResponse(content="done", tool_calls=[], usage=None)
 
     provider.chat_with_retry = chat_with_retry
     tools = MagicMock()